溶酶体靶向吲哚氟硼二吡咯光敏剂的合成、 双光子荧光成像及光动力治疗

通过Knoevenagel缩合反应制备了一个具有溶酶体靶向的近红外光敏剂IMBDP-Lys, 用于双光子荧光成像和光动力治疗. IMBDP-Lys由2个吲哚吗啉功能团连接到氟硼二吡咯(BODIPY)母核的3?位和8?位构筑而成, 是一种重原子诱导的光敏剂. 采用高斯09W理论计算光敏剂S₁态和T₂态能量值相差0.12 eV, 可以有效地发生系间窜越. 在二氯甲烷溶液中, 光敏剂IMBDP-Lys的最大吸收波长为631 nm, 最大发射波长为684 nm. 在 660 nm的光照下, 以亚甲基蓝为参比, 单线态氧量子产率经计算为48.3%. 此外, 含有2个吗啉基团的光敏剂IMBDP-Lys具有良好的生物相容性和精准的靶向能力, 可以快速地进入斑马鱼体内进行双光子荧光成像, 并且与溶酶体绿色染料Lyso-Tracker Green共定位系数为0.95. 溴化噻唑蓝四氮唑(MTT)实验结果表明, 光敏剂具有低的暗毒性(≥85%)和高的光毒性(IC₅₀=0.52 μmol/L). 在660 nm的光照下, 利用活性氧荧光探针2’,7’-二氯二氢荧光素二乙酸酯（DCFH-DA）证明光敏剂可以产生活性氧, 同时吖啶橙/溴化乙锭(AO/EB)染色实验和细胞迁移实验表明产生的活性氧不仅能诱导A549细胞凋亡, 还能有效地抑制肿瘤细胞迁移. 因此, 近红外光敏剂IMBDP-Lys在双光子荧光成像和溶酶体靶向的光动力治疗中具有重要的应用价值.     

药物化学中的大分子效应※

药物种类按照分子量来划分可以分为小分子药物(自然提取或化学合成的)和大分子药物(生物制剂). 尽管目前小分子药物仍然是市场的主流, 但其研发增速趋缓, 而大分子药物在药物研发中的地位日渐突显, 并被预期在未来药物市场中占据越来越高的份额. 除了生物制剂大分子药物, 将小分子药物与天然或合成大分子结合制备得到的化学合成大分子药物, 近年来受到药物研究者们越来越多的关注. 由于大分子具有丰富的骨架结构及空间构架, 其所特有的骨架效应、多价效应, 以及通过分子组装而产生的聚集效应和靶向效应等, 能够为药物化学的设计带来更多新的可能. 有鉴于此, 本综述将简略介绍药物化学设计中的大分子效应, 重点讨论合成大分子的骨架效应、多价效应、聚集效应和靶向效应等为药物化学设计所带来的新性能. 通过对药物化学中大分子效应所带来的优势、问题和重要研究进展的探讨, 以期能够推动化学合成大分子药物的发展, 为药物化学设计提供新的思路.     

Development of New Targeted Inulin Complex Nanoaggregates for siRNA Delivery in Antitumor Therapy

Here, a novel strategy of formulating efficient polymeric carriers based on the already described INU-IMI-DETA for gene material whose structural, functional, and biological properties can be modulated and improved was successfully investigated. In particular, two novel derivatives of INU-IMI-DETA graft copolymer were synthesized by chemical functionalisation with epidermal growth factor (EGF) or polyethylenglycol (PEG), named INU-IMI-DETA-EGF and INU-IMI-DETA-PEG, respectively, in order to improve the performance of already described “inulin complex nanoaggregates” (ICONs). The latter were thus prepared by appropriately mixing the two copolymers, by varying each component from 0 to 100 wt% on the total mixture, named EP-ICONs. It was seen that the ability of the INU-IMI-DETA-EGF/INU-IMI-DETA-PEG polymeric mixture to complex siGL3 increases with the increase in the EGF-based component in the EP-ICONs and, for each sample, with the increase in the copolymer:siRNA weight ratio (R). On the other hand, the susceptibility of loaded siRNA towards RNase decreases with the increase in the pegylated component in the polymeric mixture. At all R values, the average size and the zeta potential values are suitable for escaping from the RES system and suitable for prolonged intravenous circulation. By means of biological characterisation, it was shown that MCF-7 cells are able to internalize mainly the siRNA-loaded into EGF-decorated complexes, with a significant difference from ICONs, confirming its targeting function. The targeting effect of EGF on EP-ICONs was further demonstrated by a competitive cell uptake study, i.e., after cell pre-treatment with EGF. Finally, it was shown that the complexes containing both EGF and PEG are capable of promoting the internalisation and therefore the transfection of siSUR, a siRNA acting against surviving mRNA, and to increase the sensitivity to an anticancer agent, such as doxorubicin.     

基于透明质酸构筑的药物递送载体及其应用

传统纳米药物控释载体主要通过细胞胞吞作用实现药物递送,其主要过程为被动靶向机制,因此会影响纳米载体在肿瘤组织的富集和治疗效果。近年来生物大分子透明质酸因其优异的水溶性、生物相容性、可降解性和肿瘤靶向性备受科研工作者青睐,已被广泛用于药物控释载体的构筑中,并成为靶向肿瘤治疗纳米载体领域的研究热点。本文根据透明质酸基纳米载体治疗机制的不同,从透明质酸基纳米载体在化疗、光热治疗、光动力治疗以及联合治疗的应用方面对其性能进行了总结和评述,并在此基础上展望了未来透明质酸基纳米治疗载体的研究方向和发展趋势。     

含乳糖酸修饰的多壁碳纳米管复合载药体系的合成及表征

以聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)修饰的多壁碳纳米管(PEI-CNT)为模板,利用异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)和乳糖酸(LA)对其表面进行修饰,合成乳糖酸修饰的PEI-CNT复合载体,并负载抗肿瘤药物盐酸阿霉素(DOX),使其成为具有靶向功能的新型抗肿瘤药物载体。采用核磁共振(1 HNMR)、透射电镜、共聚焦显微镜及流式细胞仪等测试手段分析载体的结构和性质。载药复合体系在酸性条件下的体外药物释放速率明显高于中性条件下的,同时该复合载药体系对肝癌细胞(SMMC-7721)具有一定的靶向性。     

Immuno‐Chemotherapeutic Platinum(IV) Prodrugs of Cisplatin as Multimodal Anticancer Agents

There is growing consensus that the clinical therapeutic efficacy of some chemotherapeutic agents depends on their off‐target immune‐modulating effects. Pt anticancer drugs have previously been identified to be potent immunomodulators of both the innate and the adaptive immune system. Nevertheless, there has been little development in the rational design of Pt‐based chemotherapeutic agents to exploit their immune‐activating capabilities. The FPR1/2 formyl peptide receptors are highly expressed in immune cells, as well as in many metastatic cancers. Herein, we report a rationally designed multimodal Pt^IV prodrug containing a FPR1/2‐targeting peptide that combines chemotherapy with immunotherapy to achieve therapeutic synergy and demonstrate the feasibility of this approach.     

同源细胞膜包覆智能释药纳米粒用于肝癌靶向治疗

近年来,纳米药物递送系统在癌症治疗方面的应用受到广泛关注。 传统的纳米药物递送系统存在生物相容性差、靶向性缺乏、在肿瘤部位释药缓慢等问题。 本文设计制备了一种同源细胞膜(M)包覆、癌细胞还原微环境控制释药的脂质体纳米粒子(命名为P-ss-G/D/Sf@M)来递送肝癌治疗药物索拉非尼(Sf)用于肝癌的靶向治疗。 利用薄膜水化法结合静电吸附及过膜挤压法制备包覆细胞膜的空白(P-ss-G/D@M)及载药(P-ss-G/D/Sf@M)纳米粒子。 P-ss-G/D/Sf@M对Sf的载药量为7.2%,包封率为79.9%。 体外释药结果显示,P-ss-G/D/Sf@M在还原条件下会加快药物的释放,48 h时药物释放量达到65%以上,较非还原条件下释药量提高了25%。 体外细胞实验结果证明,包覆肝癌细胞膜的纳米粒子更易被肝癌细胞摄取,表现了对肝癌细胞的靶向性,同时在肿瘤细胞高浓度谷胱甘肽(GSH)还原环境作用下,纳米粒子中的二硫键断裂,迅速释放药物,与非还原敏感载药纳米粒子相比,显著抑制肝癌细胞生长,提高细胞凋亡率。 因此,本文制备的同源细胞膜包覆的智能释药载体有可能用于今后的癌症治疗中。     

Unambiguous Intracellular Localization and Quantification of a Potent Iridium Anticancer Compound by Correlative 3D Cryo X‐Ray Imaging

The iridium half‐sandwich complex [Ir(η⁵:κ¹‐C₅Me₄CH₂py)(2‐phenylpyridine)]PF₆ is highly cytotoxic: 15–250× more potent than clinically used cisplatin in several cancer cell lines. We have developed a correlative 3D cryo X‐ray imaging approach to specifically localize and quantify iridium within the whole hydrated cell at nanometer resolution. By means of cryo soft X‐ray tomography (cryo‐SXT), which provides the cellular ultrastructure at 50 nm resolution, and cryo hard X‐ray fluorescence tomography (cryo‐XRF), which provides the elemental sensitivity with a 70 nm step size, we have located the iridium anticancer agent exclusively in the mitochondria. Our methodology provides unique information on the intracellular fate of the metallodrug, without chemical fixation, labeling, or mechanical manipulation of the cells. This cryo‐3D correlative imaging method can be applied to a number of biochemical processes for specific elemental localization within the native cellular landscape.     

Three‐Pronged Attack by Homologous Far‐red/NIR AIEgens to Achieve 1+1+1>3 Synergistic Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has long been shown to be a powerful therapeutic modality for cancer. However, PDT is undiversified and has become stereotyped in recent years. Exploration of distinctive PDT methods is thus highly in demand but remains a severe challenge. Herein, an unprecedented 1+1+1>3 synergistic strategy is proposed and validated for the first time. Three homologous luminogens with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics were rationally designed based on a simple backbone. Through slight structural tuning, these far‐red/near‐infrared AIE luminogens are capable of specifically anchoring to mitochondria, cell membrane, and lysosome, and effectively generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Notably, biological studies demonstrated combined usage of three AIE photosensitizers gives multiple ROS sources simultaneously derived from several organelles, which gives superior therapeutic effect than that from a single organelle at the same photosensitizers concentration. This strategy is conceptually and operationally simple, providing an innovative approach and renewed awareness of improving therapeutic effect through three‐pronged PDT.     

Single‐Molecule Redox‐Targeting Reactions for a pH‐Neutral Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Battery

Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) have received considerable attention for large‐scale energy storage. Quinone derivatives, such as 9,10‐anthraquinone‐2,7‐disulphonic acid (2,7‐AQDS), have been explored intensively owing to potentially low cost and swift reaction kinetics. However, the low solubility in pH‐neutral electrolytes restricts their application to corrosive acidic or caustic systems. Herein, the single molecule redox‐targeting reactions of 2,7‐AQDS anolyte are presented to circumvent its solubility limit in pH‐neutral electrolytes. Polyimide was employed as a low‐cost high‐capacity solid material to boost the capacity of 2,7‐AQDS electrolyte to 97 Ah L^?1. Through in situ FTIR spectroscopy, a hydrogen‐bonding mediated reaction mechanism was disclosed. In conjunction with NaI as catholyte and nickel hexacyanoferrate as the catholyte capacity booster, a single‐molecule redox‐targeting reaction‐based full cell with energy density up to 39 Wh L^?1 was demonstrated.