用198Au示踪法从氰化液中萃取微量金

198Au同位素示踪法;胺类萃取剂;溶剂萃取;用198Au示踪法从氰化液中萃取微量金     

河流沉积物中重金属来源分析方法研究进展

河流沉积物中重金属来源分析方法主要有元素形态分析法、剖面分析法、空间分布法、Pb同位素示踪法、多元统计分析法等.对各种方法的优缺点、适用条件和适用范围进行了对比.介绍了重金属来源分析方法的研究进展.     

铪元素及其同位素的发现：技术进步和思想发展的共同结晶

1869年，门捷列夫在第一张元素周期表中的锆元素后留出原子量为180的元素位置，预测铪与锆同族。1913年，原子序数和莫斯莱定律的提出揭示了铪元素在周期表中位置排列的实质，为铪元素的发现提供理论基础。20世纪20年代，玻尔理论的发展证实铪与锆同族，指导科学家从锆矿石中寻找铪元素。1923年，赫维西和科斯特借助X射线光谱技术发现铪元素，彰显了X射线光谱技术的独特价值。20世纪30年代以后，同位素理论和质谱技术促成了铪同位素的发现，使人们对铪元素有了新的认识。总之，铪元素及其同位素的发现是技术进步和思想发展的共同结晶。     

铅同位素在示踪城市环境污染源研究中的应用

在分析铅同位素示踪环境铅污染源理论的基础上,以成都市为例,对成都市城市环境（土壤、大气降尘、主要水系沉积物）铅污染的主要来源进行了研究.结果表明,成都市城市环境污染主要来自于燃煤扬尘和汽车尾气排放.铅同位素示踪理论应用于城市环境污染源的研究,能够取得比较理想的结果.     

从反应机理探究酯化反应教学疑问

从酸催化酯化反应机理入手，阐释试剂添加方案及同位素示踪法相关疑问。通过文献调研，以反应机理探究教材及高考试题中相关酯化反应的教学疑问，理清某些中学师生对酯化反应的模糊认识。     

黄色短杆菌中L-异亮氨酸同位素丰度及分布的分析方法研究

随着代谢组学、蛋白质组学等生命科学领域的迅猛发展,稳定同位素标记试剂,尤其是标记氨基酸,因无放射性、与非标记化合物理化性质一致等优势得到广泛应用。该文建立了一种稳健、快速的氨基酸同位素丰度分析方法。方法采用Hypersil Gold Vanquish(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.9μm)色谱柱,以水和含0.1%甲酸的甲醇为流动相,正离子模式下进行液相色谱-高分辨质谱联用(LC-HRMS)分析;测得细菌发酵液中L-异亮氨酸-¹⁵N的同位素丰度为98.58%,相对标准偏差为0.03%,可应用于不同稳定同位素(¹⁵N或¹³C)示踪的黄色短杆菌中L-异亮氨酸同位素丰度及分布的准确测定。该方法具有简便、灵敏、稳健等优点,有望在合成生物学、同位素示踪代谢流等研究中发挥重要作用。     

同位素质谱与无机质谱分析

本文是《分析试验室》定期评述中“无机质谱分析”课题的第二篇评述文章,它增加了同位素质谱分析的内容,故将题目改为现今题目,它综述了1985年～1990年间同位素质谱和无机质谱的发展概况。其中包括同位素示踪、同位素稀释、火花源质谱、二次离子质谱、等离子体质谱等。内容以国内为主,也收集了少量代表学科先进水平的外国文献。     

西太平洋上层海水的氦同位素分布

本文使用VG-5400稀有气体同位素质谱计,测量了100个西太平洋上层海水(≤300m)的He同位素组成,论述了He同位素的分布特征以及北太平洋中层水随赤道上升流上涌造成的~3He过剩和南海与太平洋海水的交换产生的~3He亏损,并运用He同位素示踪特性探讨了海域不同水团的混合作用。研究还表明He同位素可以用来指示海洋的环流。     

标记有机化合物的制备

同位素化合物的供应是进行示踪研究的先决条件。没有标记化合物,就无从进行追踪实验。因此在设计一个示踪实验时,首先遇到的问题就是标记化合物的来源问题。对于生理科学部门,标记有机化合物的制备尤其重要。目前全国范围内各个研究机构都正待展开使用同位素的研究工作,解决同位素化合物的制备已成为当前的一个紧要任务。既然放射性同位素是在原子堆或回旋加速器中照射普通原子得来的,若将普通有机分子同样地放在上述二种设备中,是否也能获得相应的放射性有机化合物呢?的确,有人试过,而     

同位素质谱和无机质谱分析

本文与本刊1991年专栏评述衔接,评述了1991～1992年10月间我国同位素质谱和无机质谱分析的情况。包括同位素分析、同位素示踪、同位位素稀释、同位素质谱计研制、火花质谱、二次离子质谱、离子探针、等离子体质谱等。资料来源以国内为主,也收集了少量代表学科先进水平的外国文献。参考文献252篇。     

Positron emission tomography (PET) of radiotracer uptake and distribution in living plants: methodological aspects

The use of radioisotopes as tracers in biology was pioneered in 1923 by Hevesy in the study of the uptake and distribution of lead in the bean plant. This seminal work has spawned applications of nuclear analytical methods in the life sciences. In medicine, nuclear imaging has become a standard part of patient care. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine imaging modality that allows assessment of biochemical processes in vivo, to diagnose and stage diseases and monitor their treatment. Going full circle to Hevesy’s original biological study, PET imaging can be applied to the assessment of radiotracer uptake and distribution in living plants non-invasively. In order to apply PET imaging to the study of plants, several methodological aspects were examined in this study with the goal of establishing protocols that would be useful to investigators with access to commercial small animal PET scanners. The methodological aspects examined in this study included (a) the selection of suitable plant models, (b) standardization of scanning strategies such as PET tracer “injection” into plants and (c) imaging protocols to optimize detection of annihilation gammas.     

The kinetics of isotope exchange reactions: Use of initial rates to measure isotope effects on carbon acid ionization

Multistep hydrogen isotope exchange reactions, such as the íonization of a carbon acid via a carbanion intermediate in a protic solvent, when conducted using an isotopic tracer to monitor the exchange, have the unusual feature that their rate-determining steps always refer to the transfer of the tracer isotope and never to the isotope present in macroscopic amounts. This property of these reactions is discussed and rationalized using a free energy versus reaction coordinate diagram. It is further shown that this property does not invalidate a commonly used method of measuring kinetic isotope effects on carbon acid ionization in which rates of incorporation of tritium tracers into RH and RD substrates are compared, despite the fact that tritium transfer is rate determining in both exchanges, but it is valid only if initial rate measurements are used. When the comparison is made in a protio solvent, e.g., H₂O, the portion of the initial reaction which may be used depends strongly on the magnitude of the isotope effect. It ranges from less than 1% tritium incorporation for large isotope effects to 10% or more for isotope effects near unity. On the other hand, when a deuterated solvent, e.g., D₂O, is used, the range of validity of the method for large isotope effects is extended dramatically.     

Microanalytical isotope ratio measurements and elemental mapping using laser ablation ICP-MS for tissue thin sections: zinc tracer studies in rats

The kinetics of zinc absorption, metabolism and excretion is extensively studied by nutritionists. Stable isotopes of zinc can be used to identify body zinc compartments that have different turnover kinetics. Since the compartments might belong to physiological subsections of different organs, there is a need for microsampling analysis to determine isotope ratios of the trace element zinc in tissue samples. Here, we study the feasibility to use laser ablation coupled to quadrupole ICP-MS for the determination of zinc tracers given to rats at different time points with the aim to generate isotope ratio bioimages of heart tissue. A double tracer (⁷⁰Zn and ⁶⁷Zn) experiment with rats was designed to label the exchangeable zinc pool as well as the stable zinc pool. The isotope ratios determined by laser ablation ICP-MS were evaluated by additional measurements of tissue digests. Accumulated tracers which made up more than 0.1% of total zinc could be identified in the tissues of the treated rats. It was established that at least 50 measurements from the microsampling were necessary to distinguish between controls and a tracer treated rat resulting in reduced resolution of the bioimage. With the parameters used, features in the tissue thin sections of at least 250 μm² in size are necessary to detect the incorporation of a tracer. When different time points have to be measured, higher precisions are required and therefore a larger area needs to be ablated (1 mm²). Using the bioimages and pool measurements from one physiological feature, it was possible to show that the aorta cell walls incorporate the zinc tracer at the different time points.     

Precise determination of lithium isotopes in seawater using MC-ICP-MS

Li (lithium) isotope analysis using MC-ICP-MS is a very powerful tracer measurement method. This is widely used for identification of Li isotopes in many fields of study. This useful method, however, has an effect on the natural Li isotope background. This is impacted by the instrument matrix. In this study, we show that the MC-ICP-MS condition is characterized by both a low baseline background and a high-sensitivity distance at Ar plasma condition. In addition, the Li isotope ratio was measured by the use of experimental conditions that were superior to both the general plasma condition and those used in other studies. The samples were subjected to both acid leaching and a cation exchange resin (Bio-Rad AG 50 W-X8 200–400 mesh) modified for seawater samples. The isotope variations were corrected using the bracket method, the measured Li isotope ratio of sample, and the mean ratios of the L-SVEC standard (NIST L-SVEC Li₂CO₃) measured before and after the sample run. The isotope variation was presented as the deviation (per mil) of the measured ratio from that of the recommended value.     

Determination of Violet Covasol as a cosmetic dye in water samples by a CPE-Scanometry method

The trace amounts of Violet Covasol as a cosmetic dye was determined by an efficient cloud point extraction-Scanometry(CPE-Scanometry) method. This method has many advantages such as novelty,facility, high speed, sensitivity, low cost and safety. The method is based on the CPE of an analyte from an aqueous solution, diluting the extracted surfactant-rich phase with ethanol, transferring to Plexiglas~cell and scanning of the cells containing the analyte solution with a scanner and measuring the RGB parameters with software written in visual basic(VB 6) media. Parameters impacting the extraction efficiency such as p H of the system, the concentration of surfactant, equilibration temperature and time were optimized. Detection limit(DL), relative standard deviation(RSD) and linear range for the proposed method are 0.026, 0.71 and 0.16–6.6 μg m L ~(-1)respectively. The method was successfully applied for the determination of Violet Covasol dye in several water samples, including a water sample containing the dye as a tracer(to investigate subsurface water movement).     

Isotope pattern deconvolution as a tool to study iron metabolism in plants

Isotope pattern deconvolution is a mathematical technique for isolating distinct isotope signatures from mixtures of natural abundance and enriched tracers. In iron metabolism studies measurement of all four isotopes of the element by high-resolution multicollector or collision cell ICP–MS allows the determination of the tracer/tracee ratio with simultaneous internal mass bias correction and lower uncertainties. This technique was applied here for the first time to study iron uptake by cucumber plants using ⁵⁷Fe-enriched iron chelates of the o,o and o,p isomers of ethylenediaminedi(o-hydroxyphenylacetic) acid (EDDHA) and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). Samples of root, stem, leaves, and xylem sap, after exposure of the cucumber plants to the mentioned ⁵⁷Fe chelates, were collected, dried, and digested using nitric acid. The isotopic composition of iron in the samples was measured by ICP–MS using a high-resolution multicollector instrument. Mass bias correction was computed using both a natural abundance iron standard and by internal correction using isotope pattern deconvolution. It was observed that, for plants with low ⁵⁷Fe enrichment, isotope pattern deconvolution provided lower tracer/tracee ratio uncertainties than the traditional method applying external mass bias correction. The total amount of the element in the plants was determined by isotope dilution analysis, using a collision cell quadrupole ICP–MS instrument, after addition of ⁵⁷Fe or natural abundance Fe in a known amount which depended on the isotopic composition of the sample.     

Determination of the Diffusion Coefficient of Copper in Globular Gold Film by Potentiometric Stripping Analysis

Diffusion Coefficient (D_R) is one of important parameters for metal and alloy. Diffusion Coefficients of metal were determined by many methods, among them radioactive isotope tracer technique was dominant, but these determination techniques were more complicated. We had studied potentiometric stripping analysis with a globular goldfilm as -a working electrode and derived the transition stripping time equation which was verified experimentally, The equation is applied to determine diffusion coefficients of metal in globular goldfilm simply and quickly in this paper.     

Historical account: Francis William Aston: the man behind the mass spectrograph

Francis William Aston was among the most accomplished physicists of the 20th century. A Nobel laureate and Fellow of the Royal Society, his research career spanned four decades. During this time, he provided experimental proof for the existence of isotopes of many of the chemical elements and recorded their masses using several, hand-built mass spectrographs. A rather private man who lived alone in Trinity College for much of his adult life, Aston remains a somewhat elusive and mysterious figure. This biography attempts to shed some more light on the man, including his character and his personal life, and particularly how his life was shaped by his childhood, environment and education. It contains previously unpublished material and photographs and complements the biographies of Hevesy and Thomson, following Aston's death, and that by Squires detailing the construction and performance of his mass spectrographs at the Cavendish Laboratory. It is published at a timely juncture, some 100 years after Aston's first arrival at Cambridge.     

Automated quantitative and isotopic (13C) analysis of dissolved inorganic carbon and dissolved organic carbon in continuous-flow using a total organic carbon analyser

A method for the automated (13)C analysis of dissolved inorganic and organic carbon species has been developed to operate on a continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer (CF-IRMS). For natural and anthropogenic carbon species, the (13)C stable isotope has proven to be an excellent environmental tracer. Analytical performance tests were carried out on various organic compounds from easily oxidisable (sugar) to difficult (humic acid). A set of natural samples was also analysed to confirm the flexibility of the system. Analytical precision (2sigma) is typically <0.20 per thousand with sample reproducibility from 0.10-0.35 per thousand depending on reactivity of material. We believe this to be the first successful use of a total organic carbon (TOC) analyser for both dissolved inorganic and, specifically, dissolved organic species for (13)C stable isotope analysis in an automated CF-IRMS system. Routine analysis is achieved fairly quickly, is relatively simple with little or no sample manipulation, and will allow new and exciting studies for stable isotope research in both natural abundance and organic tracer studies not easily achieved before.     

Application of enriched stable isotopes as tracers in biological systems: a critical review

The application of enriched stable isotopes of minerals and trace elements as tracers in biological systems is a rapidly growing research field that benefits from the many new developments in inorganic mass spectrometric instrumentation, primarily within inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) instrumentation, such as reaction/collision cell ICP-MS and multicollector ICP-MS with improved isotope ratio measurement and interference removal capabilities. Adaptation and refinement of radioisotope tracer experiment methodologies for enriched stable isotope experiments, and the development of new methodologies coupled with more advanced compartmental and mathematical models for the distribution of elements in living organisms has enabled a broader use of enriched stable isotope experiments in the biological sciences. This review discusses the current and future uses of enriched stable isotope experiments in biological systems.