聚醚类破乳剂的界面扩张流变性质

采用悬挂滴方法研究了不同结构聚醚类破乳剂与煤油间的界面张力及界面扩张流变性质. 结果表明, 4种聚醚类破乳剂均具有较强的降低界面张力能力, 且支链化程度越低分子在界面上排列越紧密, 直线型破乳剂在低浓度条件下界面张力最低. 破乳剂的分子尺寸较大, 慢弛豫过程控制界面膜性质, 吸附膜以弹性为主. 同时, 柔性聚氧乙烯链和聚氧丙烯链对界面膜性质的影响较大, 随着支链化程度增大, 界面分子间相互作用增强, 界面膜弹性增强, 黏性降低.     

各种孔结构活性炭吸附苯、环己烷、正戊烷和正己烷的~1H和~(13)C NMR研究

~1H和~(13)C NMR研究证明被吸附在不同孔结构活性炭中的烃类以毛细管凝聚和吸附在固体表面两种状态存在。链状烷烃平铺地吸附在固体表面。被吸附烃与活性炭表面酸性基团的质子交换在弛豫过程中起着重要作用。     

吸附在活性炭上的苯和环己烷的NMR弛豫研究

被吸附分子的NMR弛豫测量可以提供该分子的运动和吸附状态等信息。近来证明,多孔固体中被吸附物的自旋晶格弛豫的测量(T_1)是孔径大小和孔结构分析及多孔物质渗透性能测量的有力工具这是基于靠孔壁近的分子比远离固体表面的分子自旋晶格弛豫     

沥青基球形活性炭对葡萄糖分子的吸附行为研究

考察了沥青基球形活性炭(PSAC)对葡萄糖分子的吸附行为,以探讨其治疗糖尿病的可能性.在不同吸附时间、不同活性炭用量及不同浓度等条件下,测定沥青基球形活性炭对葡萄糖分子的吸附量,根据Langmuir和Freundlich等温线方程对吸附等温线数据进行拟合,检验实验数据与方程的吻合度,确定方程参数.同时,研究了葡萄糖和α-淀粉酶在沥青基球形活性炭上的竞争吸附行为.结果表明,所选用沥青基球形活性炭对葡萄糖分子的吸附在5h内达到吸附平衡;葡萄糖的初始浓度为3g/时,平衡吸附量为71mg/g;平衡吸附量受葡萄糖分子空间构象的影响,且随葡萄糖浓度的升高而增加,吸附等温线数据与Langmuir方程吻合,说明该吸附为单分子层吸附.在葡萄糖分子和α-淀粉酶的共存环境下,沥青基球形活性炭对葡萄糖有较好的吸附选择性.     

载铜活性炭吸附一氧化碳的密度泛函理论计算

应用密度泛函理论和相对论有效核势方法, 用C₁₆H₁₀, C₁₃H₉, C₁₂H₁₂原子簇模型模拟活性炭表面, 计算得到了CO在载铜活性炭上的吸附位、吸附构型和吸附能. 研究表明: 载铜活性炭吸附CO的过程, 本质上是Cu(I)通过σ-π配键与CO络合, 形成Cu—C键的过程. 载铜活性炭对CO的络合吸附能在50～60 kJ/mol之间, 远大于活性炭对CO的物理吸附能(9.15 kJ/mol), 因而络合吸附更稳定, 选择性也更高. Cu(I)选择吸附在活性炭表面的顶位和桥位, 一个Cu(I)至多可以吸附一个到两个CO分子, 但吸附一个CO比吸附两个CO稳定.     

呫吨类染料的表面增强共振喇曼散射光谱

本文研究了呫吨类染料分子(R110, RB, SRB, R_6G, R101和SF)吸附于化学沉积银岛膜上的表面增强共振喇曼散射(SERRS)光谱。文中详细的介绍了获得SERRS的实验条件, 对谱线的归属作了指认, 并讨论了共振、表面增强、吸附状态和衬底制备条件等因素对SERRS的特征和对喇曼散射截面的增强的影响。结果表明, SERRS是研究强荧光染料分子以及它们与金属表面相互作用的一种新的有效手段。     

改性活性炭对模拟柴油中噻吩类硫化物的吸附性能

将粉状活性炭(AC)分别经过浓硝酸、浓硫酸和王水氧化后得到3种改性活性炭NAC、SAC和AAC,测定了改性前后活性炭在30℃和50℃对正辛烷溶液中苯并噻吩(BT)、二苯并噻吩(DBT)和3-甲基噻吩(3-MT)的静态等温吸附数据,并用Langmuir方程对数据进行了处理。结果表明,改性后活性炭对噻吩类硫化物的吸附性能均有所增强,其强弱顺序为AAC>NAC>SAC>AC,在30℃下AAC对正辛烷溶液中BT、DBT和3-MT的最大吸附硫含量分别比AC提高了88.7%、63.4%和95.1%。活性炭对噻吩类硫化物的吸附性能强弱与其在红外谱图中含氧官能团的峰强度大小和Boehm滴定分析中含氧官能团数量多少是一致的。在30℃下,再生4次后的AAC对正辛烷溶液中的BT、DBT和3-MT硫的平衡吸附量仍可达到初始吸附量的71.5%、72.7%和40.7%,再生效果良好。     

巨正则系综Monte Carlo模拟方法确定活性炭的微孔尺寸

根据299K下甲烷在活性炭中的吸附实验数据,通过调节狭缝微孔的孔宽参数,利用巨正则系综MonteCarlo(GCEMC)方法得到不同孔宽下流体的微观结构以及吸附等温线.比较并拟合模拟结果和实验数据,确定了活性炭微孔的平均孔宽,为下一步求解微孔尺寸分布以及为预测吸附剂在不同温度下吸附不同吸附质分子时的吸附性能提供了基础与指导.模拟中,甲烷分子采用单点Lennard-Jones球型分子模型,活性炭用狭缝孔来近似表征,流体分子与单个狭缝墙的相互作用采用著名的Steele的10－4-3势能模型.模拟表明,此方法为考察介孔材料的微孔分布以及微孔平均孔宽提供了新的思路.     

邻甲酚在类水滑石、焙烧及改性类水滑石上的吸附

用液相非稳态共沉淀法制备了Mg-Al 类水滑石(HTlc); Mg-Al HTlc 于450 ℃下焙烧得焙烧类水滑石(CHTlc); 采用结构重建法由CHTlc 制备了十二烷基硫酸根(DS－)插层(改性)类水滑石(DS·HTlc). 研究了邻甲酚在Mg-Al HTlc,CHTlc 和DS·HTlc 上的吸附行为: 邻甲酚在Mg-Al HTlc, CHTlc 和DS·HTlc 上的吸附动力学和等温式均分别符合准二级动力学方程和Freundlich 方程, 且吸附速率和吸附量大小均依次为: DS·HTlc>>CHTlc>HTlc; 在初始pH＝5.00～13.00 范围内, 邻甲酚在HTlc 和CHTlc 上的吸附量随pH 值的增加先增加后减小, 随温度的增加而增加, 邻甲酚在DS·HTlc 的吸附量随pH 值和温度的增加而降低; 邻甲酚在HTlc, CHTlc 和DS·HTlc 上的吸附量均随电解质(NaCl)浓度的增加而增加, 探讨了吸附机理. 研究结果表明, DS·HTlc 有望成为一种新型的高效酚类有机污染物处理剂.     

驱油体系化学剂间相互作用对界面吸附膜的影响

采用界面张力弛豫技术研究了不对称Gemini表面活性剂C12COONa-p-C9SO3Na、部分水解聚丙烯酰胺Mo-4000、疏水缔合水溶性聚丙烯酰胺(HMPAM)等驱油体系化学剂在癸烷/水界面上的扩张流变性质,考察了不同离子强度、不同类型电解质对体系界面流变性质的影响,计算得到界面扩张弹性模量和粘性模量的全频率谱,并通过归一化方法(cole-cole图)探讨了界面吸附膜的弛豫过程。研究发现,界面膜内分子重排和界面与体相间分子扩散交换是影响膜性质的主要弛豫过程。表面活性剂体相浓度增大有利于界面分子重排过程,而低频有利于扩散交换过程;不同结构聚合物以及不同离子强度、不同类型电解质对表面活性剂吸附膜有不同的影响。     

吸附在活性炭上的二氧六环类固相和类液相性质的NMR研究

In this paper a study of the spin lattice relaxation times of dioxane(DO) adsorbed on various charcoals is presented. Results show that the magnetziation of DO decays biexponentially (Table 1) as observed in the case of adsorbed hydrocarbons~[6]. The fast relaxing molecules are considered to be those adsorbed in micropores with radii less than 1.0 nm whose motion is restricted and slowed down, thus they form a solid like phase. However, the slow relaxing ones are those condensed in the micropores, they are free to move and form the liquid like phase. Molecules condensed in the interior of the micropores exchange rapidly with those situated in the vicinity of the pore wall according to Eq.(2).Comparison of data in Table 1 may lead to a conclusion that charcoal with greater density of surface acidic groups and greater percentage of pore capacity with radius<1.0 nm (V_(10)/V_(30)) has a greater percentage of solid like phase (P_f). Although V_(10)/V_(30) of density of surface acidic groups. It is apparent that surface acidic groups in micropores play an important role in the formation of solid like phase of DO on charcoals. It seems that DO form hydrogen bond with the surface acidic groups. It is this hydrogen bond and the hinderance effect of pores restrict the DO from moving freely, which results in the formation of the so called solid like phase. It can be found from small (0.10 ml/gC). This implies that DO vapour may first condense in the micropores having more acidic groups and higher activation energy, and then fill in other pores step by step as the adsorption process proceeds.     

几种典型国产活性炭吸附各种烃类的NMR研究——Ⅱ. 苯、环己烷、正戊烷和正己烷吸附的1H NMR研究

活性炭吸附苯、环己烷、正戊烷和正已烷的测量表明, 在同一种活性炭中各烃的饱和吸附体积相同, 四种烃的吸附量与其摩尔体积成反比。同一种被吸附物在不同活性炭中的吸附量与各活性炭的比孔容和孔径分布有关。活性炭的比孔容大, 且孔径小于3.0 nm的微孔比例大时, 其吸附和解吸容量也大。这些体系的~1H NMR研究进一步证实了孔径小于3.0 nm的微孔中发生毛细管凝聚, 导致吸附和解吸的容量增大。被吸附分子的自旋晶格弛豫时间几乎不随被吸附物的种类而异。他们与活性炭表面上酸性基团总量有较好的曲线关系。     

STUDY ON THE DETERMINATION OF TRACE BISMUTH(Ⅲ) BY THIN-LAYER RESIN PHASE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

In this paper, a new thin-layer ion-exchange resin phase analytical method is introduced. It is based on that, the bismuthous cation can associate with iodic anions, so as to formed an anioncomplex [BiI-4] in a strong acidic environments. This anion complex can also exchanges with a weaker anions on the surface active site of anion exchange resin, so that a [R+] [BiI-4] solid phase binary associational system is produced. Owing to the solid system is a great many dispersive particulates, it can be pressed to a thin-layer by press tools of the so called "thin-layer resin phase"or "resin phase ", and using this solid association system spectrophotometry for the determination of trace metals. So it can increase the analytical sensitivity. This association system exhibits maximum absorbance at 460nm, and obeys Beer's law over the concentration range 0. 01ug/ml～1.20ug/ml of bismuthous(Ⅲ). It has a molar absorptivity of 7.1 ×105 [L/mol cm]. It indicated the resin phase spectrophotometry is a sensitive analytical method for trace bismuthous. It is 18 times higher than routine aqueous spectrophotometry. The relative standard deviations is 1.82% (n=6) for the measurements of 0. 5ug/ml Bi(Ⅲ). The detection limit of Bismuthous(Ⅲ) is 1.4 ×10-8mol/L. The method has applied to the analysis Bi(Ⅲ) in environmental water samples.     

V2O5表面氧和晶格氧的热脱附性能

V_2O_5是一种重要的烃类选择氧化催化剂,ESR研究表明,在V_2O_5/SiO_2上存在有O~-,O~(2-)和O_3~-等物种。但是氧吸附物种的ESR研究迄今仍局限于较低温度,与实际催化反应条件尚存相当差距。用程序升温脱附(TPD)法研究,恰好能补其不足。但是关于V_2O_5表     

The reductive mechanism of nitrobenzene catalyzed by nine charcoals in sulfides solution

Due to the different sources of charcoals, there are significant differences in their properties. In order to study the catalytic effect of different charcoals to nitrobenzene (NB), we selected nine charcoal-sources to prepare nine charcoals with different properties. The experiments showed that NB could be rapidly reduced by sulfides in the presence of all charcoals. The surface area normalized reduction rate constants of NB increased with H/C and (O+N)/C ratio of charcoals increasing. The difference of catalytic effect for nine charcoals was mainly due to their different species and content of surface functional groups and original organic matter. Based on the theoretical calculation and experimental results, the reaction mechanism of NB catalyzed by charcoal in sulfides solution was analyzed. Some active surface functional groups and original organic matter of charcoals were regarded as the active sites and played an important role in catalyzing the reduction of NB by accelerating the transfer of electrons from sulfides to NB.     

V2O5/TiO2催化剂活性组分与载体相互作用研究

制备了一系列负载型V-Ti-O催化剂, 运用现代分析测试手段如BET、TPD、NARP、XRD等进行表征. 研究发现负载于TiO_2上的V_2O_5由于相互作用而使其表面V=O物种选择外露, 载体TiO_2的晶体结构是决定它们之间相互作用的关键因素. 锐铁矿型TiO_2上获得最大V=O暴露的表面V_2O_5浓度显著低于金红石TiO_2载体上获得最大V=O暴露时的表面V_2O_5浓度. 而具有较大比表面及较强酸中心的TiO_2载体导致较强的相互作用. 即可获得较大的表面V=O暴露度.     

Effect of surface oxygen complexes of sugar charcoal on the half cell potential of carbon-nickel ferrite electrodes

Carbon-nickel ferrite electrodes were prepared by pressing equal amounts of charcoals and nickel ferrite using ABS polymer (in acetone + benzene) as binder on a steel mesh. The half cell potentials reported were measured with reference to saturated calomel electrode. The electrolyte used was 4-N potassium hydroxide and fuel used was methanol. The surface oxygen complexes on the charcoals were varied (i) by heat-treating the sugar charcoal in vacuum at 400, 750 and 1000° C and (ii) by boiling in 4N.HNO₃ for different intervals of time. Half cell potential measured increases with the increase of oxygen content of the charcoals. The oxygen complex which is disposed off as carbon dioxide imparts polarity to the charcoal surface, and is largely responsible for the increase in potential.     

Effect of different superficial treatments on structural,morphological and superficial area of Kraft lignin based charcoal

Lignin is a biomass derived from an abundant renewable source, rich in carbon and with potential application in modern society. The goal of this work is to add more value to lignin through its thermal conversion in charcoal, as well contribute to solutions linked to environmental preservation. Charcoal was obtained from Kraft lignin and its surface was modified using chemical (acid attack) and physical (microwave plasma) methods, in order to get charcoals different characteristics. In this work, the prepared charcoals were characterized by field emission gun - scanning electron microscope (FEG-SEM), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and superficial area by BET analyses. Microscopic analyses evidenced morphological differences in the samples as consequence of the used superficial treatments. Raman spectroscopy results point to an increase in the carbon material disorder after chemical and physical treatments. The acid attack of charcoal increased its superficial area by 40% (403 m²/g) in relation to the charcoal without chemical treatment (287 m²/g). Physical treatment based on microwave plasma promoted a further increase in superficial area of 63% (468 m²/g). FT-IR showed that chemically treated charcoals presented more functional groups. Based on these results, it can be verified that the production of activated charcoal from lignin is viable and its superficial area can be increased using acid and plasma treatments, the latter being a more efficient and clean method.