温度对液态水结构的影响：中子及X射线散射研究

采用中子散射和X射线散射研究了液态水在298～373 K温度范围内的结构,通过偏径向分布函数(PDF)、配位数分布(CN)、角分布(ADF)及空间密度分布(SDF)等讨论了温度对液态水结构的影响。整体来看,液态水具有"不规则四面体"氢键网络的短程有序结构,该有序度可延续到第三水合层。液态水分子的第一水合层中,围绕中心水分子约有4.8个水分子,然而其中仅有约3.3个水分子与中心水分子通过氢键相键合,约1/3进入到第一水合层的水分子并未与中心水分子直接键合,也正是这些间隙水分子的存在加剧了液态水结构的复杂性。温度对液态水的有序度存在一定的影响,在298～373 K的有限温度变化范围内,温度对液态水中氢键的键长、键角分布及第一水合层SDF的影响不大。从298K升温到373K,O(W)-O(W)距离仅增加0.03?,氢键数目也仅有微小减少,温度对第二和第三水合层的影响则要显著很多。     

二氟尼柳/水滑石插层组装结构、氢键及水合特性的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学方法模拟二氟尼柳插层水滑石(DIF/LDHs)的超分子结构, 研究复合材料主客体间形成的氢键以及水合膨胀特性.结果表明, 当水分子总数与DIF分子总数之比Nw≤3时, 层间距dc保持基本恒定, 约1.80 nm; 当Nw≥4时, 层间距逐渐增大, 且符合dc=1.2611Nw+13.63线性方程. 随着水分子个数增加, 水合能驻UH逐渐增大. 当Nw≤16时, 由于⊿UH<-41.84 kJ·mol-1, LDHs-DIF可以持续吸收水, 从而使材料层间距不断膨胀. 但当Nw≥24时, ⊿UH>-41.84 kJ·mol-1, 此时LDHs-DIF层间不能再进一步水合, 因此LDHs-DIF在水环境中膨胀具有一定的限度. 水滑石层间存在复杂的氢键网络. DIF/LDHs水合过程中, 水分子首先同步与层板和阴离子构成氢键; 当阴离子趋于饱和后, 水分子继续与层板形成氢键, 并逐步发生L-W型氢键取代L-A型氢键, 驱使阴离子向层间中央移动, 与层板发生隔离; 最后水分子在水滑石羟基表面形成有序结构化水层.     

NH4+( (H2O)n(n＝1～9)的量子化学和ABEEM/MM的理论研究

运用量子化学和ABEEM/MM浮动电荷分子力场, 构建描述铵离子-水体系相互作用的精密势能函数, 对 - (H₂O)_n (n＝1～9)簇合物的结构和稳定性等性质进行了研究. 对团簇的结合能和电荷布居分析发现, 当n≤4时, 随着水分子数目的增加, 与水分子间尽可能多地形成线型氢键, 直至水分子在 周围形成完整的第一水合层|当n≥5时, 簇合物以 为中心, 通过氢键网络形成的环状和笼状结构为最稳定. 与第一水合层水分子的相互作用强于水分子之间的相互作用. 结果表明, ABEEM/MM方法的结果与量子化学方法得到的结果有很好的一致性.     

水化镁基蒙脱石的分子动力学模拟

利用分子动力学(MD)模拟了300 K时镁基蒙脱石(粘土)层间水和镁离子的结构和动力学性质.模拟结果显示水在粘土层间分为二层,只有一小部分水被粘土表面吸附,与粘土结构中的羟基形成氢键,不同分布位置的水处于动态平衡.层间水分子氢键配位数比普通水少24%左右,水在粘土中自扩散系数D＝5.355×10^-10 m²·s^-1,约为主体相水的1/4.镁离子在粘土层间形成一层,其与水分子配位数约为6.进一步讨论了温度对粘土层中水的结构和动力学性质的影响.随着温度升高,水层的局部密度ρ(z)降低,水在XY方向的扩散系数不断增大.当温度达到600 K后,层间水分子间的氢键断裂,与超临界状态下水的结构相似,层间水的扩散系数达最大值,温度进一步升至700 K时,其值基本无变化.     

特殊缔合体系TFE水溶液分子动力学模拟

三氟乙醇(TFE)水溶液是一类特殊的缔合体系. 采用分子动力学模拟方法结合核磁共振化学位移研究了TFE水溶液体系全浓度范围的氢键网络, 并对动力学模拟结果和核磁共振化学位移进行了比较. 从径向分布函数(RDF)发现, TFE水溶液中存在着强氢键, 而体系中的C—H…O弱相互作用较为明显, 也不能忽略. 氢键网络分析发现TFE 水溶液体系的氢键大致分为以下三个区域: 在水富集区域, 水分子倾向于自身缔合形成稳定的簇结构, 随着TFE 浓度的增加, 水的有序结构受到破坏, 水分子和TFE分子发生交叉缔合作用形成氢键; 在TFE富集区域, 水分子较少, TFE分子自身通过氢键形成多缔体结构. 此外, 分子动力学统计的平均氢键数的变化和文献报导的核磁共振化学位移变化趋势相同, 实验和理论的结果吻合较好.     

烷基芳基磺酸盐的分子动力学模拟与自由能微扰计算

为研究不同结构的表面活性剂分子在溶液中胶束化能力的差异, 采用分子动力学方法模拟三种烷基芳基磺酸盐在真空和水溶液环境下的结构与相互作用. 利用自由能微扰(FEP)方法计算了水合自由能, 发现与用传统热力学表面张力法测定自制的烷基芳基磺酸盐结果一致. 研究表明: 烷基芳基磺酸盐在水溶液中的胶束化过程是自发进行的, 随着分子结构中芳环向长烷基链中间位置移动, 胶束化能力和胶束稳定性均下降; 疏水基周围水分子的“冰山结构”会影响胶束的稳定性, 而水分子中氢键的生存周期是反映冰山结构变化的重要指标; 同时, 亲水基与水分子间形成氢键的数目会增强或减弱分子脱离胶束体的趋势, 从而影响胶束结构的稳定性.     

类水滑石主体层板与客体CO2-3、H2O间的超分子作用

通过构建类水滑石双层计算模型,采用混合密度泛函B3LYP/6-31G(d)//B3LYP/3-21G方法计算类水滑石(LDHs-CO3-yH2O)的结构与能量,探讨LDHs限域空间中客体阴离子及水分子的分布形态以及主客体超分子作用.计算结果表明,客体阴离子与水分子以平行层板的方式存在于水滑石层间.主客体发生作用时,CO2-3的HOMO轨道向层板的LUMO轨道转移电子.所形成的LDHs-CO3主客体作用要强于LDHs-F以及LDHs-Cl.与其离子交换性能相一致.水滑石去水结构(LDHs-CO3)水合过程,氢键作用较静电作用更占优势,并且layer-water型氢键要强于anion-water型氢键.此外,水合能计算表明LDHs水合具有一定的饱和量.     

类水滑石主体层板与客体CO2-3、H2O间的超分子作用

通过构建类水滑石双层计算模型, 采用混合密度泛函B3LYP/6-31G(d)//B3LYP/3-21G方法计算类水滑石(LDHs-CO3-yH2O)的结构与能量, 探讨LDHs限域空间中客体阴离子及水分子的分布形态以及主客体超分子作用. 计算结果表明, 客体阴离子与水分子以平行层板的方式存在于水滑石层间. 主客体发生作用时, CO2-3的HOMO轨道向层板的LUMO轨道转移电子. 所形成的LDHs-CO3主客体作用要强于LDHs-F以及LDHs-Cl, 与其离子交换性能相一致. 水滑石去水结构(LDHs-CO3)水合过程, 氢键作用较静电作用更占优势, 并且layer-water型氢键要强于anion-water 型氢键. 此外, 水合能计算表明LDHs水合具有一定的饱和量.     

分子动力学方法研究聚甲基乙烯基醚／水体系中氢键和准氢键的结构与分布

用分子动力学方法模拟室温下不同浓度的聚甲基乙烯基醚／水体系的微观溶剂化结构．得到的径向分布函数和氢键给体和受体距离分布表明,聚合物与水形成的氢键比水之间形成的氢键短约0．005nm．准氢键C—H…O的数目是范德华作用对的7．2％．我们发现,在各浓度下,水分子并不能均匀地分布在聚合物结构单元上,即使在很稀的溶液（3．3％,质量分数）中,仍然有10％左右的醚氧没有和水分子形成氢键．这说明在溶液中,不但高分子链间有紧密的接触,而且高分子链内的链段间也有紧密的接触,导致链上的一些醚氧不能和水分子有效地接触而形成氢键．准氢键随浓度的变化和氢键的变化趋势类似,但形成准氢键的结构单元数目与形成氢键的结构单元数目比值在0．2附近．文献上用动态DSC测量低分子量聚甲基乙烯基醚（PVME）水溶液的相转变焓发现,在浓度为30％左右有一转折,与本模拟所得出的在浓度为27％左右氢键和准氢键比例的转折相关,这给相转变焓的转折点提供了分子尺度的微观解释．另外,浓度小于54％的溶液中存在“自由水”,在86％的浓溶液中每个结构单元大约与1．56个水分子缔合．     

镁锡水滑石中的超分子作用

通过构建镁锡水滑石(Mg3Sn-LDHs-yH2O)周期性计算模型,基于密度泛函理论,用CASTEP程序模块,进行模型的几何全优化.对各体系的结构参数、Mulliken电荷布居、态密度(DOS)、逐级水合能等进行分析,探究客体CO320-和H2O的分布形态及其与主体层板的超分子作用.结果表明,[Mg6Sn2(OH)16]4+层间插入客体阴离子CO320-和水分子后,主客体间存在着较强的超分子作用力,主要包括静电和氢键作用,且氢键作用在水合过程中起主导作用,总体上层板-水(L-W)型/层板-阴离子(L-A)型氢键强度要强于阴离子-水(A-W)型/水-水(W-W)型氢键.随着层间水分子的增多,层间距先增大后又稍降低.当y=0、1时,客体所在的平面与主体层板平行,且与两层板的距离基本相等;当y=2、3时,客体以偏向某一层板的形式存在.与层间H2O相比,层间阴离子CO230-对体系态密度的影响更显著,层板与CO320-的总体作用力大于与H2O的总体作用力.随着水分子数的增加,Mg3Sn-LDHs-yH2O体系的逐级水合能绝对值逐渐降低,说明Mg3Sn-LDHs的水合程度不会无限增加,而是具有饱和量.     

Synthesis of thermo‐responsive 4‐arm star‐shaped porphyrin‐centered poly(N,N‐diethylacrylamide) via reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer radical polymerization

Tetrafunctional porphyrins‐containing trithiocarbonate groups were synthesized by an ordinary esterification method. This tetrafunctional porphyrin (TPP‐CTA) could be used as a chain transfer agent in a controlled reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization to prepare well‐defined 4‐arm star‐shaped polymers. N,N‐Diethylacrylamide was polymerized using TPP‐CTA in 1,4‐dioxane. Poly(N,N‐diethylacrylamide) (PDEA) is known to be a thermo‐responsive polymer, and exhibits a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in water. The star‐shaped PDEA polymer (TPP‐PDEA) was therefore also thermo‐responsive, as expected. The LCST of this polymer depended on its concentration in water, as confirmed by turbidity, dynamic light scattering (DLS), static light scattering (SLS), and ¹H NMR measurements. The porphyrin cores were compartmentalized in PDEA shells in aqueous media. Below the LCST, the fluorescence intensity of TPP‐PDEA was about six times larger than that of a water‐soluble low molecular weight porphyrin compound (TSPP), whose fluorescence intensity was independent of temperature. Above the LCST, the fluorescence intensity of TPP‐PDEA decreased, while the intensity was about three times higher than that of TSPP. These observations suggested that interpolymer aggregation occurred due to the hydrophobic interactions of the dehydrated PDEA arm chains above the LCST, with self‐quenching of the porphyrin moieties arising from these interactions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2009     

Quantum mechanical charge field molecular dynamics simulation of the TiO2+ ion in aqueous solution

Structural and dynamical properties of the TiO(2+) ion in aqueous solution have been investigated by using the new ab initio quantum mechanical charge field (QMCF) molecular dynamics (MD) formalism, which does not require any other potential functions except those for solvent-solvent interactions. Both first and second hydration shell have been treated at Hartree-Fock (HF) quantum mechanical level. A Ti-O bond distance of 1.5 A was observed for the [Ti=O](2+) ion. The first hydration shell of the ion shows a varying coordination number ranging from 5 to 7, five being the dominant one and representing one axial and four equatorial water molecules directly coordinated to Ti, which are located at 2.3 A and 2.1 A, respectively. The flexibility in the coordination number reflects the fast exchange processes, which occur only at the oxo atom, where water ligands are weakly bound through hydrogen bonds. Considering the first shell hydration, the composition of the TiO(2+) hydrate can be characterized as [(H(2)O)(0.7)(H(2)O)(4) (eq)(H(2)O)(ax)](2+). The second shell consists in average of 12 water molecules located at a mean distance of 4.4 A. Several other structural parameters such as radial and angular distribution functions and coordination number distributions were analyzed to fully characterize the hydration structure of the TiO(2+) ion in aqueous solution. For the dynamics of the TiO(2+) ion, different sets of dynamical parameters such as Ti=O, Ti-O(eq), and Ti-O(ax) stretching frequencies and ligands' mean residence times were evaluated. During the simulation time of 15 ps, 3 water exchange processes in the first shell were observed at the oxo atom, corresponding to a mean residence time of 3.6 ps. The ligands' mean residence time for the second shell was determined as 3.5 ps.     

On the structure and dynamics of the hydrated sulfite ion in aqueous solution--an ab initio QMCF MD simulation and large angle X-ray scattering study

Theoretical ab initio quantum mechanical charge field molecular dynamics (QMCF MD) formalism has been applied in conjunction to experimental large angle X-ray scattering to study the structure and dynamics of the hydrated sulfite ion in aqueous solution. The results show that there is a considerable effect of the lone electron-pair on sulfur concerning structure and dynamics in comparison with the sulfate ion with higher oxidation number and symmetry of the hydration shell. The S-O bond distance in the hydrated sulfite ion has been determined to 1.53(1) ? by both methods. The hydrogen bonds between the three water molecules bound to each sulfite oxygen are only slightly stronger than those in bulk water. The sulfite ion can therefore be regarded as a weak structure maker. The water exchange rate is somewhat slower for the sulfite ion than for the sulfate ion, τ(0.5) = 3.2 and 2.6 ps, respectively. An even more striking observation in the angular radial distribution (ARD) functions is that the for sulfite ion the water exchange takes place in close vicinity of the lone electron-pair directed at its sides, while in principle no water exchange did take place of the water molecules hydrogen bound to sulfite oxygens during the simulation time. This is also confirmed when detailed pathway analysis is conducted. The simulation showed that the water molecules hydrogen bound to the sulfite oxygens can move inside the hydration shell to the area outside the lone electron-pair and there be exchanged. On the other hand, for the hydrated sulfate ion in aqueous solution one can clearly see from the ARD that the distribution of exchange events is symmetrical around the entire hydration sphere.     

Description of collective effects in computer models of water

The dynamics of a system containing 3456 water molecules in a cubic cell with periodic boundary conditions at 297 K was simulated. The time dependence of distances between oxygen atoms was examined for many pairs of molecules. These distances often oscillate around a certain average value over long periods of time (10 ps and longer). These average values can be about 2.8 Å (hydrogen bond) or much larger, up to 12–13 Å and more. This suggests that big groups of molecules are involved in a concerted motion. Lists of hydrogen bonds in 50 configurations divided by an interval of about 1 ps are compared. The average lifetime of a hydrogen bond is about 7 ps. The network of hydrogen bonds is colored according to their lifetimes for one of the configurations. The bonds that live longer than 7 ps form an infinite cluster. The bonds that live longer than 8 ps join to form a great number of finite clusters including several hundreds of nodes (molecules). These clusters contain few closed cycles. Even the bonds that live longer than 20 ps are united into clusters each containing two or three nodes (molecules). The self-diffusion coefficient for molecules involved in long-lived bonds is likely to be slightly smaller than that for molecules which do not participate in these bonds.     

Study of the phase transition of poly(N,N‐diethylacrylamide) in water by rheology and dynamic light scattering

Poly(N,N‐diethylacrylamide) (PDEA) possesses a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in aqueous media. The solution properties of PDEA at various temperatures have been characterized with techniques such as rheology and dynamic light scattering. There is a decrease in the coil size before the phase transition due to a coil‐to‐globule transition. At the LCST, rheological and dynamic light scattering studies have also confirmed an aggregation phenomenon. This aggregation modifies the rheological properties of the polymer solutions. High frequencies hinder the phase‐transition process and reduce the LCST of the polymers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 1627–1637, 2003     

An ab initio quantum mechanical charge field molecular dynamics simulation of a dilute aqueous HCl solution

An ab initio quantum mechanical charge field (QMCF) molecular dynamics simulation has been performed to study the structural and dynamical properties of a dilute aqueous HCl solution. The solute molecule HCl and its surrounding water molecules were treated at Hartree‐Fock level in conjunction with Dunning double‐ζ plus polarization function basis sets. The simulation predicts an average H? Cl bond distance of 1.28 Å, which is in good agreement with the experimental value. The H_HCl···O_w and Cl_HCl···H_w distances of 1.84 and 3.51 Å were found for the first hydration shell. At the hydrogen site of HCl, a single water molecule is the most preferred coordination, whereas an average coordination number of 12 water molecules of the full first shell was observed for the chloride site. The hydrogen bonding at the hydrogen site of HCl is weakened by proton transfer reactions and an associated lability of ligand binding. Two proton transfer processes were observed in the QMCF MD simulation, demonstrating acid dissociation of HCl. A weak structure‐making/breaking effect of HCl in water is recognized from the mean residence times of 2.1 and 0.8 ps for ligands in the neighborhood of Cl and H sites of HCl, respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010     

Atomistic insights on the LCST behavior of PMEO2MA in water by molecular dynamics simulations

Fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of poly(2‐[2‐methoxyethoxy]ethyl methacrylate) (PMEO₂MA) in water at temperatures below and above its lower critical solution temperature (LCST) were performed to improve the understanding of its LCST behavior. Atomic trajectories were used to calculate various structural and dynamic properties. Simulation results show that PMEO₂MA undergo a distinct coil‐to‐globule transition above LCST. Detailed analyses of the number of first hydration shell water molecules around various atomic regions are revealed that the water solubility of PMEO₂MA below LCST is mainly provided by the hydrophobic hydration around the side chain carbon atoms. This is achieved by the cage‐like water network formations which are disrupted when the temperature is increased above LCST, accompanied by significant amount of water molecule release and local water‐ordering reduction, which leads to the LCST phase transition. Furthermore, other analyses such as the number of hydrogen bonds and hydrogen bond lifetimes suggest that intermolecular hydrogen bondings between polymer and water molecules have little effect on the phase transition. Our results will contribute to a better understanding on the LCST phase transition of oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (OEGMA)‐based homopolymers at atomistic level that will be useful when designing homo‐ and co‐polymers of OEGMAs with desired properties. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2018 , 56, 429–441     

Structure and dynamics of methanol in water: a quantum mechanical charge field molecular dynamics study

An ab initio quantum mechanical charge field molecular dynamics simulation was carried out for one methanol molecule in water to analyze the structure and dynamics of hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups. It is found that water molecules around the methyl group form a cage-like structure whereas the hydroxyl group acts as both hydrogen bond donor and acceptor, thus forming several hydrogen bonds with water molecules. The dynamic analyses correlate well with the structural data, evaluated by means of radial distribution functions, angular distribution functions, and coordination number distributions. The overall ligand mean residence time, τ identifies the methanol molecule as structure maker. The relative dynamics data of hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl of methanol and water molecules prove the existence of both strong and weak hydrogen bonds. The results obtained from the simulation are in excellent agreement with the experimental results for dilute solution of CH(3)OH in water. The overall hydration shell of methanol consists in average of 18 water molecules out of which three are hydrogen bonded.     

Molecular dynamics study on the solvent dependent heme cooling following ligand photolysis in carbonmonoxy myoglobin

The time scale and mechanism of vibrational energy relaxation of the heme moiety in myoglobin was studied using molecular dynamics simulation. Five different solvent models, including normal water, heavy water, normal glycerol, deuterated glycerol and a nonpolar solvent, and two forms of the heme, one native and one lacking acidic side chains, were studied. Structural alteration of the protein was observed in native myoglobin glycerol solution and native myoglobin water solution. The single-exponential decay of the excess kinetic energy of the heme following ligand photolysis was observed in all systems studied. The relaxation rate depends on the solvent used. However, this dependence cannot be explained using bulk transport properties of the solvent including macroscopic thermal diffusion. The rate and mechanism of heme cooling depends upon the detailed microscopic interaction between the heme and solvent. Three intermolecular energy transfer mechanisms were considered: (i) energy transfer mediated by hydrogen bonds, (ii) direct vibration-vibration energy transfer via resonant interaction, and (iii) energy transfer via vibration-translation or vibration-rotation interaction, or in other words, thermal collision. The hydrogen bond interaction and vibration-vibration interaction between the heme and solvent molecules dominates the energy transfer in native myoglobin aqueous solution and native myoglobin glycerol solutions. For modified myoglobin, the vibration-vibration interaction is also effective in glycerol solution, different from aqueous solution. Thermal collisions form the dominant energy transfer pathway for modified myoglobin in water solution, and for both native myoglobin and modified myoglobin in a nonpolar environment. For native myoglobin in a nonpolar solvent solution, hydrogen bonds between heme isopropionate side chains and nearby protein residues, absent in the modified myoglobin nonpolar solvent solution, are key interactions influencing the relaxation pathways.     

Structure and hydration of L-proline in aqueous solutions

The structure and hydration of L-proline in aqueous solution have been investigated using a combination of neutron diffraction with isotopic substitution, empirical potential structure refinement modeling, and small-angle neutron scattering at three concentrations, 1:10, 1:15, and 1:20 proline/water mole ratios. In each solution the carboxylate oxygen atoms from proline accept less than two hydrogen bonds from the surrounding water solvent and the amine hydrogen atoms donate less than one hydrogen bond to the surrounding water molecules. The solute-solute radial distribution functions indicate relatively weak interactions between proline molecules, and significant clustering or aggregation of proline is absent at all these concentrations. The spatial density distributions for the hydration of the COO- group in proline show a similar shape to that found previously in L-glutamic acid in aqueous solution but with a reduced coordination number.