锂离子电池负极材料纳米多孔硅/石墨/碳复合微球的制备与性能

以硅藻土为原料, 通过镁热还原反应得到多孔硅, 进一步利用砂磨得到纳米多孔硅, 然后通过球磨将其与片状石墨和沥青均匀混合, 采用喷雾干燥技术造粒, 高温煅烧后制备了纳米多孔硅/石墨/碳复合微球. 对所得复合微球的结构和理化性质进行了表征. 纳米多孔硅/石墨/碳复合微球作为锂离子电池负极材料展示出较高的可逆容量、 优异的循环稳定性(100次循环后容量仍为790 mA·h/g, 容量保持率可达96.7%)及较好的倍率性能.     

纳米碳与石墨碳复合材料的电化学性能

在天然石墨(NG)中掺杂不同比例的碳纳米管(CNT)得到纳米碳与石墨碳的复合材料.电化学测试结果表明,在NG中掺杂质量分数为10%的CNT所得复合材料的电化学性能最好.经过20次充放电循环,该复合材料的放电容量比同样条件下的石墨提高15.9%.纳米碳管的中空式结构和不易塌陷的特点使复合材料的充放电容量和循环稳定性明显提高.     

纳米碳管的电化学贮锂性能

用透射电镜、高分辩透射电镜、X射线衍射和拉曼光谱表征了用催化热解法制备的纳米碳管的结构,研究了纳米碳管的电化学嵌脱锂性能.以纳米级铁粉为催化剂热解乙炔气得到的纳米碳管石墨化程度较低,结构中存在褶皱的石墨层、乱层石墨和微孔等缺陷,具有较高的贮锂容量,初始容量为640mAh/g,但循环稳定性较差.而以纳米级氧化铁粉为催化剂热解乙烯得到的纳米碳管结构比较规则,循环稳定性较好,但贮锂容量较低,初始容量为282 mAh/g.讨论了纳米碳管的结构对其温度特性和不同电流密度下的充放电容量的影响.     

石油沥青基纳米碳球的制备及其电化学性能研究

以石油沥青为碳源, 在空气中将其加热到450 ℃制备出纳米碳球(CNBs), 经1500 ℃氮气气氛中加热纳米碳球3 h后得到高温处理的纳米碳球(H-CNBs). 采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射、拉曼光谱和红外光谱对所制备的产物进行了结构表征. 结果表明: 制得的CNBs的粒径在50～80 nm之间, 石墨化程度不高, H-CNBs粒径没有改变但石墨化程度有所提高, 推测了CNBs的形成机理. 用恒流充放电测试分别对CNBs和H-CNBs的电化学性能进行了研究, 在电流密度为1 C时, 其首次放电比容量和经过100圈之后的放电比容量分别为1260 mAh/g和500 mAh/g, 413 mAh/g和200 mAh/g之上, 同时这两种纳米碳球的首次充放电的库伦效率较低, 分别经过10圈和30圈后可以稳定在98%左右. CNBs在经历0.1 C, 1 C, 5 C, 10 C循环回到0.1 C时, 容量几乎完全恢复.     

含氮碳微米管电极材料的制备及在电容器中的应用

以天然生物质芦花为原料,采用直接碳化和化学活化碳化2种方法在不同碳化温度下制备了一系列含氮碳微米管材料.对优选的化学活化的JJCZH-750(即碳化温度750℃并经HCl除杂的样品)含氮碳微米管进行了X射线衍射、红外光谱、拉曼光谱、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、热重分析、X射线光电子能谱、N_2吸附-脱附及电化学性能表征.测试结果显示,样品的碳含量为94.36%(质量分数),氮含量为1.24%(质量分数),并且显示出部分石墨化的趋势;样品具有很高的热稳定性(400℃前失重5%);样品的管壁具有以微孔为主(峰值在1.2 nm)并伴有介孔的特征;JJCZH-750的比电容值达170 F/g,经过5000周循环伏安法测试后,比电容值仍保持在153 F/g.     

海藻基含杂原子碳材料的制备及电化学性质

以天然海藻为原料,经条件优化制备了含杂原子的碳材料Sar CW-900及Lam CW-900,对其形貌、元素成分、孔性质和石墨化程度进行分析并讨论其活化机理.将2种材料作为电化学电容器及锂离子电池的电极材料活性物质,分别进行电化学性能测试.结果表明,Sar CW-900及Lam CW-900在被用作电化学电容器电极材料时,比电容分别为106 F/g及85 F/g,经5000次循环伏安稳定性测试,比电容值稳定在101 F/g及81 F/g,分别降低不到4%和5%,是理想的电容器电极材料;在被用作锂离子电池电极材料时,经100次循环比容量分别保持在100. 3及33. 9 mA·h/g,低于纯石墨的理论值,但具有较高的稳定性.     

α-MnO2微球的制备及其电化学电容性质

以Ag片作催化剂在室温下制备了具有较高比表面积(177m2/g)的电化学电容器材料MnO2。XRD测试和SEM分析表明,所制备的MnO2为纳米纤维组成的仙人球状微球结构的α-MnO2。交流阻抗、循环伏安、恒流充放电和循环寿命等电化学测试均表明,所合成的α-MnO2微球在1mol/LNa2SO4水溶液中具有良好的电化学电容性能,单电极比电容可达187.1F/g,经1000次循环后电极容量仍保持在90%以上。     

热处理温度对LiMnPO_4/C复合纳米纤维电化学性能的影响

以乙酸锂、乙酸锰、浓磷酸和PVP为原料,采用静电纺丝法制备了LiMnPO_4/C纳米纤维锂离子电池正极材料,并研究了煅烧温度对LiMnPO_4/C纳米纤维样品形貌、结构和电化学性能的影响。通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对其样品进行了结构和形貌表征。结果表明,经700℃焙烧的LiMnPO_4/C样品为橄榄石型结构,在SEM下呈直径约为310 nm纤维状。该样品在室温0.2 C倍率下首次放电比容量可达157.3 mAh·g~(-1),循环1000圈后的放电比容量在150 mAh·g~(-1)左右,容量保有率为95.3%,具有较高的循环稳定性。     

碳包覆硅/石墨复合材料的制备及其电化学性能

本文以工业硅粉(600目)为原料,通过高能球磨和热解包碳方法制备了碳包覆纳米硅,在此基础上采用简单的机械球磨方法制备了碳包覆/石墨复合材料,并系统研究了碳包覆量及硅/石墨比例对碳包覆硅/石墨复合材料电化学性能的影响.与商业纳米硅粉/石墨复合材料相比,工业硅粉/石墨复合材料的循环性能及倍率性能均得到改善.通过高能球磨和热处理法得到的碳包覆材料为无定形碳和晶态硅材料的复合,所获碳包覆硅材料一次颗粒的粒径在100～200 nm左右.碳包覆量对材料的电化学性能有着重要影响,Si/C-2-1复合材料表现出高的可逆比容量、良好的倍率性能和循环稳定性,在0.1C倍率下,可逆比容量高达492.6 mA h·g~(-1),循环100周后容量保持率达85.8%,1C电流密度下放电比容量达369.7 mAh·g~(-1),为0.1C的73.9%.提高碳包覆硅/石墨复合材料中硅含量的比例可以提升其比容量,当硅含量达到20%时,Si/C-2-3复合材料在0.1C倍率下可逆比容量达到600.4 mAh·g~(-1),但材料循环性能有所下降,说明石墨在稳定硅/碳复合材料循环性能方面发挥着非常重要的作用.     

静电纺氧化锰复合碳纳米纤维柔性膜的电化学性能

采用一步法静电纺丝技术制备了具有超亲水特性的氧化锰/碳纳米纤维(MnO_x/CNFs)复合柔性膜电极材料,并通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜等对复合材料进行了表征.电化学性能测试结果表明,复合材料的电容性能优于单一材料,醋酸锰质量分数为40%时制得的复合纳米纤维电极(MC-4)在1 A/g电流密度下,于2 mol/L KOH电解液中的比电容高达1112.5 F/g,10 A/g电流密度下循环3000次比容量保持在93.4%,具有很好的稳定性.MnO_x/CNFs复合材料电化学性能增强一方面是由于三维超亲水纤维膜结构有利于电解液的快速浸润渗透,从而极大缩短了传输到材料基质的有效路径;另一方面是由于碳和MnO_x的协同效应,包裹在MnO_x粒子周围的碳层避免了MnO_x在充放电过程中的体积膨胀效应,这2种叠加机制促进了电化学性能的提升.     

The synthesis, X-ray and DFT structures of the free ansa–cyclopentadiene ligand C5H5CMe2CMe2C5H5

The title compound 2,3-dicyclopentadiene-2,3-dimethylbutane (C₅H₅CMe₂CMe₂C₅H₅) 1 shows the typical staggered conformation of a highly substituted ethane derivative with the two largest substituents (C₅H₅) adopting a trans position. The molecule shows C₂ symmetry about the central C–C bond. Due to the high substitution, the central bond of the ethane is elongated to 160.0 pm (X-ray structure analysis) while the DFT calculation finds a value of 159.2 pm.     

DFT study on the electron affinities of the chlorinated benzenes

The molecular structures and electron affinities of the C₆HCl₅ and C₆Cl₆ molecules have been determined using seven pure Density Functional Theory (DFT) or hybrid Hartree–Fock/DFT methods. The EAs of ten kinds of monochlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, trichlorobenzene and tetrachlorobenzene are also predicted. The basis set used in this work is of double-ζ plus polarization quality with additional diffuse s- and p-type functions, denoted DZP++. These methods have been carefully calibrated (Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 231). The geometries are fully optimized with each DFT method independently. The equilibrium configuration of hexachlorobenzene is found to be planar with D_6h symmetry. The pentachlorobenzene is planar with C_2υ symmetry. Three different types of the neutral-anion energy separations reported in this work are the adiabatic Electron Affinity (EA_ad), the vertical Electron Affinity (EA_vert), and the Vertical Detachment Energy (VDE). The most reliable adiabatic electron affinities of the chlorinated benzenes obtained at the BHLYP level of theory are −0.18 eV (C₆H₅Cl), 0.07 eV (1,2-C₆H₄Cl₂), 0.07 eV (1,3-C₆H₄Cl₂), 0.04 eV (1,4-C₆H₄Cl₂), 0.29 eV (1,2,3-C₆H₃Cl₃), 0.31 eV (1,2, 4-C₆H₃Cl₃), 0.31 eV (1,3,5-C₆H₃Cl₃), 0.51 eV (1,2,3,4-C₆H₂Cl₄), 0.48 eV (1,2,4,5-C₆H₂Cl₄), 0.50 eV (1,2,3,5-C₆H₂Cl₄), 0.74 eV (C₆HCl₅) and 0.79 eV (C₆Cl₆), respectively.     

Theoretical study on reaction mechanism of the vinyl radical with nitrogen atom

The complex triplet potential energy surface of the C₂H₃N system is investigated at the UB3LYP and CCSD(T) (single-point) levels in order to explore the possible reaction mechanism of C₂H₃ radical with N(⁴S). Eleven minimum isomers and 18 transition states are located. Possible energetically allowed reaction pathways leading to various low-lying dissociation products are obtained. Starting from the energy-rich reactant C₂H₃+N(⁴S), the first step is the attack of the N atom on the C atom having one H atom attached in C₂H₃ radical and form the intermediate C₂H₃N(1). The associated intermediate 1 can lead to product P₁ CH₂CN+H and P₂ ³CH₂+³HCN by the cleavage of C–H bond and C–C bond, respectively. The most favorable pathway for the C₂H₃+N(⁴S) reaction is the channel leading to P₁, which is preferred to that of P₂ due to the comparative lower energy barrier. The formation of P₃ ³C₂H₂+³NH through hydrogen-abstraction mechanism is also feasible, especially at high temperature. The other pathways are less competitive comparatively.     

An ab initio and matrix isolation infrared study of the 1:1 C2H2–CHCl3 adduct

The details of weak C–Hπ interactions that control several inter and intramolecular structures have been studied experimentally and theoretically for the 1:1 C₂H₂–CHCl₃ adduct. The adduct was generated by depositing acetylene and chloroform in an argon matrix and a 1:1 complex of these species was identified using infrared spectroscopy. Formation of the adduct was evidenced by shifts in the vibrational frequencies compared to C₂H₂ and CHCl₃ species. The molecular structure, vibrational frequencies and stabilization energies of the complex were predicted at the MP2/6-311+G(d,p) and B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) levels. Both the computational and experimental data indicate that the C₂H₂–CHCl₃ complex has a weak hydrogen bond involving a C–Hπ interaction, where the C₂H₂ acts as a proton acceptor and the CHCl₃ as the proton donor. In addition, there also appears to be a secondary interaction between one of the chlorine atoms of CHCl₃ and a hydrogen in C₂H₂. The combination of the C–Hπ interaction and the secondary ClH interaction determines the structure and the energetics of the C₂H₂–CHCl₃ complex. In addition to the vibrational assignments for the C₂H₂–CHCl₃ complex we have also observed and assigned features owing to the proton accepting C₂H₂ submolecule in the acetylene dimer.     

Pyrolysis mechanism of carbon matrix precursor cyclohexane(III)—pyrolysis process of intermediate 1-hexene

The pyrolysis mechanism of important intermediate 1-hexene of carbon matrix precursor cyclohexane was studied theoretically. Possible reaction paths were designed based on the potential surface scan and electron structure of the initial C–C bond breaking reactions. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the possible reaction paths were computed by UB3LYP/6-31+G* at different temperature ranges. The results show that 1-hexene pyrolyzes at 873 K. When below 1273 K, the major reaction paths are those that produce C₃H₄, and above 1273 K, the major reaction paths are those that produce C₃H₃ from the viewpoint of thermodynamics. From the viewpoint of kinetics, the major product is C₃H₃, it results from the pyrolysis reaction of 1-hexene cracking bond C₃–C₄ and generating C₃H₅ and C₃H₇ with the activation energy ΔE₀^≠θ=296.32 kJ/mol. Kinetic results also show that product C₃H₄ accompany simultaneously, which is the side reaction starting from the pyrolysis of 1-hexene forming C₄H₇ and C₂H₅ with the activation energy of 356.73 kJ/mol. When reaching 1473 K, the rate constant of the rate-determining steps of these two reaction paths do not show much difference, which means both the reaction paths exist in the pyrolysis process at the high temperature. The above results are basically in accordance with mass spectrum analysis and far more specific.     

trz-Cl-Cu-PMo12的合成、 表征及催化氧化碘离子性能

以H₃PMo₁₂O₄₀为前驱体, 采用水热法使1,2,4-三氮唑-3-甲酸进行原位脱羧后, 合成了1,2,4-三氮唑修饰的Keggin型多金属氧酸盐基金属-有机框架化合物(trz-Cl-Cu-PMo₁₂), 并通过X射线单晶衍射、 红外光谱(IR)、 热重分析(TG)、 X射线衍射(XRD)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及元素分析等手段对其进行了表征. X射线单晶衍射及元素分析表明, 该晶体化合物的结构式为[Cu₆Cl_0.5(C₂H₂N₃)₄][PMo₁₂O₄₀][Cu₆Cl_0.5(C₂H₂N₃)₄], 且由1个经典的 Keggin 型[PMo₁₂O₄₀]^3-和2个[Cu₆Cl_0.5(C₂H₂N₃)₄]^1.5+以近似中心对称的方式构成, 各组分之间通过超分子作用形成一维(1D)~三维(3D)结构. 催化性能研究结果表明, 该非均相催化剂在催化过氧化氢氧化碘离子为碘单质的反应中, 经4 min 35 s到达终点时, 反应速率高达1.42×10^-5 mol·L^-1· s^-1, 碘单质生成速率提高了约551倍. 催化剂重复使用8次, 转化率仍然高达99.6%, 表现出优异的催化活性, 且具有良好的可重复性.     

有机金属化合物中二级化学键的理论研究(Ⅴ)──二级化学键生成的分子力学研究

用分子力学方法对一些金属汞化合物进行了探讨和研究.通过与参考体系对比以及内旋转势垒计算的方式,说明了在诸如cis-ClHgCHCHCl(Ⅰ),o-C₆H₄HgCl₂(Ⅵ),Cl_Hg_CH₂_CH₂_CN(Ⅶa),Cl_Hg_CH₂_CH₂_C₆H₅(Ⅺa)分子中,非相邻的Cl,Hg原子间存在着弱相互作用.     

Synthesis and characterisation of new 2-bromovinyl selenides and their platinum group metal complexes

The synthesis of the 2-bromocyclooctenyl selenides, C₈H₁₂(Br)SeR (3a: R = Me; 3b: R = Et; 3c: R = CH₂Ph), and the 2-bromocyclohexenyl selenides, C₆H₈(Br)SeR (4a: R = Me; 4b: R = Et; 4c: R = CH₂Ph), is described. Compounds 3a–e and 4a, b react with K₂PtCl₄ to yield square planar platinum (II) complexes of the form trans-PtL₂Cl₂ (5a: L = 3a; 5b: L = 3b; 5c: L = 3c; 6a: L = 4a; 6b: L = 4b). The analogous palladium(II) complex trans-PdL₂Cl₂ (7c: L = 4c) has been prepared from Pd(C₆H₅CN)₂Cl₂. All new compounds have been characterised by NMR, infrared and mass spectroscope and microanalysts. Complexes 5a–c, 6a, b and 7c exist as a racemic mixture of two diastereoisomers related by inversion at selenium. NMR spectroscope shows that interconversion between these two isomers is slow for 5a–e, but faster for 6a, b and 7c.     

Velocity map imaging of the photolysis of n-C4H9Br in UV region

Using velocity map ion imaging technique, the photodissociation of n-C₄H₉Br in the wavelength range 231–267 nm was studied. The results and our ab initio calculations indicated that the absorption of n-C₄H₉Br in the investigated region originated from the excitations to the lowest three repulsive states, as assigned as 1A″, 2A′ and 3A′ in C_s symmetry. Dissociations occurred on the PES surfaces of the three states, terminating in C₄H₉+Br (²P_3/2) or C₄H₉ + Br^* (²P_1/2) as two channels, and being impacted by an avoided crossing between the PES surfaces of the 2A′ and 3A′ states. The transition dipole to the 1A″ state was perpendicular to the symmetry plane, so perpendicular to the C–Br bond. The transitions to the 3A′ state was polarized parallel to the symmetry plane, and also parallel to the C–Br bond. While the transition dipole to the 2A′ state was in the symmetry plane, but formed an angle of about 53.1° with the C–Br bond. We have also determined the avoided crossing probabilities, which affected the relative fractions of the individual pathways, for the photolysis of n-C₄H₉Br near 234 nm and 267 nm.     

六核钽铑二元混合簇合物的几何和电子结构

采用密度泛函理论对六核钽、铑八面体纯簇及其混合簇的几何结构和电子性质进行了研究.计算结果表明:大部分钽铑混合簇稳定构型的对称性均较低,为C1或Cs点群,只有[Ta2Rh4Cl4H8(CN)6]4-团簇的稳定构型对称性较高,为C2h或C4v点群;混合簇的最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)与最低未占据分子轨道(LUMO)能隙(ΔEH-L)均较小,介于0.52-1.00eV之间;混合簇的前线轨道主要由骨架金属原子的d电子贡献,随着Rh原子替代Ta原子个数的递增,Ta—Rh键对混合簇稳定构型所起作用逐渐增加,Ta—Ta键所起作用减小,而Rh—Rh键为非键或反键性质.