基于Rasch模型的上海市某区化学高考一模试题分析*

应用分部评分模型从双层面、单维度视角分析了上海市某区高考一模试题质量。通过3 864 个样本分析得出以下结论:该测试卷信度和区分度良好(试题信度为1.00、区分度为26.20);试题平均难度比个体平均能力低1.31 logits,相对偏低;试题整体单维性良好,但部分试题拟合性较差;DIF检验表明,试题对不同性别群体不存在测试功能差异,但是分别有7题和1题对不同物理选考背景群体、不同政治选考背景群体存在测试功能差异,但对试题整体评价影响不大。最后,结合专家咨询,对质量不高的试题进行分析,并从试题、评分细则以及教学3个角度对如何形成良好的测评给出相关建议。     

高考化学选考题难度等值问题研究——基于2010年新课程理科综合能力测试全国卷

在对2010年新课程高考理科综合能力测试全国卷中4个不同化学课程模块选考题难度预测和实测结果分析基础上,提出了“合理搭配选考模块”和“综合平衡试题难度”等解决选考题难度等值问题的路径。     

2005年全国高中学生化学竞赛部分（无机）试题赏析

2005年全国高中学生化学竞赛暨冬令营是在上海华东理工大学进行的,今年的理论试题共有无机化学题3题、有机化学题2题、分析化学题1题、物理化学题2题,难度与去年相比略有下降。一般说来,无机化学题往往比较基础,难度应该不高,但是今年的无机题难度却反而有所上升。现将本次竞赛1至3题（无机题）分析如下。     

关注试题等值 促进课程选择——2008年江苏、广东、海南高考化学选考模块试题比较研究

试题分“必考”和“选考”,是新课程高考化学试卷结构有别于传统高考的一个特征,是课程选择性的必然体现。力求不同选考模块试题的等值,是保证受试者选择均等、得分公平的前提。以2008年实验区高考化学试卷为样例,从试题长度、难度和效度3个维度的等值性,探讨了新课程高考化学选考模块试题命制问题,为落实课程选择性和体现高考公平提供了研究视角。     

对一道化学竞赛试题的思考

2005年全国高中生化学竞赛(初赛)尘埃落定。我们在肯定与欣赏试题的同时,也有必要反思与评价。试题中第6题以综合性强、对能力要求高,成为一道区分度很高的有机试题。试题:写出下列反应中每步反应的主产物(A、B、C)的结构式;若涉及立体化学,请用Z、E、R、S等符号具体标明。CH2C     

化学中考试题与课程标准一致性研究*——以聊城市化学中考试题为例

通过利用SEC“一致性”分析工具对聊城市2016-2018年化学中考试题与《义务教育化学课程标准(2011年版)》的一致性进行分析,得出2016-2018年的聊城市化学中考试题与课程标准不具有统计学意义上的一致性。在内容主题及认知层次分布上,3个年份的试题与课程标准均存在着明显的差异。     

2018年高考全国卷化学实验题的分析与启示

对2018年高考全国Ⅰ卷、Ⅱ卷、Ⅲ卷中化学实验题的题型、内容分布、试题呈现形式、内容难度、考查的学科能力、核心素养水平以及命题特点进行了具体分析,并对高中化学实验教学提出了相关建议。     

第34届中国化学奥林匹克(初赛)试题解析* ——以有机化学模块第9和第10题为例

以第34届中国化学奥林匹克(初赛)试题中的有机化学模块第9和10题为例,从化学反应历程的角度出发,对试题内容与解题思路进行了分析,激发读者探索化学的兴趣。     

立足基础考查能力——2006年高考全国理综卷化学试题分析及启示

本文重点对2006年高考理科综合能力测试试题化学部分(包括全国卷Ⅰ、全国卷Ⅱ、北京卷、天津卷、重庆卷、四川卷)的特点加以分析,并谈谈对今后化学教学及复习的启示。1试题特点1·1试卷结构平稳,试题推陈出新2006年理综试题与2004、2005年在题量和分值上相同。试卷结构基本固定     

1999年全国高中学生化学竞赛初赛试题评价与试卷分析（山西）

全国化学竞赛已经引起越来越多的人关注。化学竞赛需要大家一起努力来做好。赵庆生等的这篇文章分析了山西赛区 1 999年初赛试卷,并根据该省的应答,对试卷作了评价,是有益的尝试,大家从中可以得到启发。但是,必须指出,这篇文章对试卷评价的基础是山西省的应答结果,不是全国的应答结果。例如,我们有一份某省的应答结果统计 （见附件 ）,与山西省的结果就有一定的差距。这说明,在全国范围内,化学竞赛的发展很不平衡,单就一个省的应答结果不一定能对试题对全国学生的难度做出客观的反映。考虑到化学竞赛不同于高考,取得竞赛获奖的学生在全体应赛学生中只占很少的比例,如果按全体应赛学生为样本,并不能客观反映竞赛试题的难度。我们认为,附件的分析是更合理的。它正确地反映了竞赛试题的性质。从该分析可见,1 999初赛第 2、4两题确实过难,第 3题则较难,连获奖学生通过率也太低,但其他各题对获奖学生来说,基本上不难的。这或许表明试题本身不合理,或许表明正需要这 3个试题使获奖学生彼此出现差距,以利于优中选优。究竟是哪种性质,请大家讨论。     

Investigation of the sorption of water vapor on cation-substituted vermiculite. 2. Thermodynamic description of sorption equilibria

The changes in the thermodynamic functions of the sorbents were calculated for the first time from measurements of the deformations of vermiculite during the sorption of water vapor and adsorption-calorimetric data.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Institute of Colloid Chemistry and the Chemistry of Water, Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, 252180 Kiev. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1270–1275, June, 1992.     

Thermodynamics of ionization of water over wide ranges of temperature and pressure

We have summarized results of many experimental investigations of the thermodynamics of ionization of H₂O(liq.) from 0–300°C and from 1.0 atm to nearly 8000 atm. Results of these investigations (equilibrium constants, enthalpies of ionization, heat capacities, partial molal volumes, and compressibilities) have been used for a number of thermodynamic calculations. It is particularly noteworthy that it is possible to use thermal data from 0–145°C with an equilibrium constant for 25°C in calculating reasonably accurate equilibrium constants for temperatures as high as 300°C. Similarly, it is possible to use volumetric data that refer to 1.0 atm in calculating useful equilibrium constants that apply for pressures as high as 2000 atm.Much of the work reported here was done while the author was on leave at the University of Lethbridge.     

Thermochemistry of aqueous solutions of alkylated nucleic acid bases. VIII. Enthalpies of hydration of 6-alkyluracils

Enthalpies of solution in water H _sol ^o and enthalpies of sublimation H _sub ^o were determined for a number of crystalline derivatives of uracil: 1,6-dimethyluracil (m ₂ ^1,6 Ura), 1,3,6-trimethyluracil (m ₃ ^1,3,6 Ura), 6-ethyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (e⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura), 6-propyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (pr⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura) and 6-butyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (but⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura). Standard enthalpies of hydration H _hydr ^o and standard enthalpies of interaction H _int ^o of the solutes with their hydration shells were calculated. The data obtained show that dependence of H _int ^o on the number of-CH₂- groups of n-alkyl chain added upon substitution of diketopyrimidine ring is nonlinear. This finding is discussed in connection with results of X-ray diffraction structure determinations for the crystalline compounds.     

计量数比规则与等物质的量规则的比较

指出了计量数比规则存在的缺陷:不利于贯彻有关物质的量及其单位摩尔的SI规定,不能继承当量定律的数据资料,不能表示反应的性质,不能正确表达水硬度、碱度、树脂交换容量及电解定律,缺乏科学的导出过程及计量关系表达式,计算过程繁杂。而等物质的量规则继承和发展了当量定律,使整个滴定分析计算简单规范。     

从科学哲学的视角分析科学课堂教学——以“质量守恒定律”为例

以“质量守恒定律”为例,选取科学革命、科学问题、科学实验、归纳与重复、解释与预测等几个视角对科学课堂教学的各个环节进行了分析。通过分析,各环节中所蕴含的科学哲学内容得以显现,对科学课堂教学的认识更为全面,对科学本质的认识更加深刻。     

Thermodynamics of lonization of aqueous lodic acid,an “almost-strong” electrolyte

We have made calorimetric measurements of enthalpies of dilution of aqueous iodic acid and have used these results for evaluation of the standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.). We have also made calorimetric measurements of enthalpies of addition of perchloric acid solution to aqueous solutions of KIO₃, KNO₃, NaIO₃, and NaNO₃ and have used these results to obtain further values for the standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.). On the basis of all these results, we have selected H^o=–660±125 cal-mole^–1 as the best available standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.) at 298.15°K, compared to the previously accepted –2400 cal-mole^–1. Using the best available K=0.157 for ionization, we also obtain G^o=1097 cal-mole^–1 and S^o=–5.9 cal-^oK^–1-mole^–1 for ionization of HIO₃(aq) at 298.15°K.On study leave from Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia, to University of Lethbridge.On study leave from Department of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, N.S.W. 2500, Australia, to University of Lethbridge.     

对离子反应发生条件中“放出气体”的再认识

离子反应发生条件中的“放出气体”,与其他资料中对生成物的描述不一致,也与有关反应事实不符。“放出气体”的出现,使教材中对气体生成物的描述时此时彼,没有时序性、规律性。对其与化学反应的关系及其与“生成气体”的区别进行了论述,并提出了修改的建议。     

Computation of the Number of Isomers of Coordination Compounds Containing Identical Monodentate Ligands and Chelating Ligands

This paper outlines a simple method of counting the number of isomers of coordination compounds containing identical monodentate ligands and chelating ligands.     

Thermodynamics of vaporization of gallium trichloride

The unsaturated and saturated pressures of gallium trichloride vapor were measured by the static method with membrane-gauge manometers in wide pressure (0.2–760 Torr) and temperature (313–1071 K) intervals. Scanning calorimetry was used to determine the thermodynamic characteristics of GaCl₃ fusion. The thermodynamic characteristics were obtained for sublimation, fusion, vaporization, and association in the vapor of GaCl₃ molecules. The enthalpies of formation and the absolute entropies of GaCl₃ in the liquid and gaseous phases and Ga₂Cl₆ in the gaseous phase were calculated using literature data. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 7, pp. 1266–1269, July, 2007.     

Effect of specific adsorption of anions on the kinetics of the current relaxation after pulsed anodic activation of dissolution of hydrophilic metals

Based on the model of spatial separation of the dissolution and passivation of hydrophilic metals, the effect of strong specific adsorption of anions on the shape of curves for the relaxation of anodic current of metals in acid solutions after switching an anodic activation pulse off is considered by using iron as an example.