全文获取类型
收费全文 | 7518篇 |
免费 | 2681篇 |
国内免费 | 6456篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 10270篇 |
晶体学 | 694篇 |
力学 | 594篇 |
综合类 | 185篇 |
数学 | 73篇 |
物理学 | 4839篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 92篇 |
2023年 | 351篇 |
2022年 | 371篇 |
2021年 | 501篇 |
2020年 | 380篇 |
2019年 | 520篇 |
2018年 | 339篇 |
2017年 | 515篇 |
2016年 | 531篇 |
2015年 | 567篇 |
2014年 | 1147篇 |
2013年 | 1007篇 |
2012年 | 859篇 |
2011年 | 930篇 |
2010年 | 913篇 |
2009年 | 922篇 |
2008年 | 927篇 |
2007年 | 762篇 |
2006年 | 900篇 |
2005年 | 859篇 |
2004年 | 713篇 |
2003年 | 683篇 |
2002年 | 483篇 |
2001年 | 395篇 |
2000年 | 249篇 |
1999年 | 243篇 |
1998年 | 130篇 |
1997年 | 129篇 |
1996年 | 74篇 |
1995年 | 62篇 |
1994年 | 30篇 |
1993年 | 16篇 |
1992年 | 19篇 |
1991年 | 14篇 |
1990年 | 4篇 |
1989年 | 5篇 |
1988年 | 1篇 |
1987年 | 1篇 |
1986年 | 2篇 |
1985年 | 9篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
961.
Electron field emission characteristics of nano-catkin carbon films deposited by electron cyclotron resonance microwave plasma chemical vapour deposition 下载免费PDF全文
This paper reported that the nano-catkin carbon films were prepared on Si substrates by means of electron cyclotron resonance microwave plasma chemical vapour deposition in a hydrogen and methane mixture. The surface morphology and the structure of the fabricated films were characterized by using scanning electron microscopes and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. The stable field emission properties with a low threshold field of 5V/μm corresponding to a current density of about 1μA/cm^2 and a current density of 3.2mA/cm^2 at an electric field of 10V/μm were obtained from the carbon film deposited at CH4 concentration of 8%. The mechanism that the threshold field decreased with the increase of the CH4 concentration and the high emission current appeared at the high CH4 concentration was explained by using the Fowler-Nordheim theory. 相似文献
962.
Polarization-dependent linear absorption, second-harmonic generation (SHG) and 3rd-order nonlinearities of wellaligned ZnO nanorod arrays have been investigated with ps pulses. The depressed spectral width and the enhanced intensity of reflective SHG along the long axis of ZnO nanorods were observed by using p-polarized pulses, which is explained by the optical confinements. The nonlinear absorption coefficient measured with s-polarization reached the maximum 4.0×10^4cm/GW at the wavelength -750nm, which revealed a large two-photon resonance absorption attributed to the quantum confined exciton when the polarization is vertical to the long axis of ZnO nanorod. 相似文献
963.
This paper reports that/3-Ga2O3 nanorods have been synthesized by ammoniating Ga2O3 films on a V middle layer deposited on Si(111) substrates. The synthesized nanorods were confirmed as monoclinic Ga2O3 by x-ray diffraction,Fourier transform infrared spectra. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy reveal that the grown β-Ga2O3 nanorods have a smooth and clean surface with diameters ranging from 100 nm to 200 nm and lengths typically up to 2μm. High resolution TEM and selected-area electron diffraction shows that the nanorods are pure monoclinic Ga2O3 single crystal. The photoluminescence spectrum indicates that the Ga2O3 nanorods have a good emission property. The growth mechanism is discussed briefly. 相似文献
964.
This paper studies the light scattering and adsorption of nanocrystalline TiO2 porous films used in dye-sensitized solar cells composed of anatase and/or rutile particles by using an optical four-flux radiative transfer model. These light properties are difficult to measure directly on the functioning solar cells and they can not be calculated easily from the first-principle computational or quantitative theoretical evaluations. These simulation results indicate that the light scattering of 1 25 nm TiO2 particles is negligible, but it is effective in the range of 80 and 180 nm. A suitable mixture of small particles (10 nm radius), which are resulted in a large effective surface, and of larger particles (150 nm radius), which are effective light scatterers, have the potential to enhance solar absorption significantly. The futile crystals have a larger refractive index and thus the light harvest of the mixtures of such larger rutile and relatively small anatase particles is improved in comparison with that of pure anatase films. The light absorption of the 10μm double-layered films is also examined. A maximal light absorption of double-layered film is gotten when the thickness of the first layer of 10 urn-sized anatase particles is comparable to that of the second larger rutile layer. 相似文献
965.
966.
采用磁控溅射法制备金团簇纳米颗粒,用透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外可见光分光光度计(UV-Vis)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等分析手段对其表征,研究了金团簇纳米颗粒的形貌、颗粒度、结构、光吸收性质及物质成份。研究结果表明:制备的金团簇纳米颗粒呈球形,平均粒径在10 nm左右,粒径分布均匀,无团聚、氧化现象,颗粒的结构为面心立方。在519 nm处出现团簇颗粒的表面等离子共振吸收峰,测试得到Au(4f7/2)和Au(4f5/2)电子的结合能分别为83.3 eV和86.9 eV,并且没有出现金的氧化产物。 相似文献
967.
YBa2Cu3O7—δ体系CuO2平面外的元素替代效应 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
制备了123单相的 Y_(1-x)Pr_xBa_2Cu_3O_(7-ε),YBa_(2-x)M_xCu_3O_(7-ε)(M=Sr,Ca)和 YBa_2Cu_(3-x)Co_xO_(7-δ)的系列样品,并测量了 T_c 及载流子浓度 nH.综和其他实验结果如 XAFS、中子衍射、XPS 和 Raman 谱等,总结得到:CuO_2平面外的元素替代使得晶格中 O(4)原子偏离其在 YBa_2Cu_3O_7中的最佳位置,导致部分空穴局域于 Ba 位或 CuO 链,因而降低体系中可动空穴的浓度.在这种情况下体系 T_c 的压制主要源自可动空穴浓度 PH 的减少.对加压情况下的退局域化作用作了讨论. 相似文献
968.
流动注射分析在线研究Cr(Ⅵ)在纳米TiO2表面上的吸附 … 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
用溶胶-凝聚法在不同的水解和热处理条件下制备了纳米尺寸的TiO2微粉,所得的TiO2表面性质迥异,粒径从几个纳米到数百个纳米,晶型也由低温煅烧的锐钛型转成高温地的金红石型。利用流动注射微柱富集在线分析方法对Cr离子在纳米TiO2表面上的吸附动力学特性进行了原位表征。 相似文献
969.
The implementation of clean energy techniques, including clean hydrogen generation, use of solar-driven photovoltaic hybrid systems, photochemical heat generation as well as thermoelectric conversion, is crucial for the sustainable development of our society. Among these promising techniques, electrocatalysis has received significant attention for its ability to facilitate clean energy conversion because it promotes a higher rate of reaction and efficiency for the associated chemical transformations. Noble-metal-based electrocatalysts typically show high activity for electrochemical conversion processes. However, their scarcity and high cost limit their applications in electrocatalytic devices. To overcome this limitation, binary catalysts prepared by alloying with transition metals can be used. However, optimization of the activity of the binary catalysts is considerably limited because of the presence of the miscibility gap in the phase diagram of binary alloys. The activity of binary electrocatalysts can be attributed to the adsorption energy of molecules and intermediates on the surface. High-entropy alloys (HEAs), which consist of diverse elements in a single NP, typically exhibit better physical and/or chemical properties than their single-element counterparts, because of their tunable composition and inherent surface complexity. Further, HEAs can improve the performance of binary electrocatalysts because they exhibit a near-continuous distribution of adsorption energy. Recently, HEAs have gained considerable attention for their application in electrocatalytic reactions. This review summarizes recent research advances in HEA nanostructures and their application in the field of electrocatalysis. First, we introduce the concept, structure, and four core effects of HEAs. We believe that this part will provide the basic information about HEAs. Next, we discuss the reported top-down and bottom-up synthesis strategies, emphasizing on the carbothermal shock method, nanodroplet-mediated electrodeposition, fast moving bed pyrolysis, polyol process, and dealloying. Other methods such as combinatorial co-sputtering, ultrashort-pulsed laser ablation, ultrasonication-assisted wet chemistry, and scanning-probe block copolymer lithography are also highlighted. Among these methods, wet chemistry has been reported to be effective for the formation of nano-scale HEAs because it facilitates the concurrent reduction of all metal precursors to form solid-solution alloys. Next, we present the theoretical investigation of HEA nanocatalysts, including their thermodynamics, kinetic stability, and adsorption energy tuning for optimizing their catalytic activity and selectivity. To elucidate the structure–property relationship in HEAs, we summarize the research progress related to electrocatalytic reactions promoted by HEA nanocatalysts, including the oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, methanol oxidation reaction, and CO2 reduction reaction. Finally, we discuss the challenges and various strategies toward the development of HEAs. 相似文献
970.