国内外化学教师PCK评价量规的实证研究述评*

主要从化学教师PCK评价量规的建立方式、测查内容、特征属性,以及应用量规测查PCK水平实证研究的研究设计、研究目的等维度梳理了相关文献。综述表明:(1)国内外研究均较多基于已有成果建立量规,较少基于原始数据生成量规,对比国外,国内有关后者的研究更为稀缺;(2)国内外研究均较多测查KoC,KoL,KoS,而较少测查KoA,CTO以及整合水平;(3)国内外研究均较多应用化学学科专属型评价量规,少部分国内研究开发了化学主题专属型评价量规;(4)与国外相比,国内研究较少应用概念图法和定性定量混合型分析方法;(5)相对而言,国内研究更关注调查型研究,但较少探查PCK水平与其他变量的关系,较少关注干预型研究。文末据此对我国开发本土化的化学教师PCK评价量规用于实证研究与化学教师教育提出建议。     

农林院校校外实验教学基地分类考评机制及考评指标改革研究——大学化学校外实践基地实证分析*

针对大学化学校外实践教学基地建设和运行过程中的基地与高校的协同管理机制,实践教学基地软硬条件建设和资源配置及实践教学与理论学习的连贯性等问题,在OBE理论指导下,探究分类考核机制,在实证中构建分层次考评模型及考评指标,并建立适合于农林高校的化学校外实践教学基地的分类考评指标体系。     

基于NVivo的卓越化学教师课堂教学创新能力评价*——以东芝杯教学技能创新大赛为例

研究采用视频分析法,利用NVivo软件,以东芝杯教学技能创新大赛的化学组选手为对象,从教学理念、教学情境、实验设计和教学手段等4个维度,评价卓越职前化学教师课堂教学的创新能力。结果发现:教学理念新颖,但具体落实尚有不足;情境创设生动,但主题与学生的联系不够紧密;实验设计别致,但在水平上还有提升空间;教学技术手段先进,但还需要深度融合。研究为创新型卓越化学教师的培养提供了启示。     

化学学科核心素养在高中教材习题中的表现—以人教版教材为例

教材习题是落实新课标倡导的基于化学学科核心素养进行评价的重要载体。以化学学科核心素养的水平划分和学业质量水平为依据,分析人教版高中必修化学教材课后习题考查的核心素养及其水平。结果表明,2007年版和2019年版教材均注重全面考查核心素养和对基础性的考查,突出考查宏观辨识与微观探析素养,突出化学本质;但2019年版教材习题在数量上有所减少,加强了科学思维和科学实践的考查,合理拓展了核心素养考查的广度和深度。最后,依据习题特征获得相应的教学启示,以促进学生核心素养的发展。     

The Effects of a Third Generation Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill on the Classical Singing Voice

The success of professional operatic singers depends upon the quality of their vocal mechanism. This is known to be sensitive to changes in the endocrine environment. Despite a widespread belief among singers that vocal quality changes according to the stage of the menstrual cycle, this has received little attention. In particular, the possibility that use of the contraceptive pill might stabilize vocal quality by "dampening" hormonal fluctuations has not previously been studied systematically. Here, we show that drospirenone containing oral contraceptive pill (Yasmin, Schering AG, West Sussex, UK) with antiandrogenic and antimineralocorticoid properties demonstrates a significant reduction in the irregularity of the pattern of vibration of the vocal folds during the performance of highly trained classical singers. This study constitutes the first double blind, randomized placebo controlled trial to assess the effects of the contraceptive pill on the patterns of vibration of the vocal folds during the performance of Western classical singing repertoire.     

Fitting elephants in the density functionals zoo: Statistical criteria for the evaluation of density functional theory methods as a suitable replacement for counting parameters

Counting parameters has become customary in the density functional theory community as a way to infer the transferability of popular approximations to the exchange‐correlation functionals. Recent work in data science, however, has demonstrated that the number of parameters of a fitted model is not related to the complexity of the model itself, nor to its eventual overfitting. Using similar arguments, here, we show that it is possible to represent every modern exchange‐correlation functional approximations using just one single parameter. This procedure proves the futility of the number of parameters as a measure of transferability. To counteract this shortcoming, we introduce and analyze the performance of three statistical criteria for the evaluation of the transferability of exchange‐correlation functionals. The three criteria are called Akaike information criterion, Vapnik‐Chervonenkis criterion, and cross‐validation criterion and are used in a preliminary assessment to rank 60 exchange‐correlation functional approximations using the ASCDB database of chemical data.     

Synthesis,spectral characterization and biological evaluation of novel 1-(2-(4,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl)piperazine derivatives

A simple, highly useful synthesis of 1-(2-(4,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl)piperazine derivatives is achieved by a four component cyclo condensation of diacetyl, aromatic aldehyde, 2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethanamine and ammonium acetate using SO₄²⁻/Y₂O₃ as a catalyst in ethanol. The synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR and mass spectral studies. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial studies. Among the newly synthesized compounds 5d, 5e, 5h and 5m showed excellent antibacterial and antifungal activities when compared to the standard drugs.     

铜树枝晶的水热合成以及结构表征和抗菌性能评价(英文)

在乙醇胺-水混合溶液中采用水热处理硫酸铜的方法制备了多结构的铜树枝晶;采用X射线粉末衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜分析了所得样品的结构和形貌;采用牛津杯法评价了其对金黄葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌和绿脓杆菌的抗菌性能.结果表明,铜树枝晶由一个长的一级中心主干和许多高度对称分布在主干两侧的二级分支结构构成,且形貌均匀;反应温度、反应时间以及溶剂组成对铜树枝晶的形貌有很大影响.与此同时,铜树枝晶表现出选择性的抗菌行为,对金黄葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和绿脓杆菌更有效.     

毛细管电泳药物筛选方法与技术

毛细管电泳（CE）在新药研发领域显示着重要的应用前景。CE使用水溶液介质作为实验体系,保证了药物筛选在类似于生命介质的环境中进行,优于其他传统体外仪器筛选方法。除了维持被筛选分子和作用对象的生物活性外,CE筛选过程着重突出配体与受体之间的相互作用。毛细管电泳药物筛选瞄准与药理学理论相关的重要参数,如结合常数K_b 、结合速率常数K_on 和解离速率常数K_off ,有利于模拟并预测机体内靶标与药物之间的相互作用过程。该文回顾了毛细管电泳进行药物筛选的历史,评述了毛细管电泳药物筛选方法所依据的理论和相对成熟的各种常用方法,并抽取了部分典型实例以及相关技术进行说明,对以亲和毛细管电泳、动力学毛细管电泳为手段的药物筛选方法进行了介绍,包括分子和细胞层次的药物筛选,以及针对不同类型的候选药物的研究工作都有提及。毛细管电泳与多种技术的联用,包括与质谱以及化学发光等联用发挥了更大的效能。联用方法还应用于中药有效成分的筛选。毛细管电泳在DNA编码化合物库筛选中将有良好应用前景。馏分收集的发展为筛选药物提供了广阔前景,它配合指数富集配体系统进化技术为毛细管电泳药物筛选提供了更多可能。总之,毛细管电泳多样可选的药物筛选方法和技术将为新概念的药物筛选与药物评价提供有力支撑。     

浙江新高考化学加试题难度研究*

在对已有试题难度量化工具进行改进的基础上,建构了化学加试题难度评估工具。对2015年至2019年国家新高考实验区浙江省的8次化学选考加试题的难度进行了量化评价。结果表明,8次化学加试题整卷难度变化较大,但同一学年、有相同学生可能参与的2次化学选考的整体难度相近;加试题能力特征和难度差异明显,“有机化学基础”加试题(第32题)难度相对稳定,而第30题(化学反应原理)与第31题(实验化学)加试题难度却表现出一定的波动性。在对8次化学加试题的难度及相关因素进行分析的基础之上,也对如何提高加试题的编制质量,提出了可行性建议。