四连杆膝关节假肢的动力学建模与分析

相比于单轴式膝关节,四连杆膝关节具有更好的仿生特性和运动安全性,因而在下肢假肢研究中得到广泛关注. 本研究以一款四连杆膝关节被动假肢为研究对象,主要关注足-地交互作用力以及膝关节单边接触力等强非线性因素对下肢假肢步态的影响. 为此,采用 Kelvin-Voigt 模型和库伦模型描述足-地接触力和摩擦力,并采用 Kelvin-Voigt 模型描述膝关节单边接触力,从而基于第一类拉格朗日方程建立假肢动力学模型. 本研究以步态实验测得的髋关节运动数据为模型的驱动信号,针对假肢的步态特征进行了数值分析. 计算结果显示,当膝关节液压阻尼器的刚度较小时,强非线性作用力会使假肢产生显著的亚谐波响应,进而导致步态周期失谐. 进一步研究发现,提胯行为能够避免步态周期失谐,这也为残疾人行走时的提胯等代偿行为提供了一种新的力学解释. 为了评价假肢步态与健康人实测步态的一致性,本研究进一步定义了步态相关系数并分析了膝关节液压阻尼器刚度、阻尼参数对相关系数的影响. 结果表明,通过合理的刚度、阻尼参数设计,两者步态的相关系数可达到 0.9 以上,这为四连杆膝关节被动假肢进一步优化提供了理论支撑.      

松木-聚氯乙烯复合材料催化热解特性的研究

通过热重法研究了松木与聚氯乙烯复合材料的催化热解特性,结果表明聚氯乙烯脱氯阶段与松木的纤维素、半纤维素热分解阶段温度区间重合,二者共热解时存在协同效应,并且HCl的释放对纤维素的脱水反应能够产生催化作用,HCl释放也对木质素的热分解及碳化反应有着明显的催化作用,导致二者共热解制备的碳化物产率提高,约为29.61%。并且利用元素分析仪、扫描电镜和能谱仪对成碳材料进行表征分析,结果表明成碳材料表面粗糙呈现多孔结构,其碳元素含量较高达到74.67%。     

Hierarchical structure observation and nanoindentation size effect characterization for a limnetic shell

In the present research, hierarchical structure observation and mechanical property characterization for a type of biomaterial are carried out. The investigated biomaterial is Hyriopsis cumingii, a typical limnetic shell, which consists of two different structural layers, a prismatic "pillar"structure and a nacreous "brick and mortar" structure. The prismatic layer looks like a "pillar forest" with variationsection pillars sized on the order of several tens of microns.The nacreous material looks like a "brick wall" with bricks sized on the order of several microns. Both pillars and bricks are composed of nanoparticles. The mechanical properties of the hierarchical biomaterial are measured by using the nanoindentation test. Hardness and modulus are measured for both the nacre layer and the prismatic layer, respectively.The nanoindentation size effects for the hierarchical structural materials are investigated experimentally. The results show that the prismatic nanostructured material has a higher stiffness and hardness than the nacre nanostructured material.In addition, the nanoindentation size effects for the hierarchical structural materials are described theoretically, by using the trans-scale mechanics theory considering both strain gradient effect and the surface/interface effect. The modeling results are consistent with experimental ones.     

Graphene-nickel nitride hybrids supporting palladium nanoparticles for enhanced ethanol electrooxidation

Electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation reaction(EOR)are generally limited by their poor durability because of the catalyst poisoning induced by the reaction intermediate carbon monoxide(CO).Therefore,the rapid oxidation removal of CO intermediates is crucial to the durability of EOR-based catalysts.Herein,in order to effectively avoiding the catalyst CO poisoning and improve the durability,the graphene-nickel nitride hybrids(AG-Ni₃N)were designed for supporting palladium nanoparticles(Pd/AG-Ni₃N)and then used for ethanol electrooxidation.The density functional theory(DFT)calculations demonstrated the introduction of AG-Ni₃N depresses the CO absorption and simultaneously promotes the adsorption of OH species for CO oxidation removal.The fabricated Pd/AG-Ni₃N catalyst distinctively exhibits excellent electroactivity with the mass catalytic activity of 3499.5 m A mg^-1 on EOR in alkaline media,which is around 5.24 times higher than Pd/C(commercial catalyst).Notably,the Pd/AG-Ni₃N hybrids display excellent stability and durability after chronoamperometric measurements with a total operation time of 150,000 s.     

单晶硅晶格间距的测量技术进展及应用

单晶硅晶格间距是许多重要物理常数测量的基础。本文介绍了硅晶格间距测量技术的发展历程,包括X射线干涉仪直接测量和晶格比较仪间接测量两种方法,以及影响测量结果不确定度的关键因素。得益于晶格间距测量的进展,在纳米尺度,硅晶格间距被国际计量局(BIPM)批准成为新的米定义复现形式。最后介绍了硅晶格在计量学中的应用,以及基于硅晶格实现纳米几何量测量的溯源体系的研究趋势。     

Infrasonic waves generated from the volcano eruption in Tonga

The Hunga-Tonga-Hunga-Ha’apai volcano in Tonga erupted violently on January 15, 2022. After 8 hours and 39 minutes, an infrasound array in Kunming at a distance of 10151 km away from the volcano recorded a sequence of strong infrasonic waves. The average period of the first four infrasonic waves is 443 s with propagation speed of 321 m/s. The azimuth angle of this event has been estimated by applying the progressive multi-channel correlation(PMCC) method to process the received signals. During c...     

紫外可见偏振成像光谱仪的光谱定标与匹配方法

紫外可见偏振成像光谱仪中沃拉斯顿棱镜的色散效应会导致探测器同一空间通道的中心坐标发生偏移，影响目标信号探测精度。根据偏振解调算法，利用沃拉斯顿棱镜出射的两正交分量调制光谱(S光和P光)实现偏振信息解调时，还需要完成光谱匹配。针对这一问题，提出了一种光谱定标与匹配方法。首先利用平行光源标定了仪器视场角与空间维像元的对应关系，提取出各空间通道对应的像元坐标集合并确定了视场定标方程；在同一空间通道内，通过低压汞灯标准光源对波长与像元的对应关系进行标定，得出光谱定标方程；利用视场定标和光谱定标结果完成正交分量光谱的匹配；最后利用太阳光谱中Fraunhofer线的特征波长对定标结果进行了检验。结果表明：紫外可见偏振成像光谱仪正交分量的光谱吸收峰位具有较好的一致性，定标值和标准值的偏差在0.1 nm以内，这验证了定标结果的准确性。     

惯性约束聚变实验中空间干涉检测与预警系统设计

针对惯性约束聚变实验中多诊断系统在有限空间同时作业引发碰撞风险的问题，设计了基于碰撞目标检测和空间距离测算方法的空间干涉检测与预警系统，分析了真空靶室特定环境下不同实现方法的适用条件和可行性。实验室条件下模拟验证结果表明，基于结构光深度图像获取方法可获得较好的碰撞距离测量精度，在靶室半径探测距离内空间测距误差不大于3cm，为靶室空间干涉检测与预警提供了一种可行的解决方案。     

从学生的“问题”出发审视空间向量内容的教学和育人价值北大核心

1问题提出高中数学课程引入空间向量内容后,使很多原本需要进行推理演化的立体几何问题的求解“代数化”、“程序化”了,以往的一些立体几何的“难题”变得“简单”了.有老师认为,立体几何内容在培养学生直观想象、逻辑推理核心素养的育人价值减弱了.在教学中,不难发现即便有空间向量作为解决立体几何问题的有力工具,学生在解决立体几何问题时依然会存在各式各样的“错误”.