A note on the tan δ(T) peak as a glass transition indicator in biosolids

The plasticization of many biosolids can take place over a fairly broad temperature range. The resulting loss of stiffness is primarily expressed by a drastic drop of G(T) whose magnitude is usually higher than G(T) by one or two orders of magnitude. Both G(T) and G(T) have characteristic properties that can vary widely among biomaterials. Consequently, the tan (T) peak need not be a mark of the transition center and it can be observed at temperatures where different materials have undergone a very different degree of plasticization as judged by the magnitude of G(T). This is demonstrated by computer simulations using typical functions that describe G(T) and G(T) at the glass transition region and with published data on the dynamic mechanical behavior of a variety of biosolids.     

油脂性食品中脂肪酸氯丙醇酯检测方法的研究进展

脂肪酸氯丙醇酯污染是近年来国际上新出现的热点食品安全问题之一,尤其是3-氯-1,2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(3-MCPD酯)污染问题更为突出。3-MCPD酯在食用油、婴幼儿奶粉等多种食品中的含量较高,以3-MCPD的最大耐受剂量(TDI)评估时所引起的健康风险较高。国外已对3-MCPD酯等氯丙醇酯的检测方法、污染调查和形成机制等开展了不少的研究,国内开展的研究较少。本文主要对油脂食品中3-MCPD酯的检测方法(包括前处理过程,如3-MCPD酯的提取、水解和衍生)、3-MCPD酯总量以及3-MCPD单酯和双酯的检测方法进行了综述。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定水产品中24种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物

建立了同时测定水产品中24种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物(PAEs)的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析方法。称取1.0 g样品于10 mL玻璃离心管中,加内标D4-DEHP溶液(10 mg/L)100μL,氯化钠0.5 g,以5 mL乙腈-乙酸乙酯(1∶1)超声提取5 min,4 000 r/min离心5 min,移取上层有机相。再加入3 mL乙腈-乙酸乙酯重复提取。合并两次的提取液浓缩至1～2 mL后,经Florisil玻璃固相萃取柱净化,洗脱液在50℃下氮吹至近干,用正己烷超声溶解定容至1 mL,供GC-MS分析。24种PAEs的定量下限(LOQ)为1～500μg/kg,检出限(LOD)为0.1～100μg/kg。选取鱼、虾为研究基质考察方法的准确度及精密度,24种PAEs在3个添加水平时的平均回收率及相对标准偏差(n=6)分别为73%～120%、2.0%～19.7%。结果表明,该方法提取效率高,净化效果好,重复性强,能够满足水产品中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的检测需求。     

Chemical Characterization of Three Accessions of Brassica juncea L. Extracts from Different Plant Tissues

Indian mustard or Brassica juncea (B. juncea) is an oilseed plant used in many types of food (as mustard or IV range salad). It also has non-food uses (e.g., as green manure), and is a good model for phytoremediation of metals and pesticides. In recent years, it gained special attention due to its biological compounds and potential beneficial effects on human health. In this study, different tissues, namely leaves, stems, roots, and flowers of three accessions of B. juncea: ISCI 99 (Sample A), ISCI Top (Sample B), and “Broad-leaf” (Sample C) were analyzed by HPLC-PDA/ESI-MS/MS. Most polyphenols identified were bound to sugars and phenolic acids. Among the three cultivars, Sample A flowers turned were the richest ones, and the most abundant bioactive identified was represented by Isorhamnetin 3,7-diglucoside (683.62 µg/100 mg dry weight (DW) in Sample A, 433.65 µg/100 mg DW in Sample B, and 644.43 µg/100 mg DW in Sample C). In addition, the most complex samples, viz. leaves were analyzed by GC-FID/MS. The major volatile constituents of B. juncea L. leaves extract in the three cultivars were benzenepropanenitrile (34.94% in Sample B, 8.16% in Sample A, 6.24% in Sample C), followed by benzofuranone (8.54% in Sample A, 6.32% in Sample C, 3.64% in Sample B), and phytone (3.77% in Sample B, 2.85% in Sample A, 1.01% in Sample C). The overall evaluation of different tissues from three B. juncea accessions, through chemical analysis of the volatile and non-volatile compounds, can be advantageously taken into consideration for future use as dietary supplements and nutraceuticals in food matrices.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定强化食品中叶酸的含量

采用液相色谱-电喷雾电离串联质谱法测定强化食品(饮料、大米、奶粉、含乳饮料、饼干及果冻)中的叶酸含量。采用多种方法确保叶酸检测的准确性:1优化前处理操作步骤,并使用铝箔避光保存;2加入二丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)作为叶酸的抗氧化保护剂;3加入甲氨蝶呤作为内标物,抵消复杂基质的干扰。方法系统考察了提取条件对回收率的影响,并采用Waters HSS T3(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7μm)反相色谱柱,以甲醇-10 mmol/L醋酸铵(p H 6.3)为流动相进行梯度洗脱分离,多反应监测(MRM)正离子扫描模式,以内标法进行定性和定量分析。该方法在0.05~100 ng/m L浓度范围内线性关系良好,定量下限为0.01~0.5 mg/kg,回收率为72.0%~109%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.8%~11.8%。该方法简单快速,灵敏度、准确度和精密度均能满足强化食品中叶酸的测定要求。     

云南省不同产地茯苓菌核中汞元素含量研究

茯苓菌核在亚洲具有悠久的药用历史,也是北京传统小吃“茯苓夹饼”原材料。研究旨在测量和评价中国云南地区茯苓菌核的总汞含量。与其他种类蘑菇子实体相比,茯苓菌核汞含量较低。汞含量(干物质)的范围为0.0041~0.019 mg·kg-1,中位数为0.011 mg·kg-1,总体平均值为(0.011±0.004)mg·kg-1,表明云南不同产地茯苓菌核中 Hg含量受到复杂山地类型的影响较大。对每天食用含有50 g 茯苓菌核的茯苓夹饼 Hg摄入量进行健康评估,人均每天Hg摄入量为0.0000034~0.000016 mg·kg-1,按成人体重60 kg计算,人均每天 Hg摄入量为0.0000092~0.00055 mg。研究结果显示,茯苓菌核中 Hg元素含量较低,其摄入量低于健康限量标准。同时,煎煮后的茯苓菌核中 Hg摄入量也低于健康限量标准,由茯苓菌核制成的茯苓夹饼 Hg含量较低。     

Speciation of arsenic using capillary gas chromatography with atomic emission detection

A gas chromatography method with atomic emission detection (GC-AED) for the determination of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and inorganic arsenic was optimized. The analytes were derivatized in the sample solutions with methyl thioglycolate (TGM) and the products were extracted into cyclohexane before an aliquot of this organic phase was directly injected into the chromatograph. The procedure was applied to the analysis of seawaters, wines, beers and infant foods, the last requiring an additional enzymatic reaction prior to analyte derivatization. Detection limits in seawaters and beverages were 0.05, 0.15 and 0.8 ng mL⁻¹ for DMA, MMA and inorganic arsenic, respectively. In infant foods the detection limits were 1, 10 and 25 ng g⁻¹ for DMA, MMA and inorganic arsenic, respectively. Inorganic arsenic was detected in some of the seawater samples and three of the wines analyzed at concentration levels in the range 1-40 ng mL⁻¹, and DMA in several of the infant foods in the range 20-80 ng g⁻¹. The method was validated by analyzing a certified reference material and by recovery studies. All the samples were also analyzed by hydride generation and atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS), which provided data for the total arsenic content.     

Fast analysis of soy isoflavones by high-performance liquid chromatography with monolithic columns

A fast method using high-performance liquid chromatography based on two monolithic columns has been developed for the simultaneous determination of isoflavones extracted from soybeans and derived foods. The 12 main isoflavones were resolved in 10 min in two coupled monolithic columns working at 35 °C using a elution gradient of acidified water (0.1% acetic acid) and methanol (0.1% acetic acid) at a flow rate of 5 mL min⁻¹. Retention time and relative area standard deviations were below 1% for all isoflavones. The method developed was successfully applied to several soy food samples and spiked samples. Total isoflavone concentration in sampled soy foods ranged from 34.28 mg L⁻¹ to 4.29 mg g⁻¹.     

Current knowledge on the interfacial behaviour limits our understanding of plant protein functionality in emulsions

For different reasons, there is an increasing interest in plant-based foods as well as vegetarian and vegan dairy and meat alternatives. Frequently, those foods represent dispersed systems and more specifically food emulsions with proteins as emulsifying food ingredients. Owing to a very heterogeneous composition of plant proteins and a wide range of structural varieties in the proteins, it is worth discussing if our current understanding of interfacial and emulsifying properties of proteins is sufficient to meet the challenges associated with the utilisation of plant proteins for the stabilisation of food emulsions. To this purpose, we review the current understanding of the interfacial behaviour of proteins, summarise analytical techniques for their characterisation and critically discuss the available literature on oilseed and legume proteins to identify future research needs and opportunities for customised emulsion design.     

超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法测定焙烤食品及其原料中11种真菌毒素

建立了超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱(UPLC-HRMS)测定焙烤食品及其原料中11种真菌毒素的检测分析方法。样品经20 mL含1%(体积分数)甲酸的乙腈-水(9∶1,v/v)溶液提取,经2.0 g无水硫酸、0.5 g氯化钠和300 mg C18盐析、净化后进行检测。采用CORTECS C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.6μm),以含0.1%(体积分数)甲酸的2 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液和含0.1%(体积分数)甲酸的2 mmol/L乙酸铵甲醇溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱。结果显示,11种真菌毒素在各自的质量浓度范围内线性关系良好(相关系数r2≥0.996 0),方法的定量限为0.15~20.00μg/kg,样品加标回收率为64.38%~122.61%,相对标准偏差为1.52%~12.99%(n=6)。该方法简单快速、灵敏度高、结果准确、可靠,利用该方法可有效测定焙烤食品及其原料中常见真菌毒素的含量。