氧离子传导型固体氧化物电解池燃料电极的研究进展

固体氧化物电解池可高效地电解H₂O/CO₂制备燃料,越来越受到人们的重视. 本文对近年来在燃料电极（阴极）材料方面的研究进展进行了全面综述,指出各种阴极材料的优缺点及发展趋势,强调亟待解决的关键科学与技术问题.     

反应条件对铜催化CO2电还原的影响

工业规模的化石能源消耗导致大气中二氧化碳含量不断增加,CO₂转化利用成为人们日益关注的热点问题. 金属铜因其成本低廉、储量丰富,并且具有独特的CO₂亲和力能够生成多碳化合物,是目前CO₂电还原中研究最为广泛深入的电极材料. 由于阴、阳离子的特征吸附对Cu电极性能有显著影响,并且不同反应体系中对Cu电极上CO₂吸附、活化影响也有所不同,因此导致金属Cu电极上报道的电催化活性、产物种类与选择性等都非常宽泛. 基于此,有必要系统地研究各种反应条件对金属Cu电极电催化CO₂还原性能的影响. 作者选择了平均粒径为600 nm的商品化金属Cu颗粒作为电还原CO₂的催化剂,研究了不同反应条件包括各种常用电解质溶液、KHCO₃的浓度以及H型电解池和流动池. 实验结果表明,浓度为0.5 mol·L ^-1的KHCO₃作为电解质溶液具有较好催化活性和较高的产物分电流密度,流动池可以进一步提高主要产物甲酸盐和CO的分电流密度. 本研究工作从反应条件的角度对CO₂还原的电催化转化进行了系统研究,有助于理解电解液和反应器等因素对CO₂电还原反应过程的影响规律.     

CO2电催化转化迈向大规模化的挑战与展望(英文)

全球CO₂排放量持续增长,冲击全球能源格局.CO₂电催化转化为高值化学品与液体燃料是实现绿色化工和降低碳排放的有效途径.针对催化剂和电解器的实验室研究为CO₂大规模电解奠定了基础.然而具有实用价值的全电解池CO₂电解,在工业级电流密度下的CO₂转化率、反应活性与稳定性仍较低.电极面积和数量的放大研究发现,由于电场、流场等的复杂多场耦合引起的放大效应,使得反应寿命、能耗等反应性能下降.本文综述了面向CO₂规模化电解的关键多尺度研究内容,聚焦实现CO₂高效转化的重要挑战和前沿研究进展,并展望了助力实现CO₂商业化应用的发展方向.基于聚合物电解质膜并以水作为质子源的低温CO₂电解路线是具有工业化应用前景的反应路线之一,能用于制备CO、甲酸、乙烯、乙醇等C1-C3化合物,是当前研究重点.膜电极(MEA)电解器容易在电极面积和数量上扩展,是有望实现大规模部署的CO₂电解装置.目前...     

固态氧化物电解池中碳-分子电化学转化为可再生燃料

近年来,随着社会环保意识的迅速提高以及对可再生能源利用能力的大幅增强,以燃料电池和电解池为代表的电化学技术已经逐渐在能源的存储、转化和利用方面发挥着不可或缺的独特作用.其中,固态氧化物电解池经过多年的发展,在装置成本和工作效率上取得了长足的进步,在储能转化方面具有重要的潜力.与此同时,伴随着《巴黎协定》签订以来各国的“碳中和”路线图逐渐出台,利用相对廉价易得的可再生电能,将二氧化碳(CO₂)和甲烷(CH₄)等碳-(C1)分子电解转化为高附加值的可再生燃料(如水煤气、乙烯等),对于碳中和目标的实现具有重要的意义.因此,C1分子电化学转化的研究成为了当下重点关注的研究领域,许多重要的研究成果和技术进步在过去几年中不断涌现.固态氧化物电解池作为一种代表性的C1分子电解和转化平台,也日渐引起相关领域研究人员的关注和兴趣.与传统的C1分子催化转化方法相比,基于固态氧化物电解池的电解转化技术具有两个重要优点:高能量转换效率与体系抗中毒能力.这两个特性作为体系稳健性的基石,保障了C1分子转化为可再生燃料的反应过程的长期可持续性.本文首先简要回顾了固态氧化物电解池的前沿技术与发展,并从电解池系统分类、反应体系的特征和反应体系发展的前景与挑战这三个方面,简要介绍了近年来基于固态氧化物电解池体系的C1分子电化学转化的代表性工作.CO₂与CH₄作为廉价易得的C1分子的代表,其转化因其反应分子惰性及反应过程不可控性而广受研究者关注,本文重点关注了在固态氧化物电解池中CO₂,CO₂/H₂O和CH₄三个体系的电化学反应过程和近期研究进展,希望可为相关研究人员未来设计更合适的催化剂和构建更优的电解池结构提供有益的参考.本文还针对目前固态氧化物电解池体系在C1分子转化领域所面临的挑战,提出了未来的一些可能的研究方向,以期助力研究者在不远的将来实现C1分子电解生产可再生燃料的实用化.     

电化学方法固定CO2用于2-羟基-2-(4-甲氧基苯基)-丙酸甲酯的合成

在一室型电解池中, 以饱和CO₂的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为溶液, Mg为牺牲阳极, 不锈钢、钛、铜、镍和银为工作电极, 通过电化学方法固定CO₂, 在恒电流电解的条件下研究了对甲氧基苯乙酮的电羧化反应, 得到了重要的有机合成中间体2-羟基-2-(4-甲氧基苯基)-丙酸甲酯. 电羧化产率受支持电解质种类、电极材料、电流密度、电解电量和反应温度等影响. 经过反应条件的优化, 目标产物在恒定电流密度为5.0 mA/cm²的条件下产率达到63%. 同时, 以玻碳电极-Pt丝螺旋电极-Ag/AgI/I^-为三电极体系, 研究了对甲氧基苯乙酮的电化学行为, 根据底物在通入CO₂前后循环伏安图的变化推测了对甲氧基苯乙酮的电羧化反应机理.     

膜电极构型CO2还原电解单池的稳定性研究

电化学还原CO₂可实现CO₂的资源化转化,是缓解因其过度排放所导致诸多环境问题的关键技术. 本文提出了一种膜电极（membrane electrode assembly,MEA）构型CO₂还原电解单池的结构设计,可同步实现气体扩散阴极两侧CO₂的供给与电解质液层的更新. 基于该MEA构型电解池,实验考察了电解质液层中KHCO₃浓度和更新与否对氮掺杂石墨烯锚定的Ni电极表面CO₂电还原制备CO的反应活性、产物分布与稳定性的影响. 结果表明,若电流密度低于5 mA·cm^-2,KHCO₃浓度显著影响电解电势而非产物分布. CO₂还原电解单池在稳定运行中存在着“可逆”与“不可逆”两种衰减模式. 其中,阴极/电解质界面处催化剂的流失是 “不可逆”衰减形成的原因;而电解质液层中KHCO₃溶液的流失导致了MEA构型CO₂还原单池的“可逆”衰减,周期性更新KHCO₃电解质是降低其“可逆”衰减的有效方法.     

固体氧化物电解池

固体氧化物电解池（SOEC）是一种先进的电化学能量转化装置,可利用清洁一次能源产生的电能和热能,以H₂O和/或CO₂为原料,高效电解制备氢气或碳氢燃料,有望实现大规模能量高效转化和存储。该技术具有高效、简单、灵活、环境友好等特点,是目前国际能源领域的研究热点。本文就固体氧化电解池技术原理、关键材料、电堆技术、衰减控制和经济竞争力等方面进行分析和介绍,并对其应用前景进行展望。     

Ni/CeO2-Al2O3催化剂上CH4-CO2转化积炭性能的研究

采用脉冲微量反应技术研究了添加n型半导体氧化物CeO₂对Ni基催化剂上CH₄积炭/CO₂消炭性能的影响,用TPR,XPS和氢吸附技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,活性金属原子Ni与半导体氧化物CeO₂之间存在金属-半导体相互作用(MScI),CeO₂的添加提高了活性原子Ni⁰的d电子密度,在一定程度上抑制了CH₄分子中C-Hσ电子向d轨道的迁移,降低了CH₄裂解积炭活性;可加强Ni⁰原子d轨道向CO₂空反键π轨道的电子迁移,促进CO₂分子的活化,提高CO₂的消炭活性,使Ni/CeO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂具有较强的抗积炭性能.     

铜基电催化剂还原CO2

温室气体CO₂的大量排放给全球气候造成潜在威胁,电化学还原CO₂为有用的化工产品作为一种人为的碳循环的方式,拓展了新的利用CO₂的可能性,并且是一种很有前景的显著改善环境、促进可持续发展的方法。然而,在转化CO₂为有价值的产品过程中,最大的挑战是抑制析氢副反应的同时达不到高效率、高选择性。铜因其在电催化还原CO₂过程中优异的催化性能而得到广泛关注。本文重点介绍了近年来电催化还原CO₂的发展以及电化学转化CO₂的优缺点,介绍了CO₂RR的热力学与动力学研究并概述了Cu电极、Cu MOFs材料电极以及通过氧化、合金化、纳米化和表面修饰等方法修饰的铜电极的进展,但是电催化还原CO₂的反应机理尚不太确定。最后,讨论了未来铜基电极催化剂高效率地选择性转化CO₂会面临的挑战和可能研究的方向。     

在TiO2纳米阵列上电沉积RuO2用于CO2电还原

传统上,RuO₂/TiO₂复合电极制备是通过在TiO₂/Ti基体上多次涂覆含Ru前驱体溶液和随后热分解（TD）来实现的. 为克服上述方法中Ru用量大和利用率低之不足, 本工作主要基于循环伏安法（CV）在TiO₂纳米管阵列（TNA）上电沉积RuO₂制备RuO₂^CV/TNA复合电极. SEM、GIXRD和CV结果表明, 电沉积的RuO₂为无定型结构, 所制备电极中的Ru用量约为传统的RuO₂^TD/TNA电极中Ru用量的1/30. 尽管两电极催化CO₂还原产物的法拉第效率接近, 但是RuO₂^CV/TNA电极比RuO₂^TD/TNA电极展示了更高的还原电流, 较正的初始还原电位和更好的稳定性. 与磷酸盐缓冲溶液中电还原CO₂相比,RuO₂^CV/TNA电极在0.1 mol•L^-1 KHCO₃中电还原CO₂除生成更高法拉第效率的甲酸根和甲烷外,还检测到CO的生成.     

Electrochemical reduction of CO_2 in solid oxide electrolysis cells

The effort on electrochemical reduction of CO_2 to useful chemicals using the renewable energy to drive the process is growing fast recently. In this review, we introduce the recent progresses on the electrochemical reduction of CO_2 in solid oxide electrolysis cells(SOECs). At high temperature, only CO is produced with high current densities and Faradic efficiency while the reactor is complicated and a better sealing technique is urgently needed. The typical electrolytes such as zirconia-based oxides, ceria-based oxides and lanthanum gallates-based oxides, anodes and cathodes are introduced in this review, and the cathode materials, such as conventional metal–ceramics(cermets), mixed ionic and electronic conductors(MIECs) are discussed in detail. In the future, to gain more value-added products, the electrolyte, cathode and anode materials should be developed to allow SOECs to be operated at temperature range of 573–873 K. At those temperatures, SOECs may combine the advantages of the low temperature system and the high temperature system to produce various products with high current densities.     

Enhanced CO2 electrolysis at metal–oxide interfaces

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - The catalytic reduction of CO2 to CO using solid oxide electrolytic cells (SOECs) is considered as a sustainable solution to simultaneously remove...     

Gd0.2Ce0.8O1.9纳米颗粒对固体氧化物电解池La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ阳极 析氧反应的影响

化石燃料的使用排放了大量CO2,对气候和环境造成了日益严重的危害.固体氧化物电解池(SOEC)能够利用可再生能源产生的电能将CO2高效转化成CO,降低CO2排放的同时,又能减少化石燃料的使用,近年来受到研究者的广泛关注.相比于低温液相CO2电还原,SOEC高的运行温度保证了其较高的反应速率,即较高的电流密度.典型的SOEC单电池由多孔阴极、致密电解质和多孔阳极以三明治的方式组装而成.CO2分子在阴极得到两个电子解离成CO和一个O2–;生成的O2–通过致密电解质传导至阳极,在阳极失去四个电子发生析氧反应(OER)生成一个O2.相比于两电子的阴极反应,阳极四电子的析氧反应更难进行,可能是整个电极过程的速控步,因此开发高性能的阳极材料有望显著提高SOEC的CO2电还原性能.La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ(LSCF)因具有较高的混合离子-电子导电性而被用作SOEC阳极材料,但受LSCF-气体两相界面的限制,其OER性能较低.研究表明,LSCF-掺杂的CeO2-气体所构成的三相界面相比于LSCF-气体两相界面具有更高的电化学反应活性,即OER反应更易在三相界面进行.因此,本文将Gd0.2Ce0.8O1.9(GDC)纳米颗粒浸渍到SOEC LSCF阳极来提高其OER活性,考察了纳米颗粒浸渍量(3,5,10和20 wt%)对SOEC电化学性能的影响.结果表明,SOEC的电化学性能随浸渍量的增加而逐渐升高,当GDC纳米颗粒浸渍量为10 wt%时(10GDC/LSCF),SOEC的电化学性能达到最高,在800 oC和1.6 V的电流密度为0.555 A cm–2,是LSCF阳极SOEC性能的1.32倍.继续增加浸渍量到20 wt%,电化学性能反而开始下降.电化学阻抗谱测试结果表明,GDC纳米颗粒的加入减小了SOEC的极化电阻.对应的弛豫时间分布函数解析结果表明10GDC/LSCF阳极上的OER由四个基元反应构成.电镜和O2-程序升温脱附结果表明,GDC纳米颗粒的加入显著增加了10GDC/LSCF阳极三相界面和表面氧空位的数量以及体相氧的流动性,从而促进了OER四个基元反应的反应速率,降低了这几个过程的极化电阻,因而降低了OER反应的极化电阻,提高了SOEC电还原CO2的电化学性能.     

Oxygen Evolution Reaction over the Au/YSZ Interface at High Temperature

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a sluggish electrocatalytic reaction in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) at high temperatures (600–850 °C). Perovskite oxide has been widely investigated for catalyzing the OER; however, the formation of cation‐enriched secondary phases at the oxide/oxide interface blocks the active sites and decreases OER performance. Herein, we show that the Au/yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) interface possesses much higher OER activity than the lanthanum strontium manganite/YSZ anode. Electrochemical characterization and density functional theory calculations suggest that the Au/YSZ interface provides a favorable path for OER by triggering interfacial oxygen spillover from the YSZ to the Au surface. In situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results confirm the existence of spillover oxygen on the Au surface. This study demonstrates that the Au/YSZ interface possesses excellent catalytic activity for OER at high temperatures in SOECs.     

Achieving High Efficiency and Eliminating Degradation in Solid Oxide Electrochemical Cells Using High Oxygen‐Capacity Perovskite

Recently, there have been efforts to use clean and renewable energy because of finite fossil fuels and environmental problems. Owing to the site‐specific and weather‐dependent characteristics of the renewable energy supply, solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) have received considerable attention to store energy as hydrogen. Conventional SOECs use Ni‐YSZ (yttria‐stabilized zirconia) and LSM (strontium‐doped lanthanum manganites)‐YSZ as electrodes. These electrodes, however, suffer from redox‐instability and coarsening of the Ni electrode along with delamination of the LSM electrode during steam electrolysis. In this study, we successfully design and fabricate highly efficient SOECs using layered perovskites, PrBaMn₂O_5+δ (PBM) and PrBa_0.5Sr_0.5Co_1.5Fe_0.5O_5+δ (PBSCF50), as both electrodes for the first time. The SOEC with layered perovskites as both‐side electrodes shows outstanding performance, reversible cycling, and remarkable stability over 600 hours.     

Tailoring Ion Ordering in Perovskite Oxide for High-Temperature Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Perovskites exhibit excellent high-temperature oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activities as the anodes of solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). However, the relationship between ion ordering and OER performances is rarely investigated. Herein, a series of PrBaCo_2−xFe_xO_5+δ perovskites with tailored ion orderings are constructed. Physicochemical characterizations and density functional theory calculations confirm that the oxygen bulk migration and surface transport capacities as well as the OER activities are promoted by the A-site cation ordering, but weakened by the oxygen vacancy ordering. Hence, SOEC with the A-site-ordered and oxygen-vacancy-disordered PrBaCo₂O_5+δ anode exhibits the highest performance of 3.40 A cm⁻² at 800 °C and 2.0 V. This work sheds light on the critical role of ion orderings in the high-temperature OER performance and paves a new way for screening novel anode materials of SOECs.     

Co-electrolysis of CO_2 and H_2O in high-temperature solid oxide electrolysis cells: Recent advance in cathodes

Co-electrolysis of CO_2 and H_2O using high-temperature solid oxide electrolysis cells(SOECs) into valuable chemicals has attracted great attentions recently due to the high conversion and energy efficiency,which provides opportunities of reducing CO_2 emission, mitigating global warming and storing intermittent renewable energies. A single SOEC typically consists of an ion conducting electrolyte, an anode and a cathode where the co-electrolysis reaction takes place. The high operating temperature and difficult activated carbon-oxygen double-bond of CO_2 put forward strict requirements for SOEC cathode. Great efforts are being devoted to develop suitable cathode materials with high catalytic activity and excellent long-term stability for CO_2/H_2O electro-reduction. The so far cathode material development is the key point of this review and alternative strategies of high-performance cathode material preparation is proposed. Understanding the mechanism of CO_2/H_2O electro-reduction is beneficial to highly active cathode design and optimization. Thus the possible reaction mechanism is also discussed. Especially, a method in combination with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) measurement, distribution functions of relaxation times(DRT) calculation, complex nonlinear least square(CNLS) fitting and operando ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(APXPS) characterization is introduced to correctly disclose the reaction mechanism of CO_2/H_2O co-electrolysis. Finally, different reaction modes of the CO_2/H_2O coelectrolysis in SOECs are summarized to offer new strategies to enhance the CO_2 conversion. Otherwise,developing SOECs operating at 300-600 °C can integrate the electrochemical reduction and the Fischer-Tropsch reaction to convert the CO_2/H_2O into more valuable chemicals, which will be a new research direction in the future.     

银基陶瓷复合电极的电性能及其在固体氧化物燃料电池中的应用

银基陶瓷复合电极可望在中低温固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFCs)、含碳燃料SOFCs和固体氧化物电解池(SOECs)中得到广泛应用。为优选出银基陶瓷复合电极的成分,本研究采用YSZ(钇稳定化氧化锆)电解质,先将Ag-YSZ和Ag-GDC(掺钆氧化铈)材料制备成对称电极,测试其在空气下的阻抗谱,由此判断其作为阴极的性能;发现在相同的Ag含量时, Ag-YSZ的阴极极化电阻普遍低于Ag-GDC;当Ag的质量分数为65%时, Ag-YSZ的极化电阻最低,而对于Ag-GDC, Ag的质量分数是70%。然后采用空气中极化电阻最低的Ag-YSZ和Ag-GDC作为电极制备了SOFC单电池,并采用加湿氢气燃料对电池的电化学性能进行了测试。根据电池的阻抗谱数据,将极化阻抗的数值减去上述阴极阻抗的数值可得到阳极阻抗值,其结果和电池的输出特性均表明, Ag-GDC作为阳极的性能优于Ag-YSZ,即在本实验条件下, Ag-YSZ更适合用作阴极,而Ag-GDC更适合用作阳极。本研究不仅提供了关于银基复合电极材料的有用数据,还提供了一种测试SOFC阳极极化电阻的方法。     

氧分压对固体氧化物电解池性能的影响

High-temperature (700–900 ℃) steam electrolysis based on solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) is valuable as an efficient and clean path for large-scale hydrogen production with nearly zero carbon emissions, compared with the traditional paths of steam methane reforming or coal gasification. The operation parameters, in particular the feeding gas composition and pressure, significantly affect the performance of the electrolysis cell. In this study, a computational fluid dynamics model of an SOEC is built to predict the electrochemical performance of the cell with different sweep gases on the oxygen electrode. Sweep gases with different oxygen partial pressures between 1.01 × 10³ and 1.0 × 10⁵ Pa are fed to the oxygen electrode of the cell, and the influence of the oxygen partial pressure on the chemical equilibrium and kinetic reactions of the SOECs is analyzed. It is shown that the rate of increase of the reversible potential is inversely proportional to the oxygen partial pressure. Regarding the overpotentials caused by the ohmic, activation, and concentration polarization, the results vary with the reversible potential. The Ohmic overpotential is constant under different operating conditions. The activation and concentration overpotentials at the hydrogen electrode are also steady over the entire oxygen partial pressure range. The oxygen partial pressure has the largest effect on the activation and concentration overpotentials on the oxygen electrode side, both of which decrease sharply with increasing oxygen partial pressure. Owing to the combined effects of the reversible potential and polarization overpotentials, the total electrolysis voltage is nonlinear. At low current density, the electrolysis cell shows better performance at low oxygen partial pressure, whereas the performance improves with increasing oxygen partial pressure at high current density. Thus, at low current density, the best sweep gas should be an oxygen-deficient gas such as nitrogen, CO₂, or steam. Steam is the most promising because it is easy to separate the steam from the by-product oxygen in the tail gas, provided that the oxygen electrode is humidity-tolerant. However, at high current density, it is best to use pure oxygen as the sweep gas to reduce the electric energy consumption in the steam electrolysis process. The effects of the oxygen partial pressure on the power density and coefficient of performance of the SOEC are also discussed. At low current density, the electrical power demand is constant, and the efficiency decreases with growing oxygen partial pressure, whereas at high current density, the electrical power demand drops, and the efficiency increases.