金电极上偶氮腺嘌呤的电化学行为研究

本文研究了光滑金电极上偶氮腺嘌呤的电化学特性,并确定了相关动力学参数. 在含偶氮腺嘌呤的0.2 mol·L^-1的磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS,pH = 4.0 ~ 10.0）中,发现其循环伏安图上出现一对氧化还原峰. 基于对扫速和伏安峰值电位的分析,结果表明这是一个由吸附控制的可逆偶氮腺嘌呤氧化还原电化学过程. 当pH值从低到高改变时,氧化还原峰值向负电位移动,证实H⁺参与了该反应. 通过进一步实验数据分析和电极表面吸附量计算,发现该反应为分步进行的两电子两质子反应. 最后,通过快速循环伏安扫描方法确定了电化学过程的表观传递系数α和表观速率常数ks.     

胺氧化酶修饰聚苯胺电极的生物电化学响应特性

采用聚合物掺杂方法将胺氧化酶固定在聚苯胺膜中制成聚苯胺/胺氧化酶电极。该电极对组胺有快速的生物电化学响应,电极反应受酶动力学控制。固定化胺氧化酶的表观米氏常数为0.21mmol/L.最适pH值为7.3～7.6,酶催化反应的表观活化能为76kJ·mol^-1.酶电极具有较好的稳定性,可用来测定组胺。此外,酶电极的电化学性质通过循环伏安和交流阻抗进行了表征。     

电聚吡咯固定化酪氨酸酶电极的制备及性能

在应用恒电位法电化学聚合吡咯的同时 ,将酪氨酸酶固定在导电聚吡咯膜内 ,制成一种灵敏、稳定的酪氨酸电极 .讨论了溶液 pH值和聚合电位对酶固定化的影响 ,对酶分子嵌入吡咯膜前后的SEM图和CV曲线进行了分析、比较 .该电极对甲苯酚响应的线性范围为 5 .0× 10 -8～ 1.0× 10 -6mol/L ,最适 pH值为 6 .6 ,酶反应表观上遵循Michaelis_Menten动力学 ,表观米氏常数为 2 .2× 10 -5mol/L .     

示波极谱法研究化学反应机理——Ce(Ⅳ)-As(Ⅲ)-Ⅰ~-体系的反应动力学研究

本文用示波极谱法测定了 Ce(Ⅳ)-As(Ⅲ)-Ⅰ~-体系的反应级数,表观反应速率常数和表观反应活化能。建立了反应速率方程,对该反应体系的反应机理进行了研究,并用稳态处理法证明所提出的机理与实验结果完全一致。     

电聚吡咯固定化酷氨酸酶电极的制备及性能

在应用恒电位法电化学聚合吡咯的同时 ,将酪氨酸酶固定在导电聚吡咯膜内 ,制成一种灵敏、稳定的酪氨酸电极 .讨论了溶液 pH值和聚合电位对酶固定化的影响 ,对酶分子嵌入吡咯膜前后的SEM图和CV曲线进行了分析、比较 .该电极对甲苯酚响应的线性范围为 5 .0× 10 -8～ 1.0× 10 -6mol/L ,最适 pH值为 6 .6 ,酶反应表观上遵循Michaelis_Menten动力学 ,表观米氏常数为 2 .2× 10 -5mol/L .     

聚L-苏氨酸修饰电极对多巴胺和肾上腺素的电催化氧化

利用循环伏安法将L-苏氨酸聚合修饰在玻碳电极表面, 制成聚L-苏氨酸修饰电极. 实验表明, 该电极对多巴胺和肾上腺素都有较好的催化氧化效果. 运用循环伏安法详细研究了修饰电极的电化学性质. 在pH 2.5的磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS)中, 肾上腺素的电子传递系数为0.51, 表观反应速率常数为1.33 s-1; 在pH 7.5的PBS中, 多巴胺在电极上产生一对氧化还原峰, 多巴胺在电极上的电子传递系数为0.60, 表观反应速率常数为0.92 s-1. 该修饰电极对多巴胺和肾上腺素能够进行同时测定, 还原峰电流与多巴胺和肾上腺素浓度分别在1.0×10-6-5.0×10-4 mol·L-1和3.0×10-6-1.0×10-4 mol·L-1范围内呈现良好的线性关系.     

靛红掺杂聚吡咯膜修饰电极的电荷传输

利用交流阻抗法研究了靛红掺杂聚吡咯膜内的电荷传输，通过非线性最小二乘法拟合，得出了体系的等效电路，并计算出其电荷扩散系数和异相电子传递反应速率常数。实验结果表明，随着膜厚的增加，活性点增多，异相电子传递反应速率常数增大，同时表观扩散系数也增大。     

煤与甲烷共转化过程中煤焦二氧化碳气化动力学研究

以煤与甲烷共转化为背景,运用热重方法进行了由煤焦、甲烷和二氧化碳组成的共转化反应体系中碳的反应动力学研究。在1173K~1273K考察了温度对碳转化的影响。结果表明,该反应体系中碳的表观反应速率比煤焦的纯二氧化碳气化速率慢一倍左右,且表观上碳不能完全被气化。通过改变甲烷和二氧化碳的比例考察了气相组成变化对共转化反应中碳转化速率的影响,发现甲烷浓度的增加和二氧化碳浓度的减少都会降低碳的转化速率,且随着甲烷浓度的增加,表观上碳最终所能达到的转化率也会降低。通过数据分析发现,该反应适合采用均相反应模型进行描述,关联得到其表观活化能为312.4kJ/mol,甲烷的反应级数为-0.13,二氧化碳的反应级数为0.3。     

粒度对纳米氧化镍与硫酸氢钠水溶液反应动力学的影响

以纳米氧化镍与硫酸氢钠水溶液为反应体系,研究了不同粒度反应物反应的动力学参数,并讨论了粒度对动力学参数的影响.结果表明,反应物粒度对该反应的速率常数、指前因子和表观活化能均有显著的影响;随着反应物粒径的减小,速率常数增大,指前因子和表观活化能减小,且指前因子的对数和表观活化能分别与反应物粒径的倒数呈线性关系.     

四磺酸酞菁镍-表面活性剂薄膜电极催化性能研究

四磺酸酞菁镍阴离子(NiPcTS^-^4)在水溶液中可借助离子交换进入阳离子表面活性剂双十二烷基二甲基溴化铵(DDAB)薄膜电极, 从而形成NiPcTS^-^4-DDAB薄膜电极。循环伏安实验表明, 在KBr溶液中, 该薄膜电极有一对良好的还原氧化峰, 阴阳极峰电位分别为-0.83V和-0.74V(vs.SCE)。本文探讨了该薄膜电极的电化学行为, 测定了该体系的电化学参数如电荷传递扩散系数Dct和非均相电极反应速率常数k°'等。可将NiPcTS^-^4-DDAB薄膜电极应用于催化各种卤代乙酸的电还原, 估计并比较了它们的表观催化反应速率常数。     

Radiation induced crosslinking of poly(vinyl methylether) in aqueous solutions

Radiation induced crosslinking of poly(vinyl methylether) (PVME) has been investigated in aqueous solutions. The spectral and kinetic features of the transients involved in the crosslinking reaction have been studied by pulse radiolysis of dilute PVME solutions. H atoms reacts with PVME, like OH radicals, by abstracting an H atom predominantly from β-position with respect to ---OCH₃ group, but the rate of reaction of H atom is an order of magnitude slower than that of OH reaction. The PVME radicals formed by H attack have been found to decay by usual 2nd-order kinetics unlike PVME radicals produced by OH attack that are reported to decay by a complex time-dependent kinetics that deviates strongly from 2nd-order kinetics. The rate constant of e⁻_aq with PVME at pH 5.5 has been found to be 1.2×10⁸ dm³ mol⁻¹ s⁻¹. From the decay behaviour of the transient species formed by reaction of e⁻_aq with PVME, it has been shown that the transient initially reacts with solvent protons by a fast reaction to yield radical species which subsequently recombine by a slow mode. The dependence of gelation dose and radiation yields of crosslinking (Gx) of PVME on various factors such as polymer concentration, dose rate, pH, presence of oxygen and crosslinking agent has also been studied by steady-state radiolysis using an electron-beam accelerator.     

PHOTOSENSITIZED FORMATION OF ASCORBATE RADICALS BY RIBOFLAVIN: AN ESR STUDY

Abstract— The riboflavin-sensitized photooxidation of ascorbate ion (HA^-) to ascorbate radical (A^-) was followed by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy in conjunction with oxygen depletion measurements. In air-saturated aqueous media, steady-state amounts of A^- are rapidly established upon irradiation. The ESR signal disappears within a few seconds after the light is extinguished–more slowly under constant irradiation as oxygen is depleted. No photooxidation was observed in deaerated media. Similar results were obtained with other flavins and when ascorbyl palmitate was substituted for HA^-. The effect of added superoxide dismutase, catalase, desferrioxamine, and singlet oxygen scavengers (NaN₃ and tryptophan) was studied, as was replacement of water by D₂O and saturation with O₂. The results are indicative of ascorbate free radical production via direct reaction between ascorbate ion and triplet riboflavin in the presence of O₂. While the presence of superoxide ion tends to reduce the steady-state concentration of A^-, competition from the reaction of HA^- with singlet oxygen is less apparent in this system (at HA^-≥ 1 m M ) than in the previously studied aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate-photosensitized reaction.     

O2/CO2气氛下CO2和H2O气化反应对煤及煤焦燃烧特性的影响

利用热天平对比研究了大同煤及煤焦在O₂/N₂、O₂/CO₂和O₂/H₂O/CO₂中的燃烧行为,探讨CO₂和H₂O气化反应对其富氧燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,在5%氧气浓度下,煤粉在O₂/N₂、O₂/CO₂和O₂/H₂O/CO₂中的燃烧速率按顺序依次降低。氧气浓度降低到2%,由于CO₂和H₂O气化反应的作用,煤粉在高温区的整体反应速率按顺序依次增大。当氧气浓度为5%时,煤焦在O₂/CO₂中的燃烧速率要低于O₂/N₂中的燃烧速率,但燃烧反应推迟后气化反应的参与使得煤焦在O₂/H₂O/CO₂中的整体反应速率显著升高。当氧气浓度降低到2%后,随着温度的升高,在CO₂气化反应的作用下,煤焦在O₂/CO₂中的整体反应速率逐渐高于O₂/N₂中的燃烧速率。在O₂/H₂O/CO₂中,由于H₂O在共气化中起主要作用,煤焦在O₂/H₂O/CO₂高温区的整体反应速率进一步升高。动力学分析表明,在5%氧浓度时,煤焦在O₂/N₂、O₂/CO₂和O₂/H₂O/CO₂中的表观活化能依次升高。随着氧气浓度的降低,在不同反应气氛中的表观活化能均有所下降。     

硫粉为硫源,多元醇辅助合成硫化钼纳米片

MoS₂ nanosheets are prepared with sulfur powder and Na₂MoO₄ by a one-pot two-phase method at 170-200 ℃ for 8 h. In addition, a three-step growth mechanism based on the aggregation and coalescence model is proposed. The reassembly of sulfur powder ensures the transformation from sulfur powder to H₂S to reduce Na₂MoO₄ and plays a key role in the successful preparation of MoS₂ nanosheets. The as-prepared MoS₂ nanosheets are rich in unsaturated sulfur atoms, probably resulting from the dislocation cores of the MoS₂ nanosheets, which have been found to be beneficial for hydrogen evolution reaction catalysis. The method and growth mechanism adopted in this study may be applied to other transition metal dichalogenides for similar structures. The facile and green method provides an alternative for the preparation of MoS₂ nanosheets.     

增压O_2/CO_2气氛下煤燃烧特性实验研究

增压O2/CO2燃烧是一种可高效分离回收CO2的新兴燃烧技术,其燃烧机理与常压空气、常压O2/CO2燃烧存在较大差异。在加压热重分析仪上研究了增压条件下总压、氧浓度、气氛及粒径等反应参数对美国烟煤和淮北无烟煤燃烧特性的影响,确定了煤的着火温度,并对其进行燃烧动力学分析。结果表明,增压O2/CO2气氛下,随着压力或氧浓度的增加,DTG曲线向低温区移动,煤样整体燃烧速率加快。压力提升、氧浓度增加及煤粉细化均可改善O2/CO2气氛下煤样的着火特性。常压O2/CO2气氛下煤粉燃烧基本属于一级反应;增压O2/CO2气氛下,低温区属于0.5级反应,而高温区属于1.5级反应。     

低阶煤半焦利用热重在O2/CO2、O2/N2和O2/Ar气氛下燃烧特性研究

利用热重研究了两种中国西北典型低阶煤半焦的燃烧特性。探究了不同气氛（O₂/CO₂、O₂/N₂和O₂/Ar）和不同氧气浓度对其燃烧特性的影响。实验结果表明,无论是反应气氛还是氧气浓度都会对低阶煤半焦的燃烧产生影响。相比于N₂和Ar,CO₂明显有利于燃烧反应进行：当反应气氛由O₂/CO₂变为O₂/Ar时,两种不同低阶煤半焦的燃尽温度分别升高了63.7和68.8℃;而当反应气氛由O₂/CO₂变为O₂/N₂时,两种不同低阶煤半焦的燃尽温度分别升高了135.9和129.6℃。在研究范围内,氧气浓度的提高也能明显提高半焦的燃烧性能。与此同时,半焦燃烧特性的动力学分析表明,随着氧气浓度提高,两种半焦燃烧反应的表观活化能E和指前因子A均呈增大趋势。通过对E和A两者关系的分析结果表明,半焦富氧燃烧的活化能和指前因子存在动力学补偿效应。     

极性敏感的BDP分子溶剂化效应的光谱性质

合成了具有分子内电荷转移(ICT)性质的三重态光敏剂分子BDP, 研究了其稳态吸收光谱、 荧光光谱、 荧光寿命、 飞秒/纳秒瞬态吸收光谱及诱导产生单线态氧的能力等性质, 发现强极性溶剂对BDP分子的溶剂化效应降低了其ICT态和第一激发三重态(T₁态)的能量, 从而降低了BDP分子单线态氧的产量.     

Boosting Photocatalytic Oxygen Evolution: Purposely Constructing Direct Z-Scheme Photoanode by Modulating the Interface Electric Field

Ti-Fe₂O₃ photoanode has received widespread attention in photoelectrochemical(PEC) water spilling because of its optimized oxidative and reductive capability of composites catalyst. However, its low efficiency could limit its development. Herein, in order to improve the efficiency of PEC water spilling, the all-solid-state direct Z-scheme Ti-ZnFe₂O₄/Ti-Fe₂O₃(TZFO/Ti-Fe₂O₃) nanorod arrays composited with the ideal energy band structure are synthesized by modulating the Fermi level of TZFO for PEC water splitting. The photophysical methods in this work, including the Kelvin probe measurement and transient photovoltage spectroscopy(TPV) measurement, are applied to explore the migration behavior of electric charges at the enhanced interface electric field. Finally, the Z-scheme charge transfer mechanism of TZFO/Ti-Fe₂O₃ photoanode is proved successfully. Benefiting from the desirable charge transfer at interface electric field, the TZFO/Ti-Fe₂O₃ exhibits the outstanding photocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction(OER) performance, and the photocurrent of 60TZFO/Ti-Fe₂O₃ photoanode reaches 2.16 mA/cm² at 1.23 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE), which is three times higher than that of pure Ti-Fe₂O₃ photoanode. This work provides a facile approach of modulating interface electric field to optimize the Z-scheme charge-transfer process.     

水系锌二次电池MnO2正极的晶体结构、反应机理及其改性策略

Because of the advantages of high safety, environment-friendliness, affordability, and ease of processing, aqueous rechargeable zinc batteries (ARZBs) are promising candidates for next-generation large-scale energy storage systems. In recent years, various cathode materials based on vanadium/manganese/cobalt oxides, Prussian blue analogs, and organic compounds have been reported. Among them, manganese dioxide (MnO₂) is widely used in ARZBs due to their outstanding advantages of low toxicity, eco-friendliness, and high capacity (616 mAh∙g⁻¹ based on two-electron transfer). However, the diversity of the crystal structures of MnO₂ and the unpredictability of the electrochemical reaction make it difficult to investigate the specific internal storage mechanism, which impedes further development of the optimal modification strategies. To date, the main recognized energy storage mechanisms are (de)intercalation and dissolution-deposition mechanisms. In the traditional (de)intercalation mechanism, the predominant issues related to MnO₂ during the cycling process include Mn dissolution, irreversible phase transformation, structural collapse, and sluggish ion diffusion kinetics. On the other hand, the detailed reaction path for the dissolution-deposition mechanism, which was developed in recent years, remains controversial. In addition, the incomplete dissolution-deposition of MnO₂ and the highly acidic environment inevitably leads to corrosion and hydrogen evolution of the zinc anode, as well as low Coulombic efficiency. Accordingly, optimization strategies for different reaction mechanisms have been proposed to make zinc-manganese batteries more competitive. For the (de)intercalation mechanism, modification of composite materials and nanostructure optimization strategies can be adopted to inhibit the dissolution of MnO₂ and increase the number of highly active reaction sites, thus enhancing the electrochemical performance. Moreover, the guest pre-intercalation strategy can help optimize the crystal structure of MnO₂, preventing the collapse of the internal structure during cycling. Besides, defect engineering and element doping strategies focus on regulating the distribution of the electronic structure for affecting the properties of MnO₂, resulting in lowering the energy barrier of zinc insertion. For the dissolution-deposition mechanism, the introduction of a neutral acetate and a halide mediator can effectively facilitate the dissolution-deposition of MnO₂. Meanwhile, metal element catalysis can accelerate the reaction kinetics of the MnO₂ dissolution-deposition, so that high-rate performance can be achieved. Furthermore, the decoupling battery system can separate the cathodic and anodic electrolytes to restrain the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions and enhance the potential difference. The flow battery system can effectively eliminate the influence of concentration polarization and stabilize the ion concentration in the electrolytes, thus leading to a large capacity (> 100 mAh). Undoubtedly, MnO₂ as a high-capacity, high-voltage cathode material has broad development prospects for ARZBs. Here, we systematically summarize the crystal structures and reaction mechanisms of MnO₂. We also discuss the optimization strategies toward advanced MnO₂ cathode materials for resolving the highlighted issues in zinc-manganese batteries, which are expected to provide research directions for the design and development of high-performance ARZBs.      

RP-3高温氧化初始阶段反应机理的ReaxFF MD模拟

本文采用ReaxFF MD方法对一种较新的RP-3四组分替代燃料模型的高温氧化过程进行了研究。利用作者所在课题组研发的独特分析工具VARxMD,对燃烧过程中主要物种(燃料分子、O₂、C₂H₄、·CH₃)随时间和温度的演变规律及其化学反应进行了系统分析。ReaxFF MD模拟得到的燃料和氧气消耗量、乙烯和甲基自由基的生成量与相同温度和初始压力条件下CHEMKIN的计算结果处于同一量级,同时获得了详细的物质结构信息和反应列表。进一步对模拟得到的反应机理形式进行观察后发现,模拟获得的机理形式与文献中的描述一致。对燃料分子第一步反应数量的统计发现,其类型主要为攫氢反应和分子内断裂反应,且后者占主导;燃料分子第一步反应数量的统计也定性展现了不同燃烧条件下各类反应发生的可能性。对氧元素相关的反应分析发现,氧分子和C₁-C₃小分子发生的反应所占比例较大,能在一定程度上为机理简化提供有益线索。在对反应机理分析的基础上获得了RP-3四组分替代燃料体系高温氧化过程的化学反应网络。我们认为,ReaxFF MD反应分子动力学模拟、结合VARxMD对模拟结果深入分析的方法是有潜力系统认识燃料氧化反应机理的新方法,对构建燃料的燃烧反应机理库有一定的帮助。