硅基超分子识别材料在乏燃料后处理中的研究进展

新材料与新技术被认为在先进核能系统中将发挥重要作用, 其中基于超分子体系构筑的超分子识别材料是近年来受到广泛重视的新型功能材料之一, 在乏燃料后处理领域显示出了非常明确的应用前景。本文综述了大孔硅基超分子识别材料在合成与表征、发热元素Sr(Ⅱ)、Cs(I)及共存元素吸附基础特性等方面的研究进展, 分析了HNO₃浓度、接触时间和修饰剂等因素对硅基超分子识别材料吸附性能的影响, 评价了从模拟酸性高放废液中分离发热元素的SPEC色谱技术流程, 同时评述了相近硅基材料的研究进展。     

为什么Si=Si重键难以形成?

硅是一种在地壳中仅次于氧的丰富元素,它的天然丰度大干它的同族元素碳约一百多倍。在我们周围的世界中,平均每四个原子就有一个是硅,所以硅单质及硅的化合物理应在化学领域中占有重要的地位。事实上单质硅及其化合物具有极其重要的工业价值,在许多现代工业中得到广泛应用。如水泥、陶瓷、玻璃、半导体材料等工业领域,尤其是近年来发展起来的硅珙产品,对现代工业更是有着巨大的贡献。如硅油可作织物、纸张处理剂、打光剂、消泡剂、脱模剂及润滑剂等。硅树脂可作为高级绝缘材料,用于电器及建筑方面,能耐高温、防潮、防水、防锈。硅橡胶具有优异的耐热、耐寒性和耐化学腐蚀的性能,作为性     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定锰硅合金中磷

锰硅合金是由锰、硅、铁及少量碳和其它元素组成的合金,是一种用途较广、产量较大的铁合金。产品呈块状,颜色为灰褐色,主要元素为锰、硅、铁、碳、磷、硫,其中锰、硅、铁为有用元素,碳、磷、硫为有害元素。锰硅合金是炼钢常用的复合脱氧剂,又是生产中低碳锰铁和电硅热法生产金属锰的还原剂。锰     

X射线荧光光谱法测定铝硅铜合金中主次元素含量

正铝硅铜合金是当今公认的一种高强度压铸铝合金,在国外已广泛应用于家用电器、汽车、摩托车等零件,在我国应用起步较晚,还有许多特性有待研究和开发。铝硅铜合金中主次元素含量的高低将直接或间接地影响材料的性能与用途,尤其是硅、铅、锡、锆等元素,因此铝硅铜合金中主次含量元素的测定非常重要。目前测定铝硅铜合金中主次元素含量的常用方法有化学法[1]、原子吸收光谱法[2]、发射光谱     

钴配合物催化硅氢加成反应研究进展

钴元素含量丰富,相较于贵金属而言具有价格低和毒性低的优点,已被应用于众多催化反应中,表现出良好的催化性能,是近年来有机金属催化领域重要的研究热点之一.总结了钴催化剂应用于烯烃、炔烃和羰基化合物等不饱和化合物硅氢加成反应的研究进展,分析了钴配合物在催化反应过程中存在的不足和原因,并对其作为催化剂的应用前景进行了展望.     

碳和硅结构化学的比较

碳和硅是元素周期表第14族的前两个元素,它们在化学中占有极其重要的地位。碳统治着有机化学,有机化合物的定义是一切含有C—C键的化合物。硅统治着无机化学,硅在地壳中的含量按40km厚度的地壳计,约占地壳质量的28%,在地壳的所有元素中,硅仅次于氧而居第二位。硅和氧以及其他元素一起结合形成硅酸盐,硅酸盐化合物占地壳质量的80%以上,单是长石一类硅酸盐矿物就占地壳质量的一半。为什么这两个元素有如此独特的能力?关键在于这两个元素的原子能各自形成独特的化学键。1碳和硅化学键的比较在基态时,碳和硅的电子组态分别为:C:[He]2s22p2;Si:…     

氧化钽中硅等11元素的光谱分析

目前本矿氧化钽中杂质的分析是以硅为内标元素的光谱分析法。此法一方面未能较好地补偿由于氧化钽本身所含杂质硅所造成的分析误差;另一方面,对主要杂质硅的分析需要用难度较大的化学分析法进行测定(主要是难于溶解试样和环境灰尘的影响)。为此,在原有基础上增加硅等几个元素的光谱测定,并重新选择了内标元素,经试验,硅的测定下限可达30ppm,另外增加的铅等三个元素的分析,均可满足用户对产品的要求。本方法选择了光谱分析载体、内标元素,研究了组分的影响。试验了两种载体:氯化银和三氧化二镓,以基体氧化钽中钽作为分析的内标元素,缓冲剂与试     

利用“湿化学”法在单晶硅表面接枝有机分子

在单晶硅表面嫁接有机分子是近年来硅表面化学领域的一个研究热点,引起了研究者的广泛重视。本文着重介绍了用“湿化学(wet chemistry)”方法在单晶硅表面嫁接有机分子的发展历程和最新研究进展,并探讨了在硅表面接枝有机分子后的一些研究结果及其未来的发展趋势。     

硅与人类文明

硅是自然界中分布最广的元素之一。硅及其化合物的优良性能被科学家发现以后,它们推动了人类社会的发展,产生了一些新兴的学科,促进了新材料的发展。有机硅和新型硅胶的广泛使用,使人造人体器官有了实质性的进展。由于新型陶瓷的不断发现,人类将重返“石器”时代。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法同时测定高锰钢中多元素的含量

<正>锰是钢中的有益合金元素之一,又是冶炼的脱氧剂和脱硫剂,对提高钢的耐磨性作用明显^[1]。高锰钢具有较高的硬度和强度,其中硅、锰、磷、镍、铬、铜、钼、钒、钛等元素含量对其性能影响很大,是评价高锰钢品质的重要指标,也是其产品检测的必检项目。国家标准系列GB/T 223《钢铁及合金化学分析方法》中钢铁及合金中硅、锰、磷、镍、铬、铜、钼、钒、钛等元素的测定方法包括了重量法、滴定法、光度法及火焰原子吸收分光光度法等,     

内蒙古准格尔黑岱沟6号煤层中微量元素的相分异作用

数理统计的方法,研究了准格尔6号煤中微量元素和泥炭沼泽沉积环境的关系。研究表明,煤中微量元素在泥炭沼泽沉积中,有着较为明显的“相分异”规律。多数处在元素周期表中第I、II主族,第四周期副族位置的元素,即相对较“轻”的元素,对镜惰比（V/I）及凝胶化指数（GI）反映比较灵敏或有一定关联性。因而反映潮湿还原的沼泽沉积环境比较有效,其典型代表就是Rb和Cs;而相对较“重”的元素,即第五周期以后的副族元素、第III主族以后的主族元素,则多对氧化指数（OI）和破碎指数（BI）响应比较灵敏或有某种间接的关联性,因而反映干燥氧化的沼泽沉积环境比较有效,其典型代表就是Hg和W。与植物组织保存指数（TPI）、植被指数（VI）和地下水流动指数（GWI）、搬运指数（TI）关联的元素则可看作介于两者之间。总之,微量元素从“轻”元素到“重”元素,从低阶周期到高阶周期,从低次主族到高次主族,有对V/I和GI反映灵敏转为对OI和BI更为灵敏的趋势。从而为微量元素（包括部分常量元素）对泥炭沼泽沉积亚微环境的识别和划分,提供了强有力的依据。     

Determination of trace elements in drinking tea by various analytical techniques

Tea has been one of the most popular simulating beverages which is both heavily produced and consumed in Taiwan. The determination of minor or trace elements in drinking tea and tea leaves is therefore important for estimating the daily intake of Taiwanese considered as a safety indicator. In order to accurately and precisely determine the concentrations of trace elements in samples, several analytical methods such as AAS, NAA and ICP-AES are suggested. This paper attempts to utilize all three methods to determine the concentrations of minor or trace elements in different types of tea leaves and the extracts percolated from them. The influence of fermentation processes on the concentration levels of minor or trace elements in tea samples is investigated. Because only free metal ions are bioavailable for the human body, it is necessary to determine their concentrations in drinking tea. The dissolution of trace elements in drinking tea is therefore studied by simulating the common Chinese style of tea percolation. Concentrations of thirteen elements including Zn, Mn, Ca, Cu, Ni, Al, K, Mg, Cd, Pb, Na, Co and Sc are determined.     

An Interlaboratory Comparison of a Standardised EDTA Extraction Procedure for the Analysis of Available Trace Elements in Two Quality Control Soils

Abstract

A standardised EDTA extraction procedure was tested collaboratively by six laboratories using two in-house reference soils identified as soil A and soil B. The extracts were analysed for Zn, Cu, Pb and Mn by Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry. Concentrations of extractable elements in soil A were generally much lower than those found in soil B. All laboratories produced some extreme outlying results, most of these were produced in soil B. Results for Mn were the most variable, with a range of 63.4–100.3 μg g^?1 in soil A and 226.4–415.3 μg g^?1 in soil B. In both soils, one laboratory reported high values for Zn and Mn and, one laboratory, for soil B, produced values for all four elements which were consistently low.

If outlying results are ignored, the results from most laboratories were in reasonable agreement for all elements except Mn.     

Fraction of Aqueous Aluminum in Natural Waters by 8-Hydroxyquinoline Fluorimetry-Ion Exchange Method

Aluminum is one of the most abundant elements in the earth crust. Elevated aluminum concentrations in natural waters associated with acidic deposition are toxic to plants and aquatic organisms.     

Discovery of the Heaviest Elements

The search for new superheavy elements (SHEs) is at present one of the most exciting adventures in nuclear physics. Thanks to enhanced experimental techniques, the synthesis of elements Z=113 to 118 in reactions using ⁴⁸Ca projectiles and targets made of isotopes of the elements neptunium to californium has been claimed. Discovery of the elements Z=114 (named flerovium) and Z=116 (named livermorium) has been accepted by the IUPAC. The others are waiting. The situation for element 113 is particular; here claims on discovery come from groups from RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan and FLNR‐JINR, Dubna, Russia.     

Nuclear systematics: I. Solar abundance of the elements

Nuclear systematics and the abundance of elements and isotopes in meteorites, in planets, in the solar photosphere, in the solar wind, and in solar flares are used to estimate the abundance of elements in the Sun. The results indicate that ⁵⁶Fe, the decay product of doubly-magic ⁵⁶Ni, is the Sun"s most abundant nuclide. The next most abundant nuclide is the doubly-magic ¹⁶O. The most abundant elements – Fe, Ni, O, Si, S, Mg, and Ca – are the even-Z elements that Harkins¹ found to comprise -99% of ordinary meteorites. The least abundant elements have loosely bound nucleons (Li, Be and B) further confirming the proposed link¹ between abundance and nuclear structure, with one conspicuous and important exception. Diffusion enriches light-weight nuclides at the solar surface, hiding the link of abundance to nuclear stability beneath the Sun"s H-rich exterior.     

钙与人体及临床

钙是宏量元素，是人体中含量较高的元素之一，体内99％的钙构成骨骼和牙齿以及维持骨骼结构，1％的钙调节人体重要生理功能。钙的含量过高或过低都与许多疾病有关，只有保持一种平衡状态，才能使机体处于正常环境。     

Occupational nuclear medicine: Trace element analysis of living human subjects

Summary Several trace elements are toxic when present in excessive amounts. Such overloads occur most commonly in the occupational setting, although some environmental exposures are also of concern. The relationship between chronic exposure and health effects is best explored with the aid of knowledge of the quantity of element in question stored in the body. In vivo elemental analysis can provide this knowledge non-invasively for a number of elements of toxicological importance. In vivo analysis presents specific challenges, particularly the fact that the body is an extended medium, giving rise to extensive scattering and absorption. Also of primary importance, the radiation dose must be kept as low as reasonably possible and must in every case be within the range of other diagnostic procedures. Both the incident radiation and the detected signal must have an adequate mean free path in human tissue. This means that neutron activation analysis (NAA) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) are the two most studied techniques. For some elements, analytical methods are established while others are under active development. For still others, no promising technique is currently available. The most fully developed techniques are for lead and cadmium. For lead three different XRF approaches have been put forward, although one, ¹⁰⁹Cd excited K XRF is most widely used. For cadmium, both prompt gamma NAA and XRF have been developed to the extent of full human studies. Amongst elements for which application to human studies has begun or is likely to begin shortly are aluminum and manganese, both using NAA.