一个有趣的驱动性问题——蜡烛在太空中能否燃烧

对蜡烛在微重力条件下是否能够燃烧有不同的预测结果,从对流、扩散和反应引发3个角度讨论了预测微重力状态下蜡烛能否燃烧的思路。引用美国航空航天局、中国科学院和哈尔滨工程大学等的实验研究证据,说明在微重力环境中蜡烛可以持续燃烧,以及蜡烛微重力燃烧时火焰的形状、颜色、大小和温度等特点。介绍使用摄像机实际拍摄蜡烛微重力燃烧现象的方法。     

对蜡烛燃烧产物成分的再探究

蜡烛燃烧实验是九年级化学教材中的一个典型实验,在检验蜡烛燃烧产物的实验中,发现在从蜡烛燃烧的内焰与外焰结合区域引出的气体中不仅含有石蜡蒸气和一氧化碳,而且还含有能使酸性高锰酸钾溶液和溴水褪色的物质,再将其分别通入银氨溶液和氯化亚铜氨溶液中后,还分别产生了白色和红色沉淀.由此得出在蜡烛燃烧的气体产物中可能含有末端炔烃和烯烃等物质的结论.     

蜡烛燃烧产物二氧化碳非常规灭火原因的实验探究

将蜡烛燃烧产物的检验和二氧化碳非常规灭火实验探究集中在一个实验内完成,使实验操作更加简便、现象更加明显,同时对二氧化碳非常规灭火原因的假设和验证进行了巧妙的实验探究。最后,对化学实验教学提出了几点教学思考。     

对蜡烛燃烧现象的追问与解释

蜡烛燃烧实验蕴含着许多物理和化学原理。通过文献梳理和实验探究,探讨了蜡烛等物质燃烧时为什么会形成火焰、火焰的形状、温度、颜色和成分等问题,为中学化学教学提供参考。     

蜡烛不完全燃烧实验的改进

指出了初中化学教材中“蜡烛不完全燃烧”实验缺乏直观性的不足,详细介绍了利用铁管和蜡烛演示的实验方法及实验现象。     

"蜡烛刚熄灭时白烟的点燃"实验改进

九年级化学上册(人民教育出版社出版,2001年6月第1版)第8页图1—18:点燃蜡烛刚熄灭时的白烟,观察蜡烛能否重新燃烧?按教材介绍的方法点燃,成功率极低。原因是:吹灭蜡烛时白烟会被吹扩散,离得远点不着,离得近(约1cm,不等白烟扩散)确能点着,但分不清究竟是点着的白烟引燃了蜡烛,还是直接点燃了蜡烛?这个实验可以这样改进:取约10 cm长的粗棉线(没用过的酒精灯芯),放在融化的石蜡中浸透(相当于蜡烛)。取出棉线,使之成为一团,放在石棉网上点燃。棉线燃烧片刻后,用一直径60 mm,高100 mm的漏斗罩住,少顷可看到燃烧的棉线全部熄灭,这时点燃漏斗径口…     

蜡烛燃烧产物检验实验的改进

用透明的圆柱形去底塑料瓶、90°弯尾球形干燥管、铁架台等组装实验装置改进了蜡烛燃烧产物检验的实验，可以很快看到塑料瓶内壁空干燥管内有水雾、石灰水变浑浊，说明蜡烛燃烧的产物有水和二氧化碳。     

“蜡烛刚熄灭时白烟的点燃”实验新方法

分析义务教育课程标准实验教科书化学教材,有关验证"蜡烛燃烧产生白烟"的实验设计颇耐人寻味.人教版第12页(上册)要求"点燃蜡烛刚熄灭时的白烟"(如图1所示),沪教版第11页(上册)说明"从蜡烛火焰中,可以引出一缕‘白烟'"(如图2所示).实际操作时,实验效果很不理想.前者因白烟的散逸,很难点燃,后者引出白烟倒没问题,但点燃时火焰不能连续.虽然已有老师提出通过改制蜡烛的方法点燃白烟[1],然而我们的问题是,普通蜡烛产生的白烟能够被持续点燃吗?答案应该是肯定的.     

二氧化碳熄灭蜡烛火焰

现行初中化学教材在讲到二氧化碳的化学性质时,安排了一个演示实验3-4:在梯形架上放两个蜡烛,点燃后放入烧杯内,往烧杯中倒入CO2时,可以看到梯形架上的蜡烛由下至上先后熄灭。这个实验说明了CO2的三条性质:本身不能燃烧,也不能支持燃烧,且比空气重。     

“蜡烛火焰划分”实验的局限成因分析及改进研究

人教版初中化学首个探究性实验"蜡烛及其燃烧"明确指出火焰的划分方法，但在实际教学中肉眼观察法和火柴梗燃烧法对蜡烛火焰的划分存在一定的局限性。采用文献研究法和实验验证法分析其局限性的成因——燃料的析炭能力强弱、材料结构的不同等，并提出相应的改进建议。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed stereoselective ring expansion of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed ring expansions of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds were investigated. Thiiranes generated 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines in the presence of copper sulfate and trans-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-thiiranes through an intramolecular S_N2 process. Oxiranes gave rise to 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines under the catalysis of copper hexafluoroacetylacetonate and cis-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-oxiranes via an intimate ion-pair mechanism. The current method provides a direct and simple strategy in efficient preparation of 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines and 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines, important agents in medicinal and agricultural chemistry, from readily available thiiranes and oxiranes, respectively.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).