不同催化体系聚乙炔的热裂解反应

<正> 自从白川英树等合成聚乙炔(PA)膜,并用电子受体或给体掺杂使其变为P型或n型半导体之后,近年来对PA的合成、结构及性能进行了大量研究,但采用PGC法对PA热裂解反应的研究,只有为数不多的报道。本文介绍了热异构化前后的稀土(Ln)和钛(Ti)两体系合成的PA的热裂解反应,提出一个适于比较两体系PA的参数,并观察了     

稀土络合催化乙炔定向聚合

本文首次研究了应用稀土化合物作乙炔定向聚合催化剂,发现除钷外所有15个镧系元素的环烷酸盐或2-乙基己基膦酸盐与三烷基铝组合成的络合催化剂都可以使乙炔定向聚合。其特点是乙炔在室温(30℃～0℃)下聚合,便能制得高顺式(80％～100％)、具有金属光泽的银灰色聚乙炔薄膜,显示稀土络合催化剂是一类合成高顺式聚乙炔极其方便的优良催化剂。本文报道乙炔在膦酸稀土盐和环烷酸稀土催化剂中定向聚合特征,以及用红外光谱、热分析、顺磁共振、X衍射、扫描电子显微镜及电阻率测定等对所制备的稀土聚乙炔薄膜初步表征的结果。     

过渡金属膦酸酯新催化剂合成聚乙炔

聚乙炔是最有希望的导电高分子,目前己在开发应用于制造塑料电池、太阳能电池等。合成聚乙炔膜的主要催化剂有Ti(OC_4H_9)_4-Al(C_2H_5)_3催化剂,稀土络合催化剂及Co(NO_3)_2-NaBH_4等。本文报道新开发的周期表中第22号元素钛至第28号元素Ni的笫四周期过渡金属——Ti,V,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni的膦酸酯盐与三烷基铝组成的新络合催化剂合成聚乙炔膜的特征。除镍外,这些催化剂都可以使乙炔在室温下聚合生成顺式含量50％以上、高结晶性、有金属光泽的银灰色聚乙炔膜。在实验范围内,各催化体系聚合活性次序如下:Fe>Ti,V>Cr>Mn>Co>Ni,并且表征了所制备的聚乙炔膜,这些新催化剂的开发为合成聚乙炔提供了方便和有利条件。     

聚乙炔膜的稳定化

四种抗氧剂(A、M、RDH、264)中,AM是能添加入聚乙炔膜内的一种有效抗氧剂。用氧化增重和红外分析研究了四种聚乙炔膜(PA,PA/SBR,PA/AM,PA/SBR/AM)暴露于空气中的氧化及异构化动力学行为。研究表明,各种膜在室温(25℃)空气中的耐氧化性能和抗异构化能力的次序相同:PA/SBR/AM>PA/AM>PA/SBR>PA。添加抗氧剂AM于聚乙炔中,不影响掺杂聚乙炔的优良电性能及其它性能。     

稀土聚乙炔电池及其电化学

聚乙炔作为合成的有机金属具有极大的应用潜力。MacDiarmid等发现可用电化学方法对聚乙炔进行可逆掺杂,使其电导率达到金属的水平,而且聚乙炔本身具有一个由微纤维组成的网状结构,有很大的表面积(～60m~2/g),因此适合于作二次电池的电极。人们已在实验室制备了各种类型的聚乙炔电池,它们具有重量轻、能量密度高、功率密度大、可充电等特点,因而具有研究价值。沈之荃等曾应用稀土配合催化剂合成了高含量顺式的、热稳定性较高的和抗氧化稳定性的聚乙炔。本文报道稀土聚乙炔电池及其电化学的研究工作。结果表明:稀土聚乙炔电池的开路电压可达3.5V,短路电流达10mA,平均功率密度达160W/kg,具有进一步开发研究的前景。     

碳纤维复合聚乙炔膜合成及其p-型电池的性能

聚乙炔(PA)膜作为电极材料实用化的主要困难在于稳定性较差.虽然对这一问题进行了不少研究,但至今成效不大.我们从提高聚乙炔膜的强度、导电性及整体电流分布出发,用冷等离子体方法首次合成了碳纤维复合聚乙炔膜.结构分析结果表明,在复合膜中碳纤维和聚乙炔形成了一定程度的接枝,其空气和热稳定性均高于纯PA膜.用这种膜构成的p-型电池具有较高的化学掺杂度,各项电性能均有所提高.     

9—钼—3钒硅酸钾的合成与表征

钼钒硅杂多化合物作为氧化还原型催化剂应用于某些有机合成反应已引起化学工作者的关注,其合成与分离均有一定的难度,一钒及二钒取代的钼钒硅杂多化合物已有文献报道,但三钒取代的钼钒硅杂多化合物尚未见报道,本文采用正交设计方法,成功地合成了标题杂多化合物,并通过IR、UV、TG-DTA、~(51)V NMR和ESR等测试手段进行了表征。     

三氯化铁掺杂稀土聚乙炔的电性能

自从1981年A.Prón等人用三氯化铁掺杂钛系聚乙炔而得到高电导率掺杂聚乙炔以来,对此掺杂聚乙炔的低温电性能已作了一定的研究。不同作者所报道结果可分为两类:一类报道各种掺杂量聚乙炔的电导率均随温度降低而单调减少;另一类则观察到随温度的降低电导率约在200K时出现最大值(增加5%),接着电导率降低。新近我们报导了三氯化铁掺杂的稀土聚乙炔的基本特性。本文进一步对此掺杂稀土聚乙炔的低温电性能作了研究,观察到与上述两种情况相似但不完全相同的结果。     

一步法络合型催化剂丙烯聚合反应动力学

<正> 丙烯聚合络合催化剂一般是由钛的氯化物和有机铝化合物及给电子体组成。Solvay型络合催化剂是用所谓三步法合成。我们采用烷基铝-醚络合物还原Ticl_4的一步法合成催化剂,不仅制备步骤简单,而且其性能也有所不同。三步法络合催化剂丙烯聚合动力学研究国内外已有报道。本文报道一步法络合催化剂的丙烯聚合动力学、聚合速率     

聚-γ-巯丙基硅氧烷羰基铑催化剂结构的XPS研究

<正> 本文报道聚-γ-巯丙基硅氧烷羰基铑催化剂结构上的研究结果。与以往作者报道的不同。这里的X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)实验结果证实这一新合成的催化剂是属于置换反应所导致的化合物型结构。同时定域在本文所研究的化合物分子中Rh离子和S离子上的Pauling计算电荷进一步支持作者的XPS试验结果。     

乙炔在钒催化体系下的聚合

本工作采用三乙酰基丙酮钒及二乙酰基氧钒同烷基铝组成的催化体系,研究了乙炔聚合的规律及聚乙炔成膜的条件,并初步研究了聚乙炔膜的链节结构、形态结构及室温电导率。     

Solubility and diffusivity of water and of salts in an aromatic polyamide film

The solubility and the diffusivity for water and NaCl in a fully aromatic polyamide (PA) film have been determined. From these the “intrinsic permeability characteristics” of this polymer have been calculated and its suitability for desalination by reverse osmosis is compared with that of the commonly used cellulose acetate (CA). It has been found that, although the solubility of NaCl in the PA film is higher than that in a CA film, PA membranes will reject salt better than CA membranes having identical structure and morphology. This is because the diffusivity of NaCl through the PA film is substantially lower, and the permeability of water through it (as well as the solubility and the diffusivity of water in it) are higher than the comparable values for CA films.     

丙炔醇聚合股对铁在酸性溶液中的缓蚀作用

应用电化学交流阻抗谱技术研究了Ｆｅ／Ｈ_２ＳＯ_４与Ｆｅ／Ｈ_２ＳＯ_４＋Ｈ_２Ｓ体系中丙炔醇（ＰＡ）聚合膜的形成及其缓蚀作用,同时利用ＳＥＭ、ＡＦＭ及ＥＤＸ对ＰＡ聚合不同时期铁表面腐蚀形貌进行观测与成分分析．结果表明,Ｆｅ／Ｈ_２ＳＯ_４与 Ｆｅ／Ｈ_２ＳＯ_４＋ Ｈ_２Ｓ体系中 ＰＡ可逐渐聚合成膜,从而有效抑制基体的腐蚀,使电极表面较为平整,微米尺度下呈现规则的块状结构;但Ｆｅ／Ｈ_２ＳＯ_４体系中宏观上ＰＡ并未形成连续的保护膜,导致电极表面局部发生腐蚀;而Ｆｅ／Ｈ_２ＳＯ_４＋Ｈ_２Ｓ体系中,Ｈ_２Ｓ、ＨＳ－在电极表面的吸附减缓了ＰＡ聚合成膜,但长时间腐蚀后,由于硫化物的生成覆盖在ＰＡ聚合膜上,使其具有长期缓蚀效能．     

高强度高电导率聚乙炔的合成——醚类溶剂的结构对性能的影响

通过选用不同醚类结构做溶剂加热回流Ti(OBu)_4-AIEt_3催化剂,并采用非溶剂聚合方法进行乙炔聚合发现,所得HPPA膜的强度和电导率都有了较大提高。其中直链醚制得的PA膜强度(抗张强度大于100MPa)和空气稳定性比用环醚得到的PA膜高得多,但用前者时的乙炔聚合速率远低于后者。两体系得到的HPPA膜的碘掺杂电导率值相近(～10~3S/cm),拉伸后可达10~4S/cm量级。SEM、TEM及IR光谱的结果表明,不同醚制得的PA膜的纤维束直径及顺式含量有较大差别。     

Thermogravimetric studies on Polyamide-6,6 modified by electron beam irradiation and by nanofillers

This paper reports the results of thermogravimetric studies on: (a) Polyamide-6,6 (abbreviated henceforth as PA66) specimens which were modified by electron beam radiation in air, (b) organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposite films of PA66/silica prepared by the sol-gel technique and (c) unmodified multi-walled carbon nanotube (abbreviated henceforth as MWCNT) reinforced PA66 films. The activation energies were determined using the Kissinger and the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa methods, which do not require knowledge of the reaction mechanism. The results showed that PA66 specimens which received an irradiation dose of 200 kGy in air had a higher thermal stability than both the neat PA66 and PA66 specimens which received a radiation dose of 500 kGy in air. The PA66/silica hybrid nanocomposites up to a silica loading of 1.5 wt% also showed higher thermal stability over neat PA66 films. At MWCNT loadings of 0.5-1.0 wt% the composite films exhibited higher activation energies than the neat PA66 film but at higher MWCNT loading the activation energy was lower than that obtained for the neat PA66 film.     

Stabilized hemocompatible coating of nitinol devices based on photo-cross-linked alginate/heparin multilayer

A novel stabilized hemocompatible multicomponent coating was engineered by consecutive alternating adsorption of two polysaccharides, alginate (Alg) and heparin (Hep), onto a Nitinol surface via electrostatic interaction in combination with photoreaction in situ. For this purpose, a photosensitive cross-linker, p-diazonium diphenyl amine polymer (PA), was used as an interlayer between alginate and heparin. The optical intensity of UV/vis spectra increased linearly with the number of layers, indicating the buildup of a multilayer structure and uniform coating. Photo-cross-linking resulted in higher stability without compromising its catalytic capacity to promote antithrombin III (ATIII)-mediated thrombin inactivation. Chromogenic assays for heparin activity proved definitively that anticoagulation activity really comes from surface-bound heparin in multilayer film, not from solution-phase free heparin that has leaked from multilayer film. The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) assay showed that both (PA/Hep)8- and (PA/Alg/PA/Hep)4-coated Nitinol were less thrombogenic than the uncoated one. Yet, the latter was found to be more stable under a continuous shaken wash. In addition, (PA/Alg/PA/Hep)4 film exhibited lower surface roughness and higher hydrophilicity than (PA/Hep)8. As a result, hemolysis of (PA/Alg/PA/Hep)4 (0.34 +/- 0.064%) was lower than (PA/Hep)8 (0.52 +/- 0.241%). The naked Nitinol and (PA/Hep)8-coated Nitinol showed relatively strong platelet adhesion. On the contrary, no sign of any cellular matter was seen on the (PA/Alg/PA/Hep)4 surface. It is believed that the phenomenon of interlayer diffusion resulted in blended structures, hence, the enhanced wettability and antifouling properties after the incorporation of alginate layers. It is likely that the cooperative effect of alginate and heparin led to the excellent blood compatibility of the (PA/Alg/PA/Hep)4 coating. To simplify, there is greater advantage in utilizing cross-linked alginate/heparin surfaces rather than merely the heparin surface for improving blood- and tissue-compatible devices.     

New insights into lung surfactant monolayers using vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy

At the air-water interface, interfacial molecular structure, intermolecular interactions, film relaxation and film respreading of model lung surfactant monolayers were studied using vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy combined with a Langmuir film balance. Chain-perdeuterated dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC-d62), palmitoyloleoyl-phosphatidylglycerol (POPG), palmitic acid (PA) and tripalmitin were investigated. In the DPPC-d62-PA binary monolayer, PA showed a condensing effect on the DPPC chains. On the contrary, in the DPPC-d62-POPG binary monolayer, POPG showed a fluidizing effect on the DPPC chains. In the ternary monolayer system of DPPC-d62-POPG-PA, the balance between the fluidizing and the condensing effect was also observed. In addition, the film relaxation behavior of DPPC-d62 and the enhanced film stability of DPPC-d62 caused by the addition of tripalmitin were observed. Real-time VSFG was also employed to study the respreading properties of a complex lung surfactant mixture containing DPPC-d62, POPG, PA and KL4 (a mimic of SP-B) peptide, which revealed DPPC enrichment after film compression.     

Dispersion and current-voltage characteristics of helical polyacetylene single fibers

To study the transport properties of individual helical polyacetylene (PA) fibers, we developed a method to extract a single fiber from tightly entangled ropes of helical PA bulk film. After a few minutes of sonication of a piece of helical PA bulk film in an organic solution containing surfactant, a droplet of solution is deposited on the pre-pattened electrode under argon atmosphere. AFM images show that extracted helical PA fibers are typically 10 mum in length and 100-200 nm in diameter. We found that the helicity of bulk materials is conserved. We present the temperature dependencies of current-voltage characteristics of individual helical PA fibers doped with iodine.     

Plasma polymerization of acetylene onto silica: an approach to control the distribution of silica in single elastomers and immiscible blends

Surface modification of silica by acetylene plasma polymerization is applied in order to improve the dispersion in and compatibility with single rubbers and their blends. Silica, used as a reinforcing filler for elastomers, is coated with a polyacetylene (PA) film under vacuum conditions. Water penetration measurements show a change in surface energy due to the PA‐film deposition. The weight loss measured by thermo‐gravimetric analysis (TGA) is higher for the PA‐coated silica compared to the untreated filler, confirming the deposition of the PA film on the silica surface. Time of flight‐secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) shows the well‐defined PA cluster peaks in the high mass region. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements show silica aggregates, coalesced by the coating with smooth and uniform surfaces, but without significant change in specific surface area. Elemental analysis by energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) measurements also confirms the deposition of the polymeric film on the silica surface, as the carbon content is increased. The performance of single polymers and their incompatible blends based on S‐SBR and EPDM, filled with untreated, PA‐ and silane‐treated silica, is investigated by measurements of the bound rubber content, weight loss related to bound rubber, cure kinetics, reinforcement parameter, Payne effect, and mechanical properties. The PA‐ and silane‐modified silica‐filled pure S‐SBR and EPDM samples show a lower filler–filler networking compared to the unmodified silica‐filled elastomers. Decrease in the reinforcement parameter (α_F) for the plasma‐polymerized silica‐filled samples also proves a better dispersion compared to silane‐modified and untreated silica‐filled samples. On the other hand, the PA‐silica‐filled samples show a higher bound rubber content due to stronger filler–polymer interactions. Finally, the PA‐silica‐filled pure EPDM and S‐SBR/EPDM blends show high tensile strength and elongation at break values, considered to be the result of best dispersion and compatibilization with EPDM. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electrochemical properties of conducting polyethylene-polyacetylene composites

Production techniques, structure, and electrochemical properties of conducting thin-film materials consisting of a polyethylene (PE) substrate covered with a polyacetylene (PA) layer are studied. Properties of a free PA film are determined by the catalyst used in its synthesis. Properties of composites depend on the optimum selection of the PA/PE ratio (by weight), the catalyst used for polymerizing PA, and the PE structure. The capacity of composites is higher than that of free PA films. This points to the possible role of an increased transport of lithium cations at interfaces.