叶片多角度偏振光谱特性影响因素的实验研究

通过测量绿萝、银杏、苹果三种叶片的多角度偏振光谱,采用斯托克斯矢量法计算了叶片的多角度光谱偏振度,并通过PROSPECT模型反演得到叶片的叶绿素、水分含量,进而分析了叶绿素、水分含量对叶片多角度光谱偏振度的影响,探索了观测几何条件与不同波段叶片偏振度间的关系。结果表明,相对于近红外波段,红光波段的偏振度受叶绿素含量变化的影响较小,而水分含量对这两个波段的偏振度基本均无明显影响。在反映叶片偏振度随观测几何变化方面,近红外波段较另外两个波段有着更好的敏感性和稳定性,但其偏振度值较另外两个波段偏小。     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of functional compound from mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf using response surface methodology and effect of microencapsulation by spray drying on quality of optimized extract

This study aimed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) condition of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) using response surface methodology and to microencapsulate MLE by spray drying using different coating materials and ratios of coating material and MLE. The extraction results showed that MLE from condition of 60 °C (X₁, temperature), 30 min (X₂, time) and 60% v/v (X₃, ethanol concentration) exhibited the highest bioactive compound and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP assay). Based on this optimal condition, MLE was further encapsulated by spray drying. It was found that MLE encapsulated with resistant maltodextrin at ratio of MLE and resistant maltodextrin 1:1 (w/w) showed the highest encapsulation yield (%) and encapsulation efficiency (%). Water solubility, moisture content and water activity were non-significant (p > 0.05) among the microcapsules. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that the types of coating material affected their microstructures and microcapsules prepared by resistant maltodextrin as coating material had a spherical shape, smooth surface and less shrinkage than microcapsules prepared by maltodextrin and gum arabic which had rough surfaces. The highest antioxidant activity was obtained from microcapsule prepared by gum arabic at ratio of MLE and gam arabic 1:2 (w/w). In conclusion, optimal condition from UAE and encapsulation by spray drying suggest the critical potential for production of functional food with improved bioactive compound stability and maximized antioxidant activity.     

Processing tactics for low-cost production of pure nuciferine from lotus leaf

Nuciferine is an important drug candidate for the treatment of many diseases. However, there is no general method for its low - cost production. In this work, a feasible method for the production of nuciferine from lotus leaf, using ultrasonic-assisted extraction-solid phase extraction (UAE-SPE) as extraction and cleanup procedure, was developed. Petroleum ether and silica gel have been successfully used as extraction solvent and adsorbent to integrate UAE with SPE, respectively. Except for filtration, no treatment (e.g. concentration and redissolution, etc) was needed on UAE extract before SPE and the effluents obtained in the loading process of SPE could be used as UAE extraction solvent without purification. No obvious decline in the extraction efficiency of UAE and adsorption capacity of SPE was observed at least for 5 runs, which provides a feasible way for the continuous production of nuciferine in industry, i.e. Cyclic UAE-SPE. Moreover, SPE column could be conveniently regenerated and reused without significant decline in its adsorption capacity at least for 5 cycles, which can be used to reduce the cost of the whole system further. In comparison with other cleanup procedures, Cyclic UAE-SPE showed apparent advantages in energy conservation and emission reduction. LLE and crystallization were applied to separate nuciferine from other impurities further. Under optimum conditions, the total recovery rate of nuciferine with a purity over 90.0% from lotus leaf reached 50.1%. All in all, the developed method has advantages in convenient operation, low cost, and high efficiency, thus, is fitting for the production of high purity nuciferine.     

Surface-enhanced fluorescence and application study based on Ag-wheat leaves

Wheat leaves with natural microstructures as substrates were covered by the silver nanoislands by magnetron to prepare a low-cost, environment-friendly and mass production surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF) substrate (Ag-WL substrate). The best SEF substrate was selected by repeatly certifying the fluorescence intensity of 10^-5 M Rhodamine B (RB) and 10^-5 M Rhodamine 6G (R6G) aqueous solutions. The abundant semi-spherical protrusions and flake-like structures on the surface of the Ag-WL substrate produce high-density hot spots, which provides a new and simple idea for the preparation of biomimetic materials. The results of 3D finite-different time-domain (FDTD) simulation show that the nanoisland gap of semi-spherical protrusions and flake-like structures has produced rich hotspots. By adjusting the time of magnetron sputtering, the enhancement factor (EF) was as high as 839 times, relative standard deviation (RSD) reached as low as 10.7%, and the substrate was very stable and repeatable, which shows that Ag-WL substrate is trustworthy. Moreover, semi-spherical protrusions provide stronger surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effects compared to flake-like structure. What is more surprising is that the detection limit of the substrate for toxic substance crystal violet (CV) is as low as 10^-10 M.     

转基因水稻及其亲本叶片的可见/近红外光谱分析

应用可见/近红外光谱技术实现了转基因水稻叶片的快速识别和叶绿素含量(SPAD)的快速检测。建立偏最小二乘-支持向量机(LS-SVM)鉴别模型,校正集的正确率为100%,同时应用连续投影算法(SPA)提取有效波长,建立SPA-LS-SVM鉴别模型,只用了全变量的0.3%进行建模,其预测集的正确率达到87.27%。在定量分析中,各模型的最优结果均来自经过正交信号校正(OSC)的光谱数据,经过SPA处理后的模型均优于最优的全波段PLS模型,说明SPA是一种有效的波长选择方法。最优SPAD值预测模型为SPA-LS-SVM,其相关系数(r)和预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.902 2和1.312 1,获得了满意的结果。这说明提出的SPA-LS-SVM方法能快速识别转基因水稻叶片并对SPAD值进行准确预测,为实现大田活体鉴别与连续监测提供了新方法。     

Determination of Quercetin in Extracts of Ginkgo biloba L. Leaves by Near‐Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy Based on Interval Partial Least‐Squares (iPLS) Model

Abstract

This paper developed a multivariate method of analysis of quercetin in Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts, based on reflectance NIR measurements and partial least squares regression. In order to give a better correlation with the results obtained by HPLC, multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) was utilized to correct scattering effect and interval partial least squares (iPLS) to select optimum wavelength region. In general, good calibration statistics were obtained for the prediction of quercetin content, as demonstrated by some figures of merit, namely linearity, repeatability, and accuracy. And the iPLS model was more reliable than the full model.     

Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction with an Ionic Liquid Modified Polymer for Determination of Cyanazine and Atrazine in Tomatoes

A novel ionic liquid modified polymer was employed as an adsorbent for dispersive solid phase extraction for the determination of cyanazine and atrazine in tomatoes. This polymer was advantageous over conventional solid phase extraction in terms of the operational simplicity, speed, handling of large sample volumes, and recovery. Extraction parameters, such as the adsorbent amount, adsorbent time, elution solvent, elution time, and pH of aqueous samples were optimized. The optimized extraction conditions included 50 mg of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide modified polymer as the adsorbent, dichloromethane as the eluent, and 6 min as the adsorption time. Under the optimized conditions, the recovery from tomato samples ranged from 72.0 to 95.1%, which was comparable to tomato juice. The limits of detection for cyanazine and triazine were 0.51 ng/mL and 0.35 ng/mL, respectively.     

基于方向能量的植物叶脉提取方法

植物叶片的脉络与形态是研究植物特征的重要出发点,其包含了植物的内在属性及重要遗传信息,对植物种类的识别起着关键作用.由于植物叶片边缘及叶脉的复杂多变性,已有的叶脉提取方法难以有效地提取叶脉细节.针对以往方法的不足,利用图像方向能量方法进行植物叶脉提取,实验结果表明该方法能够提出较丰富的叶脉细节和边缘信息,提高了提取的精确性.     

基于最小二乘支持向量机的番茄汁糖酸度分析研究

近红外光谱应用于农产品内部品质无损检测的方法引起人们的广泛关注,在分析过程中建立一个稳定可靠的模型用于处理非线性数据集是十分重要的,也是有一定难度的。目前常用的偏最小二乘(PLS)、主成分回归(PCR)以及逐步多元线性回归(SMLR)等方法还不能解决这类问题。文章提出了将基于统计学原理的最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)回归方法用于番茄汁的近红外(NIR)光谱分析,预测番茄汁品质(糖度和有效酸度)。运用LS-SVM方法以67个番茄汁样本建模,采用高斯径向基函数(RBF)为核函数,对33个样本进行糖酸度预测,糖度的相关系数为0.990 25,均方根标准预测误差为0.0056° Brix;有效酸度的相关系数为0.967 5,均方根标准预测误差为0.024 5。结果表明,LS-SVM方法要优于PLS和PCR建模方法,是一种快速、准确的近红外光谱分析方法。     

用清除羟自由基法评价竹叶提取物抗氧化能力

进行了Fe2+与邻二氮菲生成红色配合物的吸收光谱,抗氧化剂TBHQ及竹叶提取物样品对清除羟自由基能力的研究。分光光度法测定抗氧化剂清除羟自由基能力的测定波长为509.1 nm。以IC₅₀值(清除率为50%时,抗氧化剂的浓度值)作为评价抗氧化剂清除羟自由基能力的指标,测得合成抗氧化剂和效果最好竹叶提取物样品IC₅₀值分别为0.040(TBHQ),0.378(M20),0.323(M40),0.334(M60),M20, M40, M60等竹叶提取物可以作为天然抗氧化剂进行开发。