液相色谱/质谱法测定电气产品塑料部件中的初级芳香胺

采用高效液相色谱/质谱(HPLC-MS)法,对电子电气产品塑料部件中的26种初级芳香胺进行了同时测定.初级芳香胺用二氯甲烷、丙酮、甲醇等有机溶剂提取,然后浓缩提取液,用甲醇定容,最后用高效液相色谱/质谱联用仪分析检测.采用ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸溶液,流速为0.6 mL/min,选择离子监测.26种禁用芳香胺的线性范围为0.1～10.0 mg/kg; r≥0.997; 检出限为0.05 mg/kg; 加标回收率为70%～110%; 相对标准偏差为0.23%～14.9%.结果表明, HPLC-MS法可以对塑料部件中的初级芳香胺进行定性定量测定.本研究选择离子色谱峰分离效果好,具有良好的稳定性和重现性.     

高效液相色谱-线性离子阱/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法快速筛查和确证纺织品中禁用的偶氮染料

建立了高效液相色谱-线性离子阱/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱(HPLC-LTQ/Orbitrap MS)快速筛查确证纺织品中禁用的偶氮染料的方法。样品在柠檬酸缓冲液中由连二亚硫酸钠还原成芳香胺,经硅藻土提取柱净化后,用Acquity UPLC BEH C18柱(50 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm)分离,以甲醇和0.1%(v/v)甲酸作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,电喷雾正离子(ESI+)模式电离,高分辨质谱一级全扫描用于筛选分析,数据依赖扫描模式的二级碰撞诱导解离(CID)谱图用于确证,对纺织品样品中的偶氮染料进行定性鉴别。在0.05~2.00 mg/L范围内,21种致癌芳香胺的线性相关系数均大于0.99。通过实际样品的加标回收测定,回收率范围为65.5%~111.5%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为0.87%~2.49%。该方法的定量限可以达到0.08 mg/kg,可用于纺织品中禁用偶氮染料的实际检验工作。     

超高效液相色谱-线性离子阱/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱鉴别纺织品中禁用芳香胺及其异构体

针对目前纺织品中禁用偶氮染料检测中的假阳性问题,建立了一套应用超高效液相色谱-线性离子阱/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱（UPLC-LTQ/Orbitrap）同时筛选24种禁用芳香胺及其常见的14种异构体的方法。样品经连二亚硫酸钠还原,叔丁基甲醚提取后,以水/甲醇（9/1,v/v）稀释定容,用ZORBAX SB-C₁₈色谱柱（150 mm×2.1 mm,5 μm）分离,以0.1%甲酸水溶液和甲醇为流动相,电喷雾正离子（ESI⁺）模式电离。以准分子离子峰的精确质量数和保留时间定性,以提取的色谱图峰面积定量。38种芳香胺的线性相关系数大于0.99,方法检出限为0.5~5 μg/kg。该方法可通过一次实验同时对24种禁用芳香胺及其常见的14种异构体准确定性定量,大大缩短检测周期,实际样品检测也进一步验证了其灵敏性和准确性。     

气相色谱-质谱-选择离子存储法检测皮革和纺织品中的禁用偶氮染料

采用气相色谱-质谱-选择离子存储法,结合保留时间、特征离子的相对丰度比、谱库检索信息、峰面积对皮革和纺织品中的禁用偶氮染料进行定性、定量分析。在选择离子存储模式下,各种偶氮染料的浓度在5～100μg/mL范围内与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数大于0.9903。对于大部分芳香胺3种浓度水平的加标回收率为69.8%～94.3%,检出限为0.005～2.446μg/mL(S/N=3),测定结果的相对标准偏差小于13%(n=6)。该方法满足禁用偶氮染料的分析要求。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定纺织品中的致癌芳香胺

建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC/MS/MS)测定纺织品中致癌芳香胺的检测方法.纺织品中的偶氮染料在柠檬酸缓冲液中用连二亚硫酸钠还原为芳香胺,用硅藻土提取还原液中的芳香胺,用乙醚洗脱,浓缩至近干后用甲醇定容.使用液相色谱-串联质谱进行测定,色谱柱为XTerra MS C18柱,流动相为甲醇和0.025 mol/L乙...     

皮革和纺织品中重叠峰偶氮染料的气相色谱-串联质谱检测技术

建立了气相色谱-串联质谱一次进样同时检测重叠峰偶氮染料的分析方法.皮革和纺织品中的偶氮染料用柠檬酸盐缓冲液提取,再用连二亚硫酸钠将其还原裂解为胺类物质,经液-液萃取、浓缩处理,所得残渣用甲醇溶解,通过VF-5ms色谱柱分离,采用串联质谱的多反应监测模式开设多通道存储子离子信息,进行定性、定量分析.实验结果表明:优化质谱分析条件后,气相色谱一串联质谱可进一步消除杂质干扰,分离共流出组分.大部分芳香胺3种浓度水平的加标回收率(n=6)保持在71%～94%之间,检测限为0.008～0.672μg/mL(S/N=3),相对标准偏差(n=6)小于11%,2～50μg/mL浓度范围内线性相关系数大于0.9917,满足禁用偶氮染料的分析要求.     

分散固相萃取/气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法检测纸张中的20种芳香胺

建立了纸张中的20种芳香胺的分散固相萃取/气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱分析方法。纸张中的偶氮染料于(70±2)℃经预处理后还原为芳香胺,向反应后的悬浮液中先加入4 mL 10 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液,将pH值由弱酸性调至碱性,再加入0.5 mL的3内标(氘代萘、2,4,5-三氯苯胺和氘代蒽)工作溶液、10 mL的叔丁基甲醚,最后加入15 g无水硫酸钠除水,振摇40 min萃取芳香胺。萃取液经分散固相萃取试剂盒(d-SPE)进一步净化、离心后,取上层清液以气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法(GC-MS/MS),在多反应离子监测(MRM)模式下检测,内标法定量。目标物在各自浓度范围内线性关系良好(r~20.99),在10、20、50 ng/mL 3个加标水平下的回收率为80.7%～128%,相对标准偏差(RSDs)为0.79%～6.5%,检出限(LOD)为0.05～2.1 ng/mL,定量下限(LOQ)为0.18～5.5 ng/mL。该方法简便快捷,灵敏度高,可用于纸张中芳香胺的快速检测。     

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定工业染料中芳香胺

工业染料中的偶氮染料在柠檬酸缓冲液中用连二亚硫酸钠还原为芳香胺,所得芳香胺经ProElut AZO专用硅藻土柱提取,用乙醚洗脱,浓缩至近干后用甲醇定容。以UPLC BEH C18色谱柱为分离柱,以不同体积比混合的甲酸-水(0.1+99.9)溶液和甲醇为流动相梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾电离源正离子模式检测。方法的检出限(3S/N)在0.5～1.0mg.kg-1之间。24种芳香胺的平均回收率在71.8%～96.5%之间,相对标准偏差(n=5)均小于8.0%。     

超高效液相色谱-线性离子阱/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法测定纺织品中的游离态致癌芳香胺

建立了超高效液相色谱-线性离子阱/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱(UPLC-LTQ/Orbitrap MS)同时测定纺织品中24种游离态致癌芳香胺的方法。样品经二氯甲烷超声提取并稀释后,用ZORBAX SB-C₁₈色谱柱(150 mm×2.1 mm, 5 μm)分离,以0.1%甲酸水溶液和甲醇为流动相,电喷雾正离子(ESI⁺)模式电离,以准分子离子峰的精确质量数和保留时间定性,以提取的色谱图峰面积定量。在0.5~500 μg/L范围内,24种芳香胺的线性相关系数(R²) 大于0.99,样品加标回收率为87.8%~105.6%,相对标准偏差为1.6%~3.4%。方法检出限为0.5~1 μg/kg。应用本方法检测山东地区进出口含氨纶纺织品样品14个,在5个样品中检出游离态芳香胺4,4'-二氨基二苯甲烷,含量范围为0.21~25.6 mg/kg。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法对家畜尿液中苯乙醇胺A残留检测研究

建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)检测猪尿、牛尿和羊尿中苯乙醇胺A残留的方法。尿液经酶解、加入内标物、乙酸乙酯萃取、MCX固相萃取柱净化后,供HPLC-MS/MS检测。采用电喷雾离子源正模式,在多反应检测(MRM)模式下分析,苯乙醇胺A定性离子对分别为m/z 345/150和345/327,定量离子对为m/z 345/327;苯乙醇胺A内标物定性离子对为m/z 348/330,定量离子对为m/z 348/330。苯乙醇胺A含量在0～50.0μg/L范围内的线性关系良好(R2=0.9990);检出限为0.03μg/L,定量限为0.1μg/L。在猪尿、牛尿和羊尿中的回收率分别78.4%～82.9%,85.7%～93.3%和79.8%～84.9%;相对标准偏差分别为0.8%～4.2%,1.6%～5.6%和2.9%～5.8%。     

Determination of aromatic amines formed from azo colorants in toy products

A study for the determination of the aromatic amines formed after reduction of the azo colorants mostly used in toys was conducted. Sodium dithionite was used in the reductive cleavage of the azo group for the dyes, and the released amines were subsequently analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The influence of different variables related to the reduction process was investigated by the use of a full-level factorial design, where most significant parameters as well as order interactions were studied. Reduction profiles for each colorant were obtained by studying the changes in the amount of amine obtained with different dithionite/colorant ratios. The expected aromatic amines forming azo colorants were detected, and in the presence of a nitro group a further reduction was observed. The yield of the total reduction process was determined by using standard addition of different quantities of amines to the colorants.     

Determination of aromatic amines in environmental water samples using solid-phase extraction modified with sodium dodecyl sulphate and micellar liquid chromatography

Extraction and determination of seven aromatic amines in environmental water samples were performed with solid-phase extraction (SPE) and micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) using experimental design. Extraction of aromatic amines was carried out with a C₁₈ cartridge modified with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). The washing solution and elution solvent for extraction of aromatic amines were aqueous solution containing 5% (v/v) acetonitrile and 5% (v/v) acetone and 3 mL methanol, respectively. The chemometrics approach was applied for the separation optimisation of these compounds using MLC. Different mobile phase compositions were used for modelling based on retention times to obtain the best separation using central composite design. The optimum mobile phase composition for separation and determination of analytes in water samples was 69 mM SDS, 9% v/v 1-propanol and pH = 6.4. Recoveries were between 84.8–93.5% with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 5.8% (n = 5). Limits of detection and linear range were 1–4.5 and 3.1–125.0 µg/L, respectively. The proposed method was applied to determine the aromatic amines in real samples (river and well waters). Amount of 4-nitroaniline and 3-nitroaniline in river water sample were 2.15 and 1.91 µg/L, respectively.     

Harmful azo colorants in leather. Determination based on their cleavage and extraction of corresponding carcinogenic aromatic amines using modern extraction techniques

This study concerns the possibilities of using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) or supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) for detection of harmful azo colorants in leather. After degreasing of the leather sample with SFE there follows a reductive cleavage of the azo colorants to their corresponding aromatic amines in the MAE or SFE equipment. The aromatic amines are subsequently extracted using either MAE or SFE and then finally determined by liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. The results have been compared with recoveries obtained using the German DIN method 53316. This standard method, based on conventional solvent extraction, is used in several European countries. Overall much better recoveries were obtained using MAE or SFE. With both MAE and SFE the amine recoveries of spiked leather samples were generally above 50%. The average recoveries were 62% for MAE and 60% for SFE (solvent collection) compared to 24% with the DIN method. For genuine leather samples the recoveries decreased, especially for benzidine. In this case the average values for MAE, SFE and DIN were 54, 38 and 19%, respectively. The quantification limits in leather samples using MAE or SFE were below 1 mg/kg for all amines investigated. The within-laboratory precision was generally better than 10%, varying somewhat with the analyte considered. With the proposed methodology, the amount of hazardous organic solvents used could be decreased and the sample throughput increased with at least a factor of two with less manual handling compared to the DIN method.     

Recent advances in azo dye degrading enzyme research

Azo dyes, which are characterized by one or more azo bonds, are a predominant class of colorants used in tattooing, cosmetics, foods, and consumer products. These dyes are mainly metabolized by bacteria to colorless aromatic amines, some of which are carcinogenic, by azoreductases that catalyze a NAD(P)H-dependent reduction. The resulting amines are further degraded aerobically by bacteria. Some bacteria have the ability to degrade azo dyes both aerobically and anaerobically. Plant-degrading white rot fungi can break down azo dyes by utilizing a number of oxidases and peroxidases as well. In yeast, a ferric reductase system participates in the extracellular reduction of azo dyes. Recently, two types of azoreductases have been discovered in bacteria. The first class of azoreductases is monomeric flavin-free enzymes containing a putative NAD(P)H binding motif at their N-termini; the second class is polymeric flavin dependent enzymes which are studied more extensively. Azoreductases from bacteria represent novel families of enzymes with little similarity to other reductases. Dissociation and reconstitution of the flavin dependent azoreductases demonstrate that the non-covalent bound flavin prosthetic group is required for the enzymatic functions. In this review, structures and carcinogenicity of azo colorants, protein structure, enzymatic function, and substrate specificity, as well as application of the azo dyes and azoreductases will be discussed.     

超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法同时测定美术颜料中33种游离态初级芳香胺

建立了超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定水粉画颜料、油画颜料、丙烯画颜料等美术颜料中33种初级芳香胺(PAAs)的检测方法。样品中的初级芳香胺用乙腈提取,经离心分离、氮吹浓缩后,以甲醇-水(1:9, v/v)定容至2 mL, 0.22 μm膜过滤后上机检测。采用BEH Phenyl柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm),以含0.07%(v/v)甲酸的甲醇溶液-水(1:9, v/v)为流动相,梯度洗脱分离,UPLC-MS/MS多反应监测模式(MRM)检测,同位素内标法定量。方法优化了色谱分离条件、质谱碎裂电压、碰撞能量等,并考察了提取时间、提取溶剂、浓缩方式等对回收率的影响。33种初级芳香胺的方法检出限为5~50 μg/kg,定量限为15~150 μg/kg, 3种不同基质样品在3个添加水平的平均回收率为70.1%~115.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.1%~15%。本方法操作简便、快速、准确、灵敏度高,能满足相关测定的要求。     

Selective separation and determination of the synthetic colorants in beverages by magnetic solid‐phase dispersion extraction based on a Fe3O4/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection

A facile adsorbent, a nanocomposite of Fe₃O₄ and reduced graphene oxide, was fabricated for the selective separation and enrichment of synthetic aromatic azo colorants by magnetic solid‐phase dispersion extraction. The nanocomposite was synthesized in a one‐step reduction reaction and characterized by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. The colorants in beverages were quickly adsorbed onto the surface of the nanocomposite with strong π–π interactions between colorants and reduced graphene oxide, and separated with the assistance of an external magnetic field. Moreover, the four colorants in beverages were detected at different wavelengths by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. A linear dependence of peak area was obtained over 0.05–10 μg/mL with the limits of detection of 10.02, 11.90, 10.41, 15.91 ng/mL for tartrazine, allure red, amaranth, and new coccine, respectively (signal to noise = 3). The recoveries for the spiked colorants were in the range of 88.95–95.89% with the relative standard deviation less than 2.66%. The results indicated that the nanocomposite of Fe₃O₄ and reduced graphene oxide could be used as an excellent selective adsorbent for aromatic compounds and has potential applications in sample pretreatment.     

Determination of aromatic amines from azo dyes reduction by liquid‐phase sorbent trapping and thermal desorption‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry

A novel method based on thermal desorption was developed for the trapping of aromatic amines from azo dyes reduction in liquid phase. Combining GC‐MS, the detection limits for 21 kinds of aromatic amines ranged from 0.1 to 3 mg/kg. The recoveries of most aromatic amines were ?70% with RSDs ?10%. This method also offers low sample and organic solvent requirements, effective preconcentration and convenient procedure. It has been applied to determine aromatic amines from the real samples of textile and yielded good results.     

快速溶剂萃取-在线净化-GCMS联用分析纺织品中10种芳香胺

利用在线净化-快速溶剂萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术,建立了一种快速、高效的多种致癌芳香胺类成分的样品前处理及分析方法。纺织样品中的偶氮染料在萃取池内高温和高压条件下进行氧化-还原裂解反应,裂解芳香胺产物萃取后,经池内硅藻土填料实现在线净化。10种芳香胺类物质在0.5~90 mg/L的范围内与峰面积呈线性,检测限在1.2~4.6 mg/kg之间,快速溶剂萃取处理所得10种致癌芳香胺成分的回收率在82.6%~96.3%之间,RSD范围在1.8%~4.7%之间。