Development and validation of a reversed‐phase HPLC method for CYP1A2 phenotyping by use of a caffeine metabolite ratio in saliva

CYP1A2 is important for metabolizing various clinically used drugs. Phenotyping of CYP1A2 may prove helpful for drug individualization therapy. Several HPLC methods have been developed for quantification of caffeine metabolites in plasma and urine. Aim of the present study was to develop a valid and simple HPLC method for evaluating CYP1A2 activity during exposure in xenobiotics by the use of human saliva. Caffeine and paraxanthine were isolated from saliva by liquid‐liquid extraction (chlorophorm/isopropanol 85/15v/v). Extracts were analyzed by reversed‐phase HPLC on a C₁₈ column with mobile phase 0.1% acetic acid/methanol/acetonitrile (80/20/2 v/v) and detected at 273nm. Caffeine and paraxanthine elution times were <13min with no interferences from impurities or caffeine metabolites. Detector response was linear (0.10–8.00µg/ml, R²>0.99), recovery was >93% and bias <4.47%. Intra‐ and inter‐day precision was <5.14% (n=6). The limit of quantitation was 0.10µg/ml and the limit of detection was 0.018±0.002µg/mL for paraxanthine and 0.032±0.002µg/ml for caffeine. Paraxanthine/caffeine ratio of 34 healthy volunteers was significantly higher in smokers (p<0.001). Saliva paraxanthine/caffeine ratios and urine metabolite ratios were highly correlated (r=0.85, p<0.001). The method can be used for the monitoring of CYP1A2 activity in clinical practice and in studies relevant to exposure to environmental and pharmacological xenobiotics. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Erratum to: Analysis of the Purcell Effect in the Waveguide Mode by S-Quantization

Optics and Spectroscopy - 10.1134/S0030400X17050095     

Diffusion of Gold Nanoparticles in Inverse Opals Probed by Heterodyne Dynamic Light Scattering

The diffusive behavior of nanoparticles inside porous materials is attracting a lot of interest in the context of understanding, modeling, and optimization of many technical processes. A very powerful technique for characterizing the diffusive behavior of particles in free media is dynamic light scattering (DLS). The applicability of the method in porous media is considered, however, to be rather difficult due to the presence of multiple sources of scattering. In contrast to most of the previous approaches, the DLS method was applied without ensuring matching refractive indices of solvent and porous matrix in the present study. To test the capabilities of the method, the diffusion of spherical gold nanoparticles within the interconnected, periodic nanopores of inverse opals was analyzed. Despite the complexity of this system, which involves many interfaces and different refractive indices, a clear signal related to the motion of particles inside the porous media was obtained. As expected, the diffusive process inside the porous sample slowed down compared to the particle diffusion in free media. The obtained effective diffusion coefficients were found to be wave vector-dependent. They increased linearly with increasing spatial extension of the probed particle concentration fluctuations. On average, the slowing-down factor measured in this work agrees within combined uncertainties with literature data.

     

Voltammetric Determination of Isoniazid Drug in Various Matrix by Using CuOx Decorated MW‐CNT Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

Copper oxide decorated multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was prepared for determination of isoniazid (INZ) in various matrices. The electrochemical behavior of INZ was tested with the aid of Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and quantitative experiments were performed by using Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV). Morphological and structural characterization of the modified electrode was performed by utilizing Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) while electrochemical characterization was performed by using CV and Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The proposed sensor exhibited well defined anodic peak at 0.30 V for INZ at pH 6.0 medium. Under the optimum conditions, a linear relation between INZ concentration and peak current was observed in the range of 2.0×10^?7 to 5.0×10^?5 M. Limit of detection was calculated as 1.0×10^?8 M and repeatability and accuracy was found as 5.60 % and 91.0 % for 5.0 10^?7 M INZ by using 3 successive measurement, respectively. Then, the analytic performance of the electrode developed was tested by analyzing commercial tablets, artificial human serum and urine samples. The results indicated that satisfactory recoveries was observed for all issue.     

Experimental study for adsorption and photocatalytic reaction of ethyl methylphosphonate molecule as organophosphorus compound adsorbed at surface of titanium dioxide under UV irradiation in ambient condition

The adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of Ethyl methylphosphonate (EMPA) on powdery TiO₂ film has experimentally investigated using attenuated total reflection-infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) in ambient condition. Characteristic IR frequency as P-O-C vibration mode as EtO was observed by EMPA adsorbed at the surface of TiO₂. By TiO₂ photocatalysis, the adsorbed EMPA was decomposed to methyl phosphonic acid and phosphoric acid. The increment of IR intensity of which is assigned to Ti–O-P-O-Ti of EMPA was accompanied with increasing the IR peak intensity assigned to MPA. About that, we suggest that the appearance of the Ti–O-P-O-Ti of EMPA by the TiO₂ photocatalysis is regarded as acceleration of the hydrolysis of EMPA by the surface OH groups of TiO₂. The plausible adsorption structure and the photocatalytic reaction mechanism of EMPA at the surface of TiO₂ photocatalyst were elucidated.