两相溶剂萃取黄连木籽油制备生物柴油

以黄连木籽为原料,采用乙醇/异己烷两相不互溶溶剂对其进行萃取处理.考察了乙醇／异己烷体积比、萃取温度和萃取时间对萃取过程的影响.通过实验确定最佳的萃取条件为,黄连木仁粉50 g,乙醇异己烷总体积300 mL,乙醇/异己烷体积比为50∶50,萃取温度40℃,萃取时间30 min.在此条件下,黄连木籽油出油率达到99.5％...     

Clean synthesis of biodiesel over solid acid catalysts of sulfonated mesopolymers

FDU-15-SO₃H, a solid acid material prepared from the sulfonation of FDU-15 mesoporous polymer, has been demonstrated to serve as an efficient catalyst in the esterification of palmitic acid with methanol as well as in the transesterification of fatty acid-edible oil mixture. FDU-15-SO₃H achieved an acid conversion of 99.0% when the esterification was carried out at 343 K with a methanol/palmitic acid molar ratio of 6:1 and 5 wt% catalyst loading. It was capable of giving 99.0% yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) when the transesterification of soybean oil was performed at 413 K and the methanol/oil weight ratio of 1:1. FDU-15-SO₃H was further applied to the transesterification/esterification of the oil mixtures with a varying ratio of soybean oil to palmitic acid, which simulated the feedstock with a high content of free fatty acids. The yield of FAME reached 95% for the oil mixtures containing 30 wt% palmitic acid. This indicated the sulfonated mesopolymer was a potential catalyst for clean synthesis of fuel alternative of biodiesel from the waste oil without further purification.     

亚铁锌双金属氰化络合物固体催化剂催化合成生物柴油

Fe(Ⅱ)-Zn双金属氰化络合物固体催化剂用于一步催化酯交换和酯化反应制备生物柴油,具有易分离、流程简单,不受水毒性影响的优点。将水溶性金属氰化络合物亚铁氰化钾和金属化合物氯化锌反应,并结合有机配体叔丁醇制备了基于亚铁氰化锌的双金属氰化物络合物(DMC)。并研究了DMC固体催化剂催化菜籽油合成生物柴油过程中,助络合剂种类、催化剂用量、反应温度、醇油摩尔比、反应时间、体系中水和脂肪酸含量等因素对反应过程的影响。研究结果表明,在最佳实验条件下,甲酯产率最高可达98%。催化剂可循环使用,6次循环使用后回收率仍达93.45%,适宜工业化生产。     

脂肪酸在超临界甲醇中的酯化反应研究

超临界甲醇中的酯化和酯交换反应是利用植物油、动物油或废油脂制备生物柴油的新工艺.它的最大特点是不需要添加催化剂,超临界甲醇既是反应媒介,又是反应物.     

超声波辅助固体酸催化塔尔油脂肪酸制备生物柴油

将强酸性阳离子交换树脂加入塔尔油脂肪酸和甲醇混合液中,并在超声波辐射辅助下得到生物柴油,对生物柴油的制备工艺和性能进行研究,同时建立动力学模型。结果表明,超声波辐射的辅助强化,能有效提高生物柴油的得率;在反应温度65℃、反应时间1h、甲醇与TOFA摩尔比为10∶1、脱水剂用量为TOFA6%、树脂NKC-9用量为TOFA40%的最佳工艺条件下,反应平衡常数可达11.18,生物柴油得率为90.0%。建立的动力学模型补充了超声波辐射辅助酯化反应动力学参数,并用此模型解释了各工艺参数呈现的规律。以廉价的制浆黑液回收物塔尔油脂肪酸为原料制备生物柴油,能有效地降低生物柴油价格,提高其市场竞争力,实现塔尔油高附加值利用,具有良好的发展前景。     

Synthesis of Biodiesel from Palm Oil in Capillary Millichannel Reactor: Effect of Temperature,Methanol to Oil Molar Ratio,and KOH Concentration on FAME Yield

Application of microtube reactor for the continuous synthesis of biodiesel has been widely studied due to excellent performance in liquid-liquid phase reaction. In order to commercialize biodiesel production, integration of microtube reactor is highly recommended. Therefore, in this study, synthesis of biodiesel was carried out in capillary millichannel reactor with inner diameter of 1.59 mm using methanol and potassium hydroxide (KOH) as base catalyst with palm oil as a feedstock. The influences of reaction temperature, methanol to oil molar ratio, and KOH concentration on the production of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) were examined. The highest FAME yield was achieved at 60 ˚C with 23:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 5 wt% of KOH concentration.     

Alkali Hydrothermal Synthesis of Na0.1Ca0.9TiO3 Nanorods as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Transesterification of Camelina Sativa Oil to Biodiesel

Orthorhombic perovskite Na_0.1Ca_0.9TiO₃ nanorods were synthesized at low calcination temperature via alkali hydrothermal synthesis. The synthesized nanorods exhibits a square based prism morphology, with a width and length of 200–500 nm and 2–3 μm respectively. The structural, textural and basic characteristics of the catalyst were examined by SEM, TEM, XRD and BET. The growth direction of the nanorods was confirmed to be along the long symmetry [110] zone axis and the exterior surfaces are found to be polar (110) and (002) with either Ti or Ca exposed in those facets. The catalytic activity of the nanorods was investigated for the transesterification of the low-input Camelina Sativa oil and methanol to give the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). Effects of important reaction parameters such as methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst dosage, reaction temperature and reaction time on oil conversion were examined. Optimized biodiesel yield of 93 % was achieved with catalyst dosage of 6 % w/w, methanol to oil molar ratio of 36:1 at reaction temperature of 60 °C for 8 h.     

Transesterification of Soybean Oil Catalyzed by Calcium Hydroxide which Obtained from Hydrolysis Reaction of Calcium Carbide

Calcium carbide residue (CCR) was investigated in transesterification reaction of triglycerides to determine its viability as a solid catalyst for biodiesel synthesis. Literature survey showed that CCR has never been studied as a solid catalyst in the transesterification of triglyceride. The scope of the study includes the effects of CCR calcination temperature, calcination time, the alcohol/oil molar ratio, the catalyst amount (wt % of oil) and the reaction time. The relationship between chemical composition and catalytic activity of waste cement was also investigated. These CCR catalysts, thermally activated at 600 °C, can give rise to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) purity higher than 99.5%, after 3 h of reaction, when oil/methanol molar ratio of 1/12 and 1 wt % of the catalyst were employed. Application of CCR as catalyst for biodiesel production in this study may not only provide a cost‐effective and environment friendly way of recycling CCR waste but also reduce hopefully the cost of biodiesel production.     

双核碱性离子液体催化棉籽油酯交换制备生物柴油

采用两步法制备了五种新型咪唑类碱性双核功能化离子液体化合物,并考察了对棉籽油酯交换制备生物柴油的催化性能。结果表明,咪唑类碱性双核功能化离子液体具有很好的催化活性,其催化活性与阳离子中碳链长度有关。其中,双-(3-甲基-1-咪唑)亚乙基双氢氧化物离子液体的催化活性最好。催化剂量、反应时间、反应温度及醇油比对生物柴油中脂肪酸甲酯含量及选择性影响的研究发现,在催化剂用量为0.4%(质量分数),醇油摩尔比为12,反应温度为55℃,反应时间为4 h时,脂肪酸甲酯的含量和选择性分别达98.5%和99.9%。催化剂7次循环后,产物中脂肪酸甲酯含量仍达到96.2%,单甘酯和双甘酯的含量很少,表明该催化剂重复使用良好。     

Montmorillonite-supported KF/CaO: a new solid base catalyst for biodiesel production

Biodiesel is an alternative to petroleum-derived diesel fuel; development of a high-efficiency base catalyst to be used in heterogeneous biodiesel production is still a challenge. In this paper, a novel solid base catalyst, KF- and CaO-supported montmorillonite (KCa/MMT) was successfully synthesized by a facile impregnation method, and used for producing biodiesel in transesterification of commercial soybean oil with methanol. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, carbon dioxide temperature-programmed desorption and scanning electron microscopy. Effects of the parameters, such as the loading amount of KF, the amount of KCa/MMT, and the methanol to oil molar ratios, on the yield of biodiesel were investigated. A maximum biodiesel yield of 98 % was obtained under the optimal reaction conditions. The separated catalyst can be directly used in the next round of reactions and gave a satisfactory yield. Furthermore, analysis of the catalyst's tolerance to oil-containing water or free fatty acids, and a kinetic study were also carried out. Koros–Nowak tests were designed and conducted, and it was proven that the heat and mass transfer were not limited by the reaction rate.     

Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Tung Oil

The feasibility of biodiesel production from tung oil was investigated. The esterification reaction of the free fatty acids of tung oil was performed using Amberlyst-15. Optimal molar ratio of methanol to oil was determined to be 7.5:1, and Amberlyst-15 was 20.8wt% of oil by response surface methodology. Under these reaction conditions, the acid value of tung oil was reduced to 0.72mg KOH/g. In the range of the molar equivalents of methanol to oil under 5, the esterification was strongly affected by the amount of methanol but not the catalyst. When the molar ratio of methanol to oil was 4.1:1 and Amberlyst-15 was 29.8wt% of the oil, the acid value decreased to 0.85mg KOH/g. After the transesterification reaction of pretreated tung oil, the purity of tung biodiesel was 90.2wt%. The high viscosity of crude tung oil decreased to 9.8mm²/s at 40 °C. Because of the presence of eleostearic acid, which is a main component of tung oil, the oxidation stability as determined by the Rancimat method was very low, 0.5h, but the cold filter plugging point, −11 °C, was good. The distillation process did not improve the fatty acid methyl ester content and the viscosity.     

Kinetics,mass transfer,and thermodynamic and statistical modeling study for esterification of valeric acid with n‐butanol: Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis

The esterification of valeric acid with n‐butanol was studied with homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. The activity and performance of homogeneous p‐toluenesulfonic acid and heterogeneous cation exchange resin catalysts Amberlyst 36, Indion 190, and Amberlite IRC‐50 were evaluated. The pseudo‐homogeneous kinetic model was used to investigate the kinetic parameters of homogeneous‐ and heterogeneous‐catalyzed esterification. The UNIFAC (universal functional activity coefficient) approach was used to study the nonideality of the esterification reaction. The reaction was statistically modeled and optimized by the application of response surface methodology. The effects of independent variables such as reaction temperature, initial molar ratio, and catalyst loading on the conversion of valeric acid were investigated. The optimized conditions for the esterification reaction catalyzed by Amberlyst‐36 were found as temperature 360.4 K, initial molar ratio 3.8, and catalyst loading 6.7 wt%. The predicted conversion (89%) at these optimized conditions is in good agreement with the experimental conversion (87.3 ± 1.6%).     

基于氯化镁饱和溶液中固定化脂肪酶Lipozyme TL IM催化光皮树油脂合成生物柴油

基于氯化镁饱和溶液反应体系中,对采用固定化脂肪酶Lipozyme TL IM催化光皮树油脂转化为生物柴油的工艺进行了研究。考察了固定化脂肪酶Lipozyme TL IM催化光皮树油转酯化的工艺中甲醇的用量、固定化脂肪酶的添加量、摇床的转速和反应时间对生物柴油产率的影响。实验结果表明,采用氯化镁饱和溶液反应体系,在醇油摩尔比为3∶1,固定化酶Lipozyme TL IM用量为光皮树油质量的20%,摇床转速为150 r/min,反应8 h时,生物柴油产率最高,达到86.5%。与传统的三步甲醇醇解或者有机溶剂反应体系比较,采用的氯化镁饱和溶液体系的酶稳定性更好,反应效率更高,有效地解决了酶在甲醇中失活的问题,生产成本低,可成为生产生物柴油的新工艺。     

Soybean biodiesel methyl esters,free glycerin and acid number quantification by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Production of alternative fuels, such as biodiesel, from transesterification of vegetable oil driven by heterogeneous catalysts is a promising alternative to fossil diesel. However, achieving a successful substitution for a new renewable fuel depends on several quality parameters. ¹H NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the amount of methyl esters, free glycerin and acid number in the transesterification of soybean oil with methanol in the presence of hydrotalcite‐type catalyst to produce biodiesel. Reaction parameters, such as temperature and time, were used to evaluate soybean oil methyl esters rate conversion. Temperatures of 100 to 180 °C and times of 20 to 240 min were tested on a 1 : 12 molar ratio soybean oil/methanol reaction. At 180 °C/240 min conditions, a rate of 94.5 wt% of methyl esters was obtained, where free glycerin and free fatty acids were not detected. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化酯化丙烯酸和甲醇合成丙烯酸甲酯的反应动力学

以丙烯酸和甲醇为原料,强酸性阳离子交换树脂Amberlyst-15为催化剂,对苯二酚为阻聚剂,合成丙烯酸甲酯。 考察了醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量和温度对反应过程的影响,在实验范围内,随着温度或者催化剂用量的增加,反应速率加快,丙烯酸的转化率也不断提高。 醇酸摩尔比的增加能提高丙烯酸的转化率,反应速率出现先增加后减缓的现象。 与此同时,建立该催化酯化反应的Pseudo-Homogeneous（PH）的理想和非理想以及Langmuir-Hinshelwood（LH）反应动力学模型,辨识得到相应反应动力学方程。 经比较,采用活度替代物质的量浓度的LH模型的平均相对偏差(MRD)最小,计算值为1.466%,最适合实际反应。     

固体酸SO42-/ZrO2-CeO2催化小桐子油脂肪酸制备生物柴油的实验研究

用沉淀浸渍法制备了固体酸催化剂SO₄^2-/ZrO₂-CeO₂,用于催化小桐籽油脂肪酸与甲醇酯化制备生物柴油。考察了焙烧温度和CeO₂负载量对催化剂活性的影响,并进行了单因素实验和动力学研究。研究表明,SO₄^2-/ZrO₂-CeO₂有较高的催化活性,当甲醇与脂肪酸体积比 2∶1,反应温度150 ℃,催化剂用量为脂肪酸质量的8%,反应60 min时,脂肪酸转化率可达0.9403。动力学计算表明,该酯化反应的表观活化能为45.31 kJ/mol,动力学模型为-dc_A/dt=38371e^-45310/RTc_A^1.44。     

Production of biodiesel through transesterification of soybean oil using ZIF-8@GO doped with sodium and potassium catalyst

One pot encapsulating (hydrothermal) method was used to synthesize ZIF-8@GO hybrid nanocomposites. Na/ZIF-8@GO doped with potassium were synthesized by the hydrothermal treatment of ZIF-8@GO precursor with a 10 M alkali solution containing both NaOH and KOH. The final product (KNa/ZIF-8@GO) was characterized by FTIR, XRD, BET, TGA, and SEM. The structure of graphene oxide remains intact following various modifications, as shown by absorption–desorption analysis, while spectral techniques indicate successful immobilization of the neat ZIF-8 between the GO sheets. Furthermore, soybean oil has been used as the feedstock in the preparation of biodiesel by KNa/ZIF-8@GO-catalyzed transesterification process. The effects of various reaction parameters, including methanol/oil molar ratio, reaction time, catalyst mass, and reaction temperature were investigated. A remarkable conversion of 98% was obtained using a 8% (wt/wt oil) of KNa/ZIF-8@GO catalyst, methanol/oil molar ratio of 18 : 1, and reflux temperature of methanol over a period of 8 h. The solid catalyst can be reused over at least three cycles under mild reaction conditions.

     

CaO-MgO@CoFe_2O_4磁性固体碱的制备及其大豆油酯交换反应催化性能

以草酸盐为前驱体采用两步法制备了一种以CaO-MgO作为活性组分,以CoFe_2O_4作为磁核的磁性固体碱催化剂,并用于大豆油与甲醇的酯交换反应合成生物柴油。对制备的磁性固体碱催化剂进行了磁滞回线、X-射线衍射(XRD)、CO_2-TPD及透射电镜(TEM)表征。考察了不同核壳物质的量比、焙烧温度、反应温度、反应时间、醇油物质的量比以及催化剂用量等因素对大豆油转化为生物柴油产率的影响。结果表明,采用核壳物质的量比为1∶6、焙烧温度为700℃所制备的CaO-MgO@CoFe_2O_4催化剂,当醇油物质的量比为12、催化剂用量为大豆油质量的1.0%时,在65℃下反应时间3 h,生物柴油收率高达97.1%。该催化剂具有较好的重复利用性能,重复利用四次后生物柴油的收率仍可达90%。     

大麻籽油合成生物柴油

大麻籽油;甲醇;甲酯化;生物柴油;酯交换     

Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil over Mesoporous SO42-/Zr-SBA-15

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oils over SO₄^2-/Zr-SBA-15 catalyst was successfully carried out and investigated. SO₄^2-/Zr-SBA-15 catalyst was prepared by one-step process using anhydrous zirconium nitrate as zirconium resource, and endowed with the strong Lewis acid sites formed by supporting the zirconium species onto the SBA-15 surface. The asprepared SO₄^2-/Zr-SBA-15 showed excellent triglyceride conversion efficiency of 92.3% and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield of 91.7% for the transesteriffication of waste cooking oil with methanol under the optimized reaction conditions: the methanol/oil molar ratio of 30, the reaction temperature of 160 oC, the reaction time of 12 h and 10wt% of catalyst. It was noticed that the as-prepared SO₄^2-/Zr-SBA-15 materials with the higher area surface of mesoporous framework and the surface acidity displayed excellent stability and reusability, maintaining high FAME yield of (74±1)% after seven runs of reaction.