Ag-Ag2Se共敏化ZnO花-棒异质结构的合成及其光电化学特性

采用水相法合成ZnO花-棒(ZFRs)有序阵列结构,同时利用离子交换法,制备Ag和Ag2Se量子点共敏化光ZnO光阳极(AA-ZFRs)。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、X射线能量色散谱(EDS)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等手段对样品进行了分析和表征,并测试其光电化学特性以及量子效应。结果表明,Ag-Ag2Se共敏化ZnO花-棒三维有序结构对太阳光的吸收范围延展至近红外区(750 nm),并且在敏化层与ZnO基质界面形成异质结,有效的抑制光生电子-空穴对复合,增强光转换量子效应,从而提高光电化学性能,开路电压达到-0.77 V,短路电流为0.64 mA。     

In2O3敏化ZnO纳米棒阵列的性能及其光电催化活性

以掺氟SnO₂ (FTO)导电玻璃为基底, 采用水热法制备了ZnO纳米棒阵列. 通过In(NO₃)₃水溶液水洗的方法, 合成了In₂O₃敏化ZnO纳米棒阵列光催化剂. 采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM), X射线能谱(EDX), X射线衍射(XRD)及紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)对样品的形貌、结构、组成、晶相等进行一系列的表征. 以罗丹明B (RhB)为目标降解物, 探究了In₂O₃敏化ZnO 纳米棒阵列光电催化活性. 采用场诱导表面光伏技术(FISPV)研究了不同含量的In₂O₃敏化ZnO纳米棒阵列在光照射下的光生电荷行为. 结合电化学工作站检测不同样品的光电流, 随着In₂O₃敏化量的改变, 光电流和开路电压也随之改变. 并探讨了In₂O₃敏化ZnO纳米棒阵列光生电荷行为与光电催化活性之间的关系. 结果表明, 适量In₂O₃敏化的ZnO光催化剂在可见光下2 h内对罗丹明B的降解效率达到95%, 是单纯ZnO纳米棒阵列的2.4倍.     

红钛锰矿MnTiO3纳米材料的溶胶-凝胶法制备及光谱研究

在十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)/乙醇/水/盐酸形成的胶束溶液中, 以MnCl₂·4H₂O, 钛酸四异丙酯Ti(O-iPr)₄为原料, 用溶胶-凝胶方法, 75℃首先合成了纳米TiO₂-氧化锰(MnO₂, Mn₂O₃, Mn₃O₄)干凝胶, 然后在不同温度下对其进行热处理. 用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜 (TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对纳米材料的结构和相组成进行了表征; 用紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)和激光拉曼光谱(LRS)对纳米材料的光谱性能进行了研究. X射线衍射(XRD)分析表明该干凝胶在900℃ 煅烧后可制得红钛锰矿MnTiO₃纳米材料. 透射电子显微镜(TEM)形貌观察, MnTiO₃粒子为球形或椭球形, 平均粒径50 nm. 与TiO₂(P-25)的光谱相比, 纳米MnTiO₃的紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)在300~700 nm范围有明显的吸收谱带, 其激光拉曼光谱(LRS)中亦有新的特征吸收峰(684, 610, 462, 360, 336, 263, 235 和202 cm^−1).     

Bi2Ti2O7薄膜的自组装法制备及表征

以Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂O和Ti(OC₄H₉)₄为原料,采用自组装单层膜技术,在负载有功能化三氯十八烷基硅烷(octadecyl-trichloro-silane,OTS)的FTO基板上制备了Bi₂Ti₂O₇ 薄膜。基板表面的亲水性测试表明,紫外照射使OTS自组装单层膜表面由疏水转变为亲水,实现功能化。借助X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线能量色散谱(EDS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)分析分别对Bi₂Ti₂O₇薄膜的组成、结构和微观形貌进行了表征。结果表明,沉积溶液浓度为0.02 mol·L^-1时,所得Bi₂Ti₂O₇薄膜均匀致密。560 ℃热处理1 h、厚度为0.4 μm的Bi₂Ti₂O₇薄膜在100 kHz的介电常数为153,介电损耗为0.089。     

CdTe/CdS共敏化TiO2电极材料的制备与光电性能

将电沉积法和化学浴沉积法结合,分别将CdTe和CdS量子点纳米晶材料引入到TiO₂纳米管阵列上制备CdTe/CdS量子点共敏化TiO₂光电极。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射和X射线能量色散光谱等测试手段对所得样品的形貌、晶型和组分进行表征。在模拟太阳光照射条件下,通过电化学工作站测试其光电化学性能。研究结果表明,相对于单一量子点敏化CdS/TiO₂和CdTe/TiO₂光电极而言,共敏化CdTe/CdS/TiO₂光电极表现出更好的光电转化性能,短路电流密度和光电转换效率分别可以达到3.1 mA·cm^-2和1.85%。此外,采用电化学阻抗测试技术对材料性能提升的原因进行深入的探究。     

CdS量子点敏化ZnO纳米棒阵列电极的制备和光电化学性能

采用连续式离子层吸附与反应法制备了CdS量子点敏化的ZnO纳米棒电极.应用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对CdS量子点/ZnO纳米棒电极的形貌、晶型和颗粒尺寸进行了分析和表征;采用光电流-电位曲线和光电流谱研究了不同CdS循环沉积次数及不同沉积浓度对复合电极的光电性能影响.结果表明,前驱体浓度都为0.1mol·L-1且沉积15次敏化后的ZnO纳米棒阵列电极光电性能最好.与单纯的ZnO纳米棒阵列电极和单纯的CdS量子点电极相比,其光电转换效率显著提高,单色光光子-电流转换效率(IPCE)在380nm处达到76%.这是因为CdS量子点可以拓宽光的吸收到可见光区,并且在所形成的界面上光生载流子更容易分离.荧光光谱实验进一步说明了光电增强的原因是,两者间形成的界面中表面态大大减少,有利于减少光生电子和空穴的复合.     

阳极氧化制备TiO2纳米管及其光催化性能

采用电化学阳极氧化法在纯Ti表面制备出结构整齐有序的TiO₂纳米管阵列, 研究了不同溶液体系对TiO₂纳米管尺寸和形貌的影响. 利用X射线衍射仪和场发射扫描电镜表征所制备的TiO₂纳米管. 20 V反应15 h, 0.5 wt% HF＋1 mol/L (NH₄)H₂PO₄溶液中TiO₂纳米管直径为70～90 nm, 长度约2.2 μm, 在500 ℃的空气气氛下退火1 h, 纳米管薄膜以锐钛矿结构为主, 在该条件下所制备TiO₂纳米管的光电流密度达到3.2 mA/cm². 以该纳米管薄膜为光阳极, 施加0.45 V (vs. SCE)的外加偏压, 在125 W紫外光照射5 h后, 初始摩尔浓度为20×10^－6 mol/L的酸性红G (C₁₈H₁₃N₃Na₂₀₈S₂)在pH＝3时, 降解率达到92.4%.     

一步水热法制备TiO2复合结构及光伏性能研究

采用一步水热法制备TiO₂纳米棒阵列,研究了无水乙醇作为前驱物替换去离子水对纳米棒阵列的形貌的影响。实验发现,当无水乙醇的含量达到100%的时候,在生长的TiO₂纳米棒阵列的上面获得一层以TiO₂纳米棒为基本单元的微米球, 从而制备出TiO₂复合纳米阵列薄膜。通过XRD和TEM发现,样品为单晶四方金红石结构TiO₂构成的阵列薄膜,将样品组装成染料敏化太阳能电池后,电池的开路电压和短路电流分别为V_oc=0.63 V,J_sc=10.9 mA·cm^-2,填充因子FF=56.3%,转换效率达到η=4.1%。     

锰掺杂硒硫化镉光阳极的制备与光电性能

将适量Se加入到Na2S甲醇水溶液中反应生成Na₂SSe₂阴离子前驱体, 以Cd(NO₃)2、Mn(CH3COO)2为阳离子前驱体, 通过连续离子层吸附反应(SILAR)分别制备出CdSSe₂/TiO₂或 MN²⁺掺杂的Mn-CdSSe₂/TiO₂量子点敏化光阳极。采用拉曼光谱、X射线光电子能谱和能量色散X射线能谱分析确定阴离子前驱体和量子点的价键结构和组成;通过紫外可见吸光光谱表征量子点的光吸收性能;利用J-V曲线和IPCE分别对CdS、CdSSe₂和Mn-CdSSe₂量子点敏化的TiO₂光阳极的光电性能进行了表征。实验结果表明, 采用 0.12 mol·L^-1 Se和0.5 mol·L^-1 Na2S制备的阴离子前驱体、0. 5 mol·L^-1 Cd²⁺和 0.3 mol·L^-1 MN²⁺阳离子前驱体, 通过SILAR法制备的Mn-CdSSe₂/TiO₂光阳极, 能量转换效率比CdSSe₂/TiO₂和CdS/TiO₂光阳极分别提高了90%和247%。     

CdTe/CdS共敏化TiO2电极材料的制备与光电性能

将电沉积法和化学浴沉积法结合,分别将CdTe和CdS量子点纳米晶材料引入到TiO_2纳米管阵列上制备CdTe/CdS量子点共敏化TiO_2光电极。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射和X射线能量色散光谱等测试手段对所得样品的形貌、晶型和组分进行表征。在模拟太阳光照射条件下,通过电化学工作站测试其光电化学性能。研究结果表明,相对于单一量子点敏化CdS/TiO_2和CdTe/TiO_2光电极而言,共敏化CdTe/CdS/TiO_2光电极表现出更好的光电转化性能,短路电流密度和光电转换效率分别可以达到3.1 m A·cm~(-2)和1.85%。此外,采用电化学阻抗测试技术对材料性能提升的原因进行深入的探究。     

梨形核壳结构氧化锌/银亚微米球的制备、表征及光学性能

利用亚锡离子还原银离子生成的金属银沉积在合成的梨形氧化锌表面作为晶种,进一步生长银纳米粒子,制备了梨形的、核壳结构的、单分散的氧化锌/银亚微米球。利用X射线衍射、透射电镜、能量色散X射线谱、紫外可见吸收谱及光致发光谱对所制备样品的形貌、微观结构、组成和光学性能进行了表征。结果表明:(1)样品是由梨形亚微米氧化锌核和银纳米颗粒壳组成;(2)在氧化锌表面的银纳米粒子作为光激发产生的电子捕获剂提高了光产生的载流子的分离效率,在能量没有改变的情况下减少了紫外发射光的强度,淬灭了可见发射光。     

Photocatalytic degradation of acid blue 74 in water using Ag–Ag2O–Zno nanostuctures anchored on graphene oxide

Water pollution due to industrial effluents from industries which utilize dyes in the manufacturing of their products has serious implications on aquatic lives and the general environment. Thus, there is need for the removal of dyes from wastewater before being discharged into the environment. In this study, a nanocomposite consisting of silver, silver oxide (Ag₂O), zinc oxide (ZnO) and graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized, characterized and photocatalytically applied in the degradation (and possibly mineralization) of organic pollutants in water treatment process. The Ag–Ag₂O–ZnO nanostructure was synthesized by a co-precipitation method and calcined at 400 °C. It was functionalized using 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane and further anchored on carboxylated graphene oxide via the formation of an amide bond to give the Ag–Ag₂O–ZnO/GO nanocomposite. The prepared nanocomposite was characterized by UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy. The applicability of Ag–Ag₂O–ZnO/GO nanocomposite as a photocatalyst was investigated in the photocatalytic degradation of acid blue 74 dye under visible light irradiation in synthetic wastewater containing the dye. The results indicated that Ag–Ag₂O–ZnO/GO nanocomposite has a higher photocatalytic activity (90% removal) compared to Ag–Ag₂O–ZnO (85% removal) and ZnO (75% removal) respectively and thus lends itself to application in water treatment, where the removal of organics is very important.     

Efficient photodegradation of resorcinol with Ag2O/ZnO nanorods heterostructure under a compact fluorescent lamp irradiation

Ag₂O/ZnO heterostructure has been recently synthesized using a facile chemical-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results confirmed the Ag₂O nanoparticles loading on ZnO nanorods. The Ag₂O addition increased the visible light absorption ability and a red shift for Ag₂O/ZnO heterostructure appeared when compared to pure ZnO. Photoluminescence spectra showed lower emission yield on the Ag₂O/ZnO heterostructure than on pure ZnO. Such a decrease in the emission yield represents the fraction of the excited state Ag₂O sensitizer involved in the charge injection process. Under compact fluorescent lamp irradiation, the Ag₂O/ZnO heterostructure demonstrated higher photocatalytic activity than pure ZnO in the degradation of resorcinol, which can be attributed to the high separation efficiency of the photogenerated electron-hole pairs based on the cooperative roles of Ag₂O loading on ZnO nanarods. All these characteristics represent a significant contribution of the Ag₂O/ZnO heterostructure to the practical applications in indoor environmental remediation.     

Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of cube-like Ag-Ag2MoO4 with visible-light photocatalytic activity

Cube-like Ag-Ag₂MoO₄ composite has been successfully prepared in the presence of PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) via a facile microwave-assisted hydrothermal process. Studies of its photocatalytic performance in the decomposition of RhB indicate that the cube-like Ag-Ag₂MoO₄ composite exhibits good catalytic activities under visible-light irradiation. The face that Ag promotes the absorption of visible light may be attributed to the surface plasmon resonance. Further XRD characterization after recycle photocatalytic tests confirms that partial Ag⁺ ions in Ag₂MoO₄ have been reduced to metallic Ag. Reaction temperature, reaction time and the amount of PVP have also been studied and found to play crucial roles in the formation of the cube-like microstructures.     

Environmentally Benign and Efficient Ag2S‐ZnO Nanowires as Photoanodes for Solar Cells: Comparison with CdS‐ZnO Nanowires

In this work, we develop a low‐temperature, facile solution reaction route for the fabrication of quantum‐dot‐sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) containing Ag₂S‐ZnO nanowires (NWs), simultaneously ensuring low manufacturing costs and environmental safety. For comparison, a CdS‐ZnO NW photoanode was also prepared using the layer‐by‐layer growth method. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed type‐II band alignments for the band structures of both photoanodes which facilitate electron transfer/collection. Compared to CdS‐ZnO QDSSCs, Ag₂S‐ZnO QDSSCs exhibit a considerably higher short‐circuit current density (J_sc) and a strongly enhanced light‐harvesting efficiency, but lower open‐circuit voltages (V_oc), resulting in almost the same power‐conversion efficiency of 1.2 %. Through this work, we demonstrate Ag₂S as an efficient quantum‐dot‐sensitizing material that has the potential to replace Cd‐based sensitizers for eco‐friendly applications.     

Ion-exchange synthesis and improved photovoltaic performance of CdS/Ag2S heterostructures for inorganic-organic hybrid solar cells

A facile ultrasound-assisted ion exchange route was developed for the synthesis of CdS/Ag₂S heterojunctions by ion exchange between the nanostructured CdS film and [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ under ultrasonication. The CdS/Ag₂S heterojunction film was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-vis DRS spectroscopy, photoelectrochemical measurements, and the transient photovoltage (TPV) technique. CdSAg₂S heterojunctions exhibit a dense morphology, enhanced visible light absorption and stronger photocurrent response than the pure CdS films. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) was then spin coated into the CdS/Ag₂S framework. Hybrid solar cells constructed with FTO/CdS/Ag₂S/P3HT/Au display relatively higher power conversion efficiency than FTO/CdS/P3HT/Au.     

微波水热两步法合成高可见光响应Ag2S/ZnO及其光催化性能、机理

在不同的制备条件下,通过微波水热两步法获得了一系列Ag₂S/ZnO光催化剂,采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱(UV-Vis/DRS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和N₂吸附-脱附等测试手段对产物结构和形貌进行了表征。结果表明,产物以六方纤锌矿ZnO为主,其晶型结构并未随着反应温度和Ag₂S物质的量的增加而改变。Ag₂S的引入显著增强了光催化剂在可见光区的吸收,使吸收边带发生红移,同时抑制了ZnO(001)晶面的生长。另外,所得产物的形貌随着Ag₂S物质的量的增加从爆米花状转变为少量的柱体颗粒,且BET比表面积经过复合后明显减小。以罗丹明B为目标降解物,研究并比较了一系列Ag₂S/ZnO光催化剂对罗丹明B的光降解性能。结果表明,n_Ag2S/n_ZnO=1:10时,光催化剂在紫外光、可见光和模拟日光的照射下具有最好的光催化效果,优于目前应用最广泛的市售P25。另外,所制备的光催化材料Ag₂S/ZnO经4次循环使用后,其降解效率没有明显下降,表明该催化材料具有一定的光催化稳定性。经捕获实验研究发现,在Ag₂S/ZnO的光催化反应中空穴起主要作用,并根据绝对电负性估算了复合材料Ag₂S/ZnO的能带位置,据此提出了可能的光催化反应机理。