以离子水合能解释离子选择电极响应机理

用相继切换不同浓度I^-试液的活度阶梯法研究了碘化银基离子选择电极（I^--ISE）的瞬时响应。随电位变化的离子水合自由能△Gh(I^-）显示出|△Gh（I^-）|越小，正活度阶民位跃迁越快而负活度阶梯电位变化越慢。将－△Gh(I^-）看作I（H2O）n^-与I^--ISE表面反应的活化能解释了这个现象。比起传统电位法，活度阶梯法的主要优点是ISEs响应非常快并且更灵敏，有可能实现小体积试液的快速分析。     

不受电极斜率限制的离子电极标准加入法算图

格兰图在离子选择电极法中应用广泛,但该图要求电极响应的能斯特斜率为一定值。对电极斜率偏离理论值的情况进行修正已有报道。 本文提出一种不需任何电极斜率校正步骤的算图,即以加入标准溶液后电位的变化值△E与实际斜率S的比值△pe对加入标准溶液体积Vs作图的计算图(简称为△pe格兰图)。在实际操作中,根据测得的△E值和S值,经换算为△pe后,即可在标准算图上作图进行结果计算。克服了作空白溶液线或共线图线时可能引进的误差,简化了结果处理过程。此外,对不同价态离子的测定,该算图纵坐标标度△pe不变,不必扩大或缩小,作图十分方便。     

离子选择性PVC膜电极中溶剂化作用的研究 I: 碱金属离子由水相到TBP溶剂相的标准迁移自由能

电位法测量了碱金属离子由水相到TBP(磷酸三丁酯)-CH~3OH混合溶剂相的标准迁移自由能△G^0~t。研究了溶剂化作用同PVC膜对金属离子选择性的关系。碱金属离子的△G^0~t随着TBP在混合溶剂中含量的增加而增大。△G^0~t还随着离子半径的增大而增大, 这同TBP-PVC膜对碱金属离子的选择性次序相一致; 而与四苯硼酸盐-TBP-PVC膜对碱金属离子的选择性次序不完全相同。说明了TBP为溶剂的四苯硼酸盐膜对金属离子的选择性除了同溶剂化作用有关外, 还同膜相和水相中离子的交换反应常数等因素相关。     

固载化烷基咪唑离子液体对盐酸体系中Fe(Ⅲ)的吸附性能研究

分别将N-甲基咪唑和N-丁基咪唑通过共价键固定于树脂载体上,制备了固载化甲基咪唑离子液体(MCl)和固载化丁基咪唑离子液体(BCl),MCl和BCl可作为一种新型的强碱型阴离子交换树脂。研究了MCl和BCl对盐酸体系中Fe(III)的吸附性能,其吸附平衡时间为6h,拟二级动力学模型能更好地描述MCl和BCl对Fe(III)的吸附动力学过程;随着温度的升高,MCl和BCl对Fe(III)的吸附量增大,表明该过程是一个吸热反应,在298K时,MCl和BCl对Fe(III)的最大吸附量分别为24.9mg/g和71.1mg/g;随着盐酸浓度的增加,MCl和BCl对Fe(III)的吸附量增大,而且溶液中Cl-浓度的增加,也会提高MCl和BCl对Fe(III)的吸附量。MCl和BCl可从盐酸体系中回收Fe(III),而且BCl的效果要优于MCl。     

离子选择性电极标准加入法研究——Ⅰ、△E_n—1gN_n 函数关系及其应用

标准加入法和Gran作图法是离子选择电极分析较为常用的实验技术。前者计算公式较繁,故有的采用列表计算法以简化计算手续,但一种表只适用于固定电极斜率和V_s/V_o比值。后者系多次标准加入法,根据各次标准加入后测得的电势E(或△E)值在专用图纸上作图求解测定结果。然而当电极斜率偏离图纸规定的数值(一价离子为58毫伏,二价离子为     

希托夫法求离子迁移数计算通式

在研究电解质溶液理论时,通过计算离子迁移数,可以求出电解质溶液中离子电导、离子淌度、电位梯度等一系列重要物理量。离子迁移数常用的实验室测定方法有:希托夫(Hittof)法、界面移动法和电动势法。其中希托夫法在目前物理化学教材中没有简便统一的计算公式可循。笔者结合教学实践,根据离子迁移数定义与不同情况下离子在阴、阳极区电解前后浓度变     

氯化钠、氯化钾在水和水与丁醇混合溶剂间的转移自由能和转移熵——双电池体系电动势测定法

本文测定了298.15 K 下氯化钠、氯化钾在水和水与四种丁醇异构体混合溶剂中的双电池电动势,从电动势值计算了转移自由能,并测定了288.15,308.15,318.15 K下氯化钠、氯化钾在水和水与叔丁醇混合溶剂中的双电池电动势.采用的双电池为:Ag|AgCl|MCl(s)|M(Hg)|MCl(w)|AgCl|Ag(w 为水,s 为含水混合溶剂,M 为 Na、K).采用 Abraham 的离子溶剂化一层连续介质模型,计算了氯化钠、氯化钾在这四种混合溶剂中的溶剂化自由能,其中静电部分采用 Abraham 所给公式计算,非静电部分采用 Pierotti 定标粒子理论计算.在低的醇含量时,转移自由能的计算结果与实验基本符合.此外,根据含叔丁醇体系电动势的温度系数计算得转移熵,对该体系的结构作了定性讨论.     

RbCl由H2O至混合溶剂(H2O-DMF)标准迁移熵的测定

电解质迁移热力学性质的测定,对于离子溶剂化的研究具有重要意义.迁移自由能主要反映离子与溶剂分子间的相互作用,迁移熵则主要反映不同溶剂分子间的相互作用,迁移熵随温度及溶剂组成的改变可为溶剂的原有结构推测及溶液秩序改变提供信息.我们曾运用离子选择性电极测定了部分碱金属卤化物在水及含水混合溶剂中的热力学性质[1-3].本文用离子选择性电极方法,通过测定不同温度下电池的标准电动势,根据溶液热力学原理,求得ＲｂＣｌ由Ｈ2Ｏ至混合溶剂(Ｈ2ＯＤＭＦ)的标准迁移自由能ΔＧｔ及其温度系数,计算ＲｂＣｌ的标准迁移熵ΔＳｔ.结果尚未见…     

离子选择电极法中两次加人标准法的计算图

在离子选择电极法中,采用加入标准法进行分析,常可减小试样组分变动的影响。目前应用较多的是一次加入标准法(借助于计算公式或Gran图)和连续加入标准法(借助于Gran图)。但是,无论是用计算公式或Gran图进行计算,均需事先测定电极的能斯特(Nernst)斜率。为了使Gran图适用于不同能斯特斜率的离子选择电极,我们曾提出用△E或ApX作图的改进的Gran图,但仍需事先测定电极的能斯特斜率。两次加入标准法是根据连续两次加入相同体积     

微扰理论非原始模型用于1:1价单一电解质水溶液

本文采用微扰理论非原始模型, 以带电硬球混合物为参考体系, 考虑粒子间各种作用能(色散、静电、偶极、四极、诱导), 首次取相对介电常数为1, 拟合了12处1:1价电解质水溶液的渗透系数, 获得了成功, 得到了7种1价离子Na^+,K^+, Rb^+, Cs^+, Cl^-, Br^-, I^-的微观参数(软球直径σ和色散能常数ε/k)。计算得到的电解质水溶液渗透系数的总平均绝对偏差是0.041。这些离子的微观参数在不同体系中维持不变。计算中未引入混合参数。     

Thermal analysis of Cu-14.82 wt% Al-0.4 wt% Be shape memory alloy

The phase transitions proceeding during melting of selected Sn–Ag–Cu alloys were determined by means of the DSC technique. Twelve compositions were studied along two cross-sections with silver to copper molar ratios X(Ag)/X(Cu) = 1 and 7/3 and tin concentration from 0.4 to 0.9 mol fraction. The transition temperatures were calculated using Pandat software package and thermodynamic parameters from the SOLDERS database. The experimental results were compared with both available literature data and calculation results, and a good agreement was observed. Deconvolution of DSC complex curves was performed using PeakFit v.4.12 software package. Eutectic mixture mass fractions involved in the eutectic transformation were determined. The obtained results were compared with the data calculated using thermodynamic parameters and good agreement was achieved in the case of alloys of higher content of Sn. The discrepancy was found in the case of alloys with lower Sn content where initial structure of the samples subjected to DCS analysis was partly a result of the occurrence of peritectic transformation.     

Neutron activation analysis for chlorine in Zr-2.5 wt% Nb coolant tube material

Zr-2.5 wt% Nb has been found to be better compared to Zircaloy-2 as coolant tube material in Canadu-PHW reactors but has a stringent specification of less than 0.5 mg/kg of chlorine. Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) for the determination of chlorine in Zr-2.5 wt% Nb is not possible because of the high activity produced due to the determination of the matrix. Hence a radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA) procedure has been developed for the determination of chlorine in this material. For the first time the chlorine determination at less than a ppm level by NAA is being reported in this paper, in a number of Zr-2.5 wt% Nb samples ranging from 0.1 to 2 mg/kg.     

The marked viscosity depressions of 50 wt% titanium dioxide suspensions by additions of anionic surfactants

Summary The effects of various types of anionic surfactants on the apparent viscosities of 50 wt% titanium dioxide suspensions are examined. The additions of surfactants to the suspensions depress the apparent viscosities from the values of more than. 10,000 centipoise (c.p.) to those of about 10 c.p. The concentration of surfactants required to depress the apparent viscosity, which is designated asC ₀, increases with decreasing the alkyl chain length of anionic surfactants and the degree of condensation of formalin condensates. The surfactants having large critical micelle concentrations, on the other hand, have not the marked viscosity depression effects. Both the absolute value of zeta potential and the amount of adsorption increase remarkably with their concentrations up to somewhat higher concentrations than theC ₀, and then they become almost constant. The marked viscosity depression data are closely related to the zeta potential data and to the stability data of 1 wt% pigment suspensions.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Einfluß verschiedener anionischer Tenside auf die scheinbare Viskosität 50%iger Titandioxidsuspensionen geprüft. Die Tenside erniedrigen die scheinbare Viskosität der Suspensionen von Werten über 10.000 centipoise (c.p.) auf etwa 10 c. p. Die erforderliche Tensidkonzentration (C ₀) steigt mit sinkender Alkylkettenhinge des anionischen Tensids und dem Kondensationsgrad des Formalinkondensates. Tenside mit einer hohen kritischen Mizellbildungskonzentration zeigen die starke Viskositätserniedrigung nicht. Sowohl das absolute Zetapotential als auch die adsorbierte Menge steigen merklich mit steigender Konzentration in der Lösung; bei Konzentrationen überC ₀ werden sie nahezu konstant. Zwischen der Viskositätserniedrigung, dem Zetapotential und den Stabilitätsdaten 1%-iger Pigmentsuspensionen besteht ein Zusammenhang.

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With 7 figures and 2 tables     

Synthesis and visible light photocatalytic activity of Ag spot-coated TiO2–60 wt% SrO composite powders

Nano-sized TiO₂–60 wt% SrO composite powders were synthesized from titanium isopropoxide and Sr(OH)₂·8H₂O by use of a sol–gel method. Ag spot-coated TiO₂–60 wt% SrO composite powders containing 3, 5, or 7 wt% Ag were synthesized by hydrothermal-assisted attachment, by use of Ag hydrosol in a high-pressure bomb at 250 °C and 450 psi. Nano-sized Ag particles approximately 5–25 nm in diameter adhered to the TiO₂–60 wt% SrO₂ composite powders. The photocatalytic activity of Ag spot-coated TiO₂–SrO powders in the degradation of phenol showed that all were highly active when irradiated with UV light. TiO₂–60 wt% SrO composite powder spot-coated with 5 wt% Ag was more photocatalytically active under visible light than TiO₂–SrO composite powder.     

Effect of melt flow rate of polycarbonate and cobalt catalyst on properties of PET/PC (80/20 wt%) reactive blending

The influence of PC melt flow rate (MFR) on phase behavior, thermal and rheological properties of catalysed and non-catalysed poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polycarbonate (PET/PC) (80/20 wt%) reactive blending were investigated. Two types of PC named PC1 and PC2 with MFR 3.1 and 10.8 g/10 min, respectively, were used. Each PC and the catalyst showed significant influence on calorimetric properties, thermal stability and WAXS patterns of the blends. Regarding to TG/DTG, the blends degraded in two steps which were attributed to PET rich phase and PC one and permit to infer that a partially miscible blends were produced.     

Fast and facile dissolution of cellulose with tetrabutylphosphonium hydroxide containing 40 wt% water

Tetrabutylphosphonium hydroxide containing 40 wt% water dissolved 20 wt% cellulose at the final concentration within 5 minutes under mild stirring at 25 °C.     

Assay for oxygen in uranium in the 0.1–1.0 wt% range using 14-MeV neutron activation

The X-ray spectrometric method for uranium determination in sea water is discussed. Two techniques of uranium enrichment are presented: (1) precipitation with the chelating agent ammonium-1-pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) in the presence of iron(II) as a carrier and (2) complexation with APDC followed by adsorption on activated carbon. The best pH range and the other optimized conditions for uranium determination in sea water with both methods are reported.     

Oxidation of a depleted uranium-5 wt% molybdenum (U-5Mo) alloy in UHV by AES and XPS

Early stage oxidation of a dilute-depleted uranium-molybdenum alloy was analysed in situ under ultra-high vacuum conditions by AES and XPS. At the equivalent of less than 300 ns at 1-atm O₂, U-5Mo oxidizes to form stoichiometric UO₂. No molybdenum oxidation is observed. After an oxygen dose of approximately 39 L, the oxide layer approached a limiting thickness of approximately 2.4 nm. The oxidation kinetics followed a logarithmic rate law, with the best fit to the experimental data for the oxide thickness, d, being given by d = 1.26 log(0.12t + 0.56). Changes in oxygen KLL and 1s peak positions associated with transformation from chemisorbed oxygen to metal oxide were observed at similar oxygen doses of 2.3 and 2.6 L O₂ by AES and XPS, respectively, which opens up the possibility of using well-characterized XPS chemical information to inform Auger peak shifts.     

Emulsifying potency of new amino acid-type surfactant (II): stable water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions containing 85 wt% inner water phase

The ternary phase diagram for N-[3-lauryloxy-2-hydroxypropyl]-L-arginine L-glutamate (C12HEA-Glu), a new amino acid-type surfactant, /oleic acid (OA)/water system was established. The liquid crystal and gel complex formations between C12HEA-Glu and OA were applied to a preparation of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions. Stable W/O emulsions containing liquid paraffin (LP) as the oil and a mixture of C12HEA-Glu and OA as the emulsifier were formed. The preparation of stable W/O emulsions containing 85 wt% water phase was also possible, in which water droplets would be polygonally transformed and closely packed, since the maximum percentage of inner phase is 74% assuming uniformly spherical droplets. Water droplets would be taken into the liquid crystalline phase (or the gel complex) and the immovable water droplets would stabilize the W/O emulsion system. The viscosity of emulsions abruptly increased above the 75 wt% water phase (dispersed phase). The stability of W/O emulsions with a lower weight ratio of OA to C12HEA-Glu and a higher ratio of water phase was greater. This unusual phenomenon may be related to the formation of a liquid crystalline phase between C12HEA-Glu and OA, and the stability of the liquid crystal at a lower ratio of oil (continuous phase). W/O and oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions containing LP were selectively prepared using a mixture of C12HEA-Glu and OA since the desirable hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) number for the emulsification was obtainable by mixing the two emulsifiers.     

Ammine aluminium borohydrides: an appealing system releasing over 12 wt% pure H2 under moderate temperature

Ammine aluminium borohydride system is found to release >12 wt% pure H(2) below 120 °C via a combined strategy of changing the coordination number and adopting mixed cations.