Geldart B 类颗粒气固流化床内的压力波动特性(英文)

采用多通道压力采集系统测量了Geldart B类颗粒（树脂）矩形流化床(2.000m×0.300m×0.025m)内的压力波动,探索了流化床内的压力波动特征;同时采用标准方差、自相关和互相关函数分析了表观气速和静床高度对压力波动、压力波速度和压力波主频的影响。结果表明,气泡行为（如：气泡的形成、发展、聚并和破碎）是影响流化床内压力波动的主要因素;密相和稀相界面处的压力波动幅值主要由气泡崩塌决定;压力波在流化床内进行传播,并且具有明显的周期性特征;此外,压力波动、压力波速度和压力波主频均与表观气速和静床高度密切相关。     

单轴压力对高密度聚乙烯/碳黑导电复合材料电阻特性的影响

研究了高密度聚乙烯/炭黑导电复合材料在单轴压力作用下电阻的变化规律.结果表明,在低压力下,复合材料电阻随压力增加而降低;而在较高压力下则随压力增大而升高,分别呈现出所谓的“电阻负压力系数”和“电阻正压力系数”效应.电阻的压力依赖性以及由压缩引起的电阻不可回复性,被认为与外力作用下导电网络的重组与破坏有关.由此提出了导电复合材料单轴压力作用-电阻相互关系的唯象模型.     

追踪锂金属负极的压力与形貌变化（英文）

采用高载量氧化物正极(>4mAh·cm^-2)和超薄锂金属负极(<50μm)可以构建高比能锂金属二次电池。然而,该类电池的循环寿命和安全性受到锂金属不可控沉积的严重制约。高比表面积的锂枝晶和锂“苔藓”导致了较低的库伦效率,前者有一定可能穿刺隔膜,造成电池内短路,是亟待解决的安全隐患。因此,提升锂金属二次电池的循环寿命和安全性的关键在于实现锂金属的致密沉积。文献中已有多种化学方法可达到这样的效果。由于锂金属较软,受力容易发生形变,对锂金属电池施加机械压力是另一种促进锂金属致密沉积和提高循环性能的方法。然而,机械压力、锂金属形态的演变、和循环性能之间的关系尚未被完全理解。本文报道了一种基于薄膜压力传感器的电池压力测量装置,可以实时跟踪纽扣型锂金属电池内部的压力变化,并且探究外加机械压力对电池循环性能的影响。研究发现,在纽扣电池和高比能的软包电池(5 Ah,>380 Wh·kg^-1)中,一定程度的压力可以促进锂金属的致密沉积,改善电池循环性能;而过大的压力则会导致锂金属向负极内部沉积,造成负极变形和电池性能恶化。我们的研究结果凸显了...     

压力对加压煤气化过程中氮释放的影响

为了解大型加压煤气化过程中污染物分布状态及其影响因素,着重研究了压力对加压大型煤气化过程中氮释放的影响。对晋城无烟煤在φ800 mm加压灰熔聚流化床煤气化实验进行跟踪采样分析,水蒸气和氧气作为气化介质(Steam/O₂≈3/1, 体积比),气化炉内反应温度为1 000℃,考察0.6、1.0、1.5、2.0 MPa四种气化压力下氮化物在产物中的分布。结果表明,氮元素主要分布在气相产物中,随着气化压力增大固相产物中的氮含量增加,气相产物的氮含量先增加,在1.0 MPa以后呈现略微下降的趋势,并通过对比分析晋城无烟煤和气化底渣的氮赋存形态,从微观层面进一步探讨压力对氮分布规律的影响方式。     

Qp=ΔH和δQp=dH成立的压力条件

阐述了热力学中系统压力与外压、恒压过程与等压过程的联系和区别,讨论了Qp=ΔH和δQp=dH成立的压力条件。结论是:Qp=ΔH成立的条件是系统压力允许波动的等压过程,而δQp=dH成立的条件是系统压力不允许波动的恒压过程。     

中国异常地层压力分布、起因及在油气运移中的作用

异常地层压力在我国不仅发现于海相地层,于陆相沉积盆地中也有广泛分布。它在第三系中最为发育,也存在于中生界及古生界,剩余压力依层位变老而减弱。其成因依各地地质条件而异,压实作用不平衡和烃类生成作用是主要起因;后期地壳抬升及粘士矿物转化为次要原因。实际资料说明了异常地层压力为油气初次运移提供动力、通道条件,在储层中则是影响流体势分布,从而决定油气运移方向、储集场所的主要因素。     

附加压力与分散系统的稳定性

较详细地讨论了附加压力与分散系统稳定性间的关系,指出分散相附加压力的降低是分散系统趋向稳定的根本原因。以乳状液为例,附加压力降低不仅减少了液滴间相互碰撞的概率,而且更重要的是,它与液滴表面形成牢固的保护膜密切相关。只有当液滴的附加压力趋近0时,分散系统才达到热力学上稳定的状态,此时乳状液已变成了微乳状液。上述讨论也基本适用于固/液分散系统。     

标准态压力的改变对标准热力学函数值的影响

长期以来,标准态的压力一直选为1atm,即760 mmHg。SI制推行后,压力单位只用Pa,其它单位均停止使用,因而标准压力为101.325kPa。但是这种单位的改变并未涉及标准状态,所以并未影响到标准热力学函数值。由于历史原因将标准压力定为101.325 kPa,     

Sources of Youth＇s Stress and Optimization Strategy of Social Support System

现代社会给青年提供了前所未有的发展机遇，也使青年承受着超出以往任何时代的生存压力．2011年，对山东城市在业青年进行的社会心态调查显示：当前青年的压力主要来自经济压力、工作压力、子女教育压力三个方面。研究表明：传统的家庭支持系统是青年应对经济压力和人生重大选择的主要支持力量，非正式社会支持系统和家庭共同构成青年情感支持的主要力量，正式的社会支持系统对青年的支持作用尚未得到充分发挥。建立相对完备的社会支持系统，需要从社会保障、组织覆盖、舆论影响、心理疏导等方面提升优化。     

氢气压力对煤加氢反应影响的热重-气相色谱实验研究

采用加压热重分析仪和气相色谱仪联用的方法研究了府谷烟煤和海拉尔褐煤加氢反应过程中的失重规律和主要气体产物析出规律,升温速率15℃/min,压力0.1~5.0MPa,反应终温1000℃。实验结果表明,煤粉加氢反应主要分为初始干燥脱气、热分解及挥发分加氢,半焦加氢气化和焦炭加氢气化四个阶段。氢气压力的提高促进了挥发分自由基的加氢反应,抑制了含氧官能团脱除形成碳氧化物。在热分解及挥发分加氢阶段,府谷烟煤失重速率随氢气压力的升高而减小,氢气压力对海拉尔褐煤失重速率的影响不大。在半焦加氢气化阶段,CH₄生成速率随氢气压力的升高而增大,当氢气压力较高时(3~5MPa),海拉尔褐煤CH₄生成速率随氢气压力的升高不再增大。海拉尔褐煤O_daf较高,其半焦中含氧官能团提供的活性位较多。府谷烟煤H/C原子比较高,能提供更多的内部氢。府谷烟煤和海拉尔褐煤焦炭加氢反应动力学参数分别为k₀=2.38×10⁷ (min^-1·MPa^-1),E=231kJ/mol,n=1和k₀=2.64×10³ (min^-1·MPa^-0.736),E=127kJ/mol,n=0.736。     

Detonation Properties of High Explosives Containing Ammonia Borane

Ammonia borane (AB) is used as a combustion agent to improve the properties of high explosives. The detonation velocity (D_v) and detonation pressure (P) of raw high explosives and of samples containing AB were calculated and compared. The detonation properties, impact sensitivities, thermal sensitivities, and thermal decomposition characteristics of high explosives containing AB were also measured. The results indicated that when the AB content was 20 wt‐%, the optimal detonation velocity and detonation pressure were achieved. Both the detonation velocity and detonation pressure of the high explosives containing AB were clearly increased compared with those of the raw high explosives. Moreover, the detonation velocities of high explosives containing AB were 7078 to 7423 m · s^–1 and their density ranged from 1.570 to 1.589 g · cm^–3. The detonation pressure ranged from 34.5 to 37 GPa and the average heat of detonation was 6688 J · g^–1. Furthermore, the impact and thermal sensitivities were 170 cm and 613 K, respectively, whereas a slight change occurred in the thermal decomposition characteristics. These results suggest that AB can serve as a powerful combustible agent in energetic materials and improve the detonation properties and sensitivities of high explosives.     

Effect of High Pressure on the Kinetics and Mechanism of Thermolysis of Organic Peroxides in Solution

This review analyzes published data and experimental results obtained by the authors concerning the effect of high pressure on the chemical kinetics of thermal decomposition of the main types of organic and organosilicon peroxides in solution. The volume effect of activation was found to depend on the mechanism of peroxide decomposition and on the properties of solvents.     

Pression De Vapeur Et Decomposition Thermique De La Monomethylhydrazine

Monomethylhydrazine (MMH) (CH₃)NHNH₂ is currently used as fuel for spacecraft engine combustion chambers. The Aestus engine of the upper stage of Ariane 5 is fed with MMH under pressure of 16 bars. The propellant, initially at room temperature, is about 393 K when introduced into the combustion chamber, due to heating up through the regenerative circuit. As MMH is unstable above 373 K, it has been necessary to check its decomposition rate and vapor pressure under such conditions. The vapor pressure of this propellant has been measured in a pressure vessel and the thermal decomposition rate was determined with the same device up to 500 K. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

用非等温DSC曲线确定Ln(NCS)3-·4C3H5CH2NH2的热分解反应机理函数及热分解反应动力学参数

本文利用非等温DSC曲线对十二种镧系元素异硫氰酸盐与苄胺形成的配合物Ln(NCS)3·4C6H5CH2NH2(Ln=La、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Ge、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb)进行了非等温动力学研究, 并运用积分法和微分法进行了分析, 推断了它们的热分解反应机理函数。     

3,6-双(1-氢-1,2,3,4-四唑-5-氨基)-1,2,4,5-四嗪银盐的热分解反应动力学及热安全性

利用两步合成法,得到标题化合物3,6-双(1-氢-1,2,3,4-四唑-5-氨基)-1,2,4,5-四嗪(BTATz)银盐（Ag2(BTATz)·2H2O）,并用元素分析、X荧光和红外光谱分析对其进行了结构表征。 采用DSC和TG-DTG技术对化合物进行热分解行为及非等温热分解动力学研究。 结果表明,其热分解过程是由1个吸热阶段和2个放热阶段组成,主放热阶段的非等温热分解反应动力学方程为:dα/dt=1014.29×{3(1-α)[-ln(1-α)]1/4/4}exp(-2.10×104/T)。 计算得到化合物的自加速分解温度(TSADT)、热爆炸临界温度(Tb)、热点火温度(TTIT)和绝热至爆时间（tTIAD）分别为517.10 K、580.12 K、531.00 K和90.32 s ,以此来评价其热安全性。     

Thermal decompositions of dialkyl peroxides studied by DSC

Studies on the thermal decompositions of diamyl peroxide (DAPO), dicumyl peroxide (DCPO), and tert-butyl cumyl peroxide (TBCP) were conducted by DSC. Heat of decomposition, exothermic onset point, and chemical kinetics were determined and compared to those data of di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP), a model compound for studying thermokinetics of organic peroxide and standardization of a calorimeter. Similarities and differences of decomposition mechanisms between these organic peroxides were proposed and verified. Kinetics on decomposition of uni-molecular reaction via these similar alkoxyl radials accompanying β C–C bond scission were discussed and compared to the results from ab initio calculations. The ranking of thermal stability on dialkyl peroxides is determined to be in the following sequence: DCPO < TBCP < DAPO < DTBP. This rate-determining step in thermal decomposition of dialkyl peroxides possessed an average eigenvalue of log A at about 13.1 ± 1.2. Activation energy on the thermal decomposition of these peroxides was calculated to be 139.5 ± 14.4 kJ mol^?1.     

Preparation and thermal decomposition of certain. Substituted bis-(thenoyl) peroxides

The effect of various substituents on the rates of thermal decomposition of substituted bis-(thenoyl) peroxides has been investigated. Nine unreported peroxides were prepared, including derivatives of 2- and 3-thenoic acids. The thermal decomposition rates of these peroxides were examined, in the presence of styrene as a free radical scavenger. First order kinetics were observed in all cases studied. In general it was found that electron releasing substituents increase, while electron withdrawing groups decrease, the decomposition rate; the only exception being bis-(5-nitro-3-thenoyl) peroxide. Entropies and energies of activation were determined and found to be linearly related for the peroxides studied.     

Thermal decomposition analysis of organic peroxides using model-free simulation

To understand better the thermal decomposition characteristics of organic peroxides, a C80 heat flux calorimeter was used and the decomposition pattern of cumene hydroperoxide and di-tert-butylperoxide were classified as auto-catalytic and n ^th order reaction, respectively. Based on the scanning results with the C80 at several differing rates of heating, the thermal decomposition behavior of organic peroxides under isothermal storage at lower temperature was simulated with a model-free simulation. Simulated results showed that the calculated conversion of cumene hydroperoxide as a function of time was in good agreement with experimental data obtained with the TAM-III high sensitivity thermal activity monitor.     

Ab Initio and RRKM Study of the Unimolecular Decomposition of Five-membered Ring Heterocyclic （X：O,S,N-H）

Quantum mechanical and Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) calculations are carried out to study the thermal unimolecular decomposition of 2,5-dihydrofuran (1),2,5dihydrothiophene (2),and 3-pyrroline (3) at the MPW1PW91/6-31++G level of theory,and the results are in good agreement with the experimental values.The predicted high pressure limit rate constants (k(T)) in various states of activation energy and pre-exponential (S1:(A(calc.),E a(calc.)),S2:(A (calc.),E a(exp.)),and S3:(A (exp.),E a(calc.))) for the thermal decomposition processes 1-3 were evaluated.Also,the fall-off pressures (P1/2) for compounds 1-3 in the states 1-3 are found to be (1.24×10-2,1.09×10-3,and 4.19×10-2mmHg),(1.24×10-2,1.63×10-3,and 2.79×10-2mmHg),and (1.24×10-2,1.63×10-3,and 4.19×10-2 mmHg),respectively.As the fall-off pressure of thermal decomposition process of compounds 1-3 is in the following order:P1/2(3)> P1/2(1)> P1/2 (2),the decomposition rates are as below:rate(3) 相似文献   

柠檬酸铋的热分解机理、 非等温反应动力学及其对双基推进剂燃烧的催化作用

用TG和DSC以及变温固相原位反应池/傅里叶红外光谱(RSFTIR)联用技术研究了柠檬酸铋的热分解行为, 提出了可能的反应机理, 并计算了主分解反应的动力学参数. 柠檬酸铋主分解反应的表观活化能和指前因子分别为213.82 kJ/mol和1016.48 s^-1. 将柠檬酸铋应用到双基推进剂配方中研究其对双基推进剂燃烧性能的影响, 结果表明, 柠檬酸铋对双基推进剂燃烧有良好的催化作用, 能显著提高双基推进剂的燃速, 降低压力指数, 特别是与少量炭黑(CB)复合后, 对双基推进剂燃烧的催化效果更好.