WO_3中单斜相/六方相异相结的构建及提高光催化降解罗丹明B活性（英文）

光催化技术被认为有可能成为解决环境污染和能源危机的有效手段之一,引起了各国政府和科学家的极大兴趣.以TiO_2,WO_3和Bi_2O_3等半导体为催化剂的光催化反应受到广泛关注.WO_3是一种典型的n型半导体材料,具有电致变色、气敏和光催化等性能,在电致变色器件、气敏传感器和光催化剂等方面有着广泛应用前景.由于WO_3具有高的太阳能利用率、良好的可见光响应性和较强的抗光腐蚀性,是一种极具开发潜力的半导体光催化材料,所以在光解水制氢及催化降解有机污染物等领域中得到广泛应用.然而,WO_3半导体表面上较高的光生电子-空穴复合效率是影响其光催化性能的主要因素之一,从而限制了WO_3在光催化领域的工业应用.研究发现,TiO_2材料在从锐钛矿向金红石转变的过程中,通过精细调变焙烧温度,可以在两种晶相的界面形成TiO_2异相结.形成的锐钛矿-金红石异相结能有效促进电子-空穴分离.目前,构建异相结已成为改善光催化剂电子-空穴分离效率的有效方法之一.近年来,人们先后成功构建了a-Ga_2O_3/b-Ga_2O_3,a-Bi_2O_3/b-Bi_2O_3和WO_3/WO_3·H_2O等异相结,这些异相结催化剂在光催化降解水产氢和降解污染物反应中显示了比单一晶相更高的光催化活性.WO_3是一种多晶相材料,具有正交、六方、单斜和四方等多种晶体结构,其中六方晶相(h-WO_3)由于具有开放结构而在气体传感器和电池电极等领域显示了突出性能,而单斜晶相(m-WO_3)具有合适的带宽和良好的可见光响应性,因而广泛应用在光催化领域.而且,h-WO_3的导带和价带均低于m-WO_3的导带和价带,所以在WO_3材料中有可能通过构建单斜/六方异相结(m-WO_3/h-WO_3)来提高WO_3的光催化性能.本文借鉴半导体异相结概念,采用固相热分解法,试图通过调节焙烧温度和焙烧时间以构建m-WO_3/h-WO_3异相结催化剂.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)和N_2吸附-脱附等方法对WO_3样品的晶相结构、形貌和元素组成等进行了表征.以光催化降解罗丹明B(RhB)为模型,研究了不同晶相WO_3材料的光催化性能,考察了WO_3晶相和异相结对其光催化性能的影响,从而为WO_3材料中异相结的构建提供思路、方法和理论指导.结果表明,采用偏钨酸铵固相热分解制备WO_3的过程中,焙烧温度为600–700℃时,样品为单斜晶相,随着焙烧温度升高至800℃时,样品中开始出现六方晶相.随着焙烧温度升高,h-WO_3的含量没有明显变化,当温度升至1000℃时,h-WO_3的含量有所减少.SEM和HRTEM结果验证了m-WO_3/h-WO_3异相结的形成,小的m-WO_3粒子分布在棒状h-WO_3上,并且两者紧密接触.为了进一步证实WO_3的异相结效应,将偏钨酸铵在800℃焙烧不同时间(8–30 h).结果表明,通过改变焙烧时间可有效控制m-WO_3和h-WO_3混合晶相比例,800℃焙烧8 h时m-WO_3为主要晶相,焙烧12 h时h-WO_3含量明显增加,当焙烧时间延长至24和30 h时h-WO_3含量减少.SEM结果同样显示,在800℃焙烧12 h样品中棒状h-WO_3显著增多,与小的m-WO_3粒子接触几率增大,即m-WO_3/h-WO_3异相结数量增加.不同晶相WO_3样品光催化降解RhB的结果表明,具有m-WO_3/h-WO_3异相结结构的WO_3催化剂具有较高光催化活性.荧光光谱结果表明,单斜相/六方相异相结的形成提高了电子-空穴分离效率,从而提高了其光催化降解Rh B的活性.而在具有m-WO_3/h-WO_3异相结结构的WO_3催化剂中,随着焙烧温度升高或焙烧时间延长,h-WO_3含量有所减少,从而导致暴露的m-WO_3/h-WO_3异相结数量减少,因而使得活性有所降低.本文采用固相热分解法通过调变焙烧温度构建了m-WO_3/h-WO_3异相结光催化剂,显著提高了光催化降解RhB的活性,这对设计合成高效WO_3基光催化剂具有一定借鉴.     

PW_(11)O_(39)Co(Ⅱ)(H_2O)~(5-)的均相及异相体系可见光催化性能研究

以模型污染物罗丹明B(RhB)的光降解为探针,评估了Keggin型钴取代杂多阴离子PW11O39Co髤(H2O)5-(PW11Co)及其异相体系PW11Co/D301R的可见光催化活性,提出了光催化反应的机理,同时考察了催化剂用量、溶液酸度以及溶液中PW11Co和RhB的相互作用对RhB可见光催化降解速率的影响。实验结果表明,PW11Co均相体系及其异相体系PW11Co/D301R对RhB的可见光降解均有较高的光催化活性,但PW11Co/D301R的光催化活性更高。导致RhB降解的主要是羟基自由基。与PW11Co均相体系相比,在PW11Co/D301R异相体系中由于PW11Co与RhB的配位作用大为减弱,同时D301R对RhB具有富集作用,因而大大提高了RhB的光催化降解速率。     

具有高效电荷分离的2D/2Dα-Fe2O3/Bi2WO6S型异质结增强光-芬顿催化活性

近年来,Fenton反应由于其成本低,反应速度快,操作简单等优势受到了广泛的研究.传统的均相Fenton反应可通过H2O2氧化Fe2+产生具有强氧化性的羟基自由基,用于处理难降解的有机物.然而,Fenton反应存在两个主要问题,首先,在Fenton反应中需要加入大量的酸来维持酸性环境,以保证反应的最佳活性.其次,Fenton反应中铁离子不断流失并形成固体污泥,这严重影响了Fenton反应产生?OH的效率.目前,将光催化反应与非均相芬顿反应相结合是改善这些问题的有效方案.非均相光芬顿反应不仅能提高有机物降解的活性,而且通过光催化剂导带上的电子有效减少Fe^3+的浸出和铁氢氧化物沉淀的产生.最近,作为一种可见光Fenton催化剂,α-Fe2O3可以在几乎中性的条件下发生光芬顿反应,这解决了在反应过程中需要随时调整PH值的问题.此外,光照条件下α-Fe2O3价带上的电子能跃迁至导带并将Fe3+还原成Fe^2+,从而减少铁离子的损耗.然而,由于光生载流子复合率较高等问题,单一α-Fe2O3光催化剂的催化活性仍不理想.构建具有2D/2D结构的S型异质结可以缩短电子在界面间的传输距离,增大材料的活性位点,将光生电子-空穴在空间上分离,从而有效增强光生载流子的分离效率.因此,构建2D/2Dα-Fe2O3/Bi2WO6 S型异质结,并用于光芬顿反应有望进一步提高对有机污染物的降解效率.本文通过简易的水热法制备了具有2D/2D结构的α-Fe2O3/Bi2WO6 S型异质结光芬顿催化剂,并通过XRD、BET、TEM、XPS和UV-Vis等手段对催化剂的晶体结构、元素状态、微观结构、光学性质和化学组分进行了表征.通过在可见光照射下降解甲基蓝(MB),考察了α-Fe2O3/Bi2WO6的光芬顿催化活性.结果表明,由于光催化反应与Fenton反应的协同作用,α-Fe2O3/Bi2WO6表现出了明显增强的光-Fenton催化活性,最佳比例的α-Fe2O3/Bi2WO6的活性分别是单一α-Fe2O3和Bi2WO6的11.06倍和3.29倍.本文将光催化反应与Fenton反应相结合,一方面,光催化反应对Fe^3+的还原有促进作用,提高了Fe2+的浓度,从而提升羟基自由基的产量;另一方面,Fenton反应对α-Fe2O3/Bi2WO6中电子的利用阻止了光生载流子的复合,进一步提高了光催化降解效率.此外,由于二维纳米片之间具有更大的接触面积,2D/2D异质结可以缩短电荷传输时间和距离,促进了光生电子-空穴的分离.同时,具有较大比表面积的2D/2D材料可以在催化剂表面提供大量用于有机物氧化分解的活性位点.而S型异质结的构建不但促进了界面电荷的转移和分离,还能维持最佳的电荷氧化还原电位,这都提升了催化剂的光芬顿催化活性.总之,本文为合成可高效降解有机污染物的非均相光-芬顿催化剂提供了新的思路.     

焙烧温度对TiO2-ZrO2复合氧化物性质及其对十八醇脱水制十八烯反应性能的影响

通过在ZrO_2中掺杂TiO_2,并在350-500℃下焙烧,制备了系列TiO_2-ZrO_2复合氧化物催化剂,将其应用于十八醇脱水制十八烯反应。随焙烧温度的升高,催化剂表面的Lewis酸性位量逐渐增加,450℃焙烧的催化剂Lewis酸性位量最多,焙烧温度继续升高则Lewis酸性位量降低;催化剂中未发现Br?nsted酸性位。焙烧温度≤400℃的TiO_2-ZrO_2复合氧化物形成Ti-O-Zr键,呈无定形态;焙烧温度400℃的TiO_2-ZrO_2复合氧化物呈单斜相和四方相ZrO_2晶型。晶相结构和酸性位量综合影响催化剂的十八醇脱水性能,具有单斜相和四方相ZrO_2晶型的催化剂上酸性位活性很低,具有无定形相的催化剂上酸性位活性显著增加,400℃焙烧的催化剂1-十八烯收率最高。     

Keggin型铬取代的磷钨杂多阴离子/二氧化钛纳米膜光催化剂的制备及可见光催化性能

以钛酸四丁酯Ti(OC₄H₉)₄为TiO₂前驱体,Keggin型铬取代的杂多阴离子PW₁₁Cr为可见光活性组分,采用溶胶-凝胶提拉法在玻片表面制备了PW₁₁Cr/TiO₂纳米膜光催化剂,并用UV-Vis DRS、IR、XRD、SEM和TEM等技术手段对催化剂的光吸收性质、化学组成、晶相和表面结构形貌等进行了表征;讨论了膜中PW₁₁Cr和TiO₂相互作用的方式;以染料模型污染物RhB的可见光催化降解为探针,评估了PW₁₁Cr/TiO₂光催化剂的可见光催化活性,讨论了光催化反应机理,并与TiO₂的光催化反应机理进行了比较;考察了焙烧温度、PW₁₁Cr剂量和溶液pH值对光催化活性的影响;最后用RhB的循环降解实验评估了催化剂的光催化稳定性。 实验结果表明,PW₁₁Cr/TiO₂光催化剂对可见光有明显吸收,较低焙烧温度(100 ℃)下得到的膜为无定形结构,而较高焙烧温度(500 ℃)为纳晶结构;前者的光催化活性较高,在200 W金卤灯照射下降解10 μmol/L RhB,120 min的降解率为95%,4 h的COD去除率为72%;羟基自由基是导致RhB降解的主要氧活性物质;低的膜处理温度,高的PW₁₁Cr负载量和溶液酸性有利于提高PW₁₁Cr/TiO₂膜的光催化活性;经循环重复使用10次,PW₁₁Cr/TiO₂膜的光催化活性仅有较少损失。     

固体强酸催化剂Pd/WO3-ZrO2的制备及其对正庚烷异构化反应的催化性能

 采用共沉淀方法制备了固体酸载体WO3-ZrO2,考察了W含量和焙烧温度等对WO3-ZrO2酸性和物相结构的影响,并且考察了Pd/WO3-ZrO2催化剂对正庚烷异构化反应的催化性能. 结果表明,Pd/WO3-ZrO2催化剂的催化性能与固体强酸的W含量及晶相结构密切相关. 在w(W)=13.2%～15.8%时,经700～800 ℃焙烧,WO3在ZrO2表面达到单层分散,且大部分ZrO2以四方晶相存在,所制备的0.5%Pd/WO3-ZrO2对正庚烷异构化反应的催化活性可达到70.4%,选择性可达到81.0%.     

BiPO4@Ag3PO4核/壳异质结的制备及光催化性能

采用简单的水热法结合离子交换法制备了BiPO4@Ag3PO4核/壳异质结光催化剂,采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱仪(DRS)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)等对催化剂的形貌、组成、晶型和光物理性质等进行了研究,用罗丹明B(RhB)为模拟水体中有机污染物分别在可见光和模拟太阳光照条件下对催化剂的催化活性进行了测试.结果表明,负载Ag3PO4的BiPO4微米棒具有较高的可见光响应,其核/壳异质结结构有利于光生电子-空穴对的有效分离和提高对RhB的光催化降解效率,在可见光和模拟太阳光照射条件下分别在60和40 min可使RhB完全脱色降解.活性物种检测实验结果证明,该催化剂在污染物降解过程中主要的机理是光生空穴的直接氧化.     

异质结Bi_2WO_6/ZnO复合光催化剂的制备及其光催化降解含酚废水的研究

采用水热法制备了一系列Bi2WO6/Zn O异质结光催化剂,并对其进行X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、扫描电镜(SEM)、光电子能谱(EDS)等手段对其结构性质进行了表征。在含酚废水的液相反应体系中,研究了异质结Bi2WO6/Zn O复合光催化剂光催化降解苯酚的性能。结果表明,Bi2WO6/Zn O异质结的形成可以有效的抑制光生电子和空穴对的结合,使其光催化活性明显优于纯的Zn O和Bi2WO6;另外,异质结型Bi2WO6/Zn O复合光催化剂的表面OH·自由基更有利于光催化活性的提高。当Bi2WO6复合量为4wt%时,异质结Bi2WO6/Zn O复合光催化剂光催化降解苯酚的效果最佳。     

Ag担载介孔Pb3Nb2O8光催化剂的制备及其增强的可见光催化活性表征

光催化技术在环境净化方面,尤其是降解有机污染物应用上表现出潜在价值.可见光响应型光催化剂具有优异的光吸收特性和高的光催化活性,因而备受人们关注并被大量研究.Pb3Nb2O8光催化剂由于其自身的稳定性以及对可见光响应的能力是一种潜在的高效光催化材料.但是,有报道表明Pb3Nb2O8光催化剂对可见光降解有机物活性较低,这主要归因于它较小的比表面积以及较高的电子-空穴复合率.为了解决这个问题,本文采用蒸发自组装技术制备了大比表面积的介孔Pb3Nb2O8,采用光沉积方式在介孔Pb3Nb2O8上负载了均匀分散的纳米Ag颗粒,并对不同焙烧温度、载Ag量以及进一步的热处理对光催化活性的影响作了深入研究.XRD结果表明,在400℃和500℃焙烧条件下获得的样品属于Pb3Nb2O8相,600℃焙烧使得介孔Pb3Nb2O8发生相变.氮气吸附-脱附表征表明,升高焙烧温度使样品比表面积从最大69 m2/g(400℃)减小到19 m2/g(600℃).透射电子显微镜分析结果表明,所获得样品具有蠕虫状介孔孔道结构,并且Ag纳米颗粒均匀分散在介孔Pb3Nb2O8表面.紫外-可见吸收光谱表明,介孔Pb3Nb2O8的吸收边拖尾到530-550 nm,担载Ag之后光吸收发生显著变化,光吸收拓展到700 nm.光催化活性测试采用可见光催化氧化脱氢异丙醇气体至丙酮反应.结果表明,在420 nm以上可见光照射下,1 h内的光催化反应过程中,采用高温固态反应制备的Pb3Nb2O8上丙酮生成速率为2.9 ppm/min,而介孔Pb3Nb2O8催化剂上最高可达55.5 ppm/min.介孔Pb3Nb2O8负载Ag之后,400℃焙烧的介孔Pb3Nb2O8光催化活性显著提高,降解速率达120.7 ppm/min.通过介孔Pb3Nb2O8和固相合成Pb3Nb2O8的光催化活性对比发现,大比表面积样品的光催化活性显著提高.这可归结为大的比表面积提供了大量的催化反应活性位点,从而提高了光催化反应活性,此外介孔材料的孔壁结构为纳米结构,有利于光生电子-空穴传输到表面参加反应.担载Ag后介孔Pb3Nb2O8的光催化活性进一步提高,主要是因为助催化剂Ag纳米颗粒促进了光生电子-空穴分离,延长了载流子寿命,从而提高了光催化活性.     

固体超强酸S2O2-8/ZrO2-CeO2催化剂的结构与性能表征

用共沉淀法制备了固体超强酸S2O2-8/ZrO2-CeO2催化剂,通过XRD,FTIR,BET,TEM,DSC/TG等分析手段对其结构进行了表征,并考察了其对乳酸丁酯合成反应的催化活性.结果表明,Ce的引入可以有效地抑制ZrO2晶粒由四方相向单斜晶相转变和催化剂表面含硫物种的流失;当焙烧温度高于500℃时,体系内部有四方相Ce0.16Zr0.84O2固溶体形成,最佳焙烧温度为600℃.在,n(乳酸):n(正丁醇)=1.0:3.0,w(S2O2-8/ZrO2-CeO2)=12.0%,反应温度145℃,反应时问2.0 h的条件下,S2O2-8/ZrO2-CeO2催化剂对乳酸的酯化率达96.6%.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.