碳纳米管限域效应对肉桂醛选择加氢产物分布的影响（英文）

碳纳米管因其独特的电子结构和性能引起了研究者们广泛的兴趣,尤其是它有序的纳米级管腔结构,可以为催化剂和催化反应提供一种独特的一维限域环境.碳纳米管的限域效应主要由于其管腔几何和电子结构可以使反应物发生富集、对金属纳米颗粒的尺寸限制以及对电子结构的调变作用.一系列研究表明,碳纳米管的限域效应可以对催化剂的活性进行调变,但是对产物选择性的影响方面研究得较少,特别是管径小于4 nm的碳纳米管的限域体系.因此,本文以肉桂醛选择性加氢反应为探针,研究限域效应对产物选择性的影响规律.采用管径为1-3 nm的碳纳米管,基于气相填充的方法将Ru纳米团簇分散于碳纳米管的管腔中,得到碳纳米管限域的Ru催化剂(Ru@CNT);采用浸渍法制备了碳纳米管管外壁负载的催化剂(Ru/CNT)来进行对比.肉桂醛含有共轭的C=C和C=O键,由于C=C键能低于C=O,前者更易发生加氢反应.结果表明,分散在碳纳米管外壁的Ru催化剂可以催化肉桂醛中的C=C加氢,得到氢化肉桂醛(HCAL);而Ru@CNT催化剂不仅可以催化C=C加氢得到氢化肉桂醛HCAL,还可以催化C=O键加氢得到肉桂醇,以及氢化肉桂醇.通过高分辨透射电镜、拉曼、程序升温还原、程序升温脱附对催化剂进行了表征.发现碳纳米管限域的纳米团簇金属颗粒的粒径大约为1-2 nm,与管外负载的金属颗粒相近,但是Ru@CNT催化剂上仍有部分金属纳米团簇分布在管外壁,这可能是Ru@CNT催化剂上有C=C键加氢产物的一个原因.碳纳米管独特的限域效应促进了Ru物种的还原,在H_2气氛下管内Ru物种的还原温度比管外低20oC.金属与碳纳米管的内、外壁之间的电子相互作用,纳米管腔的空间限制作用及管腔富集作用可能是产物分布产生差异的原因.     

纳米金催化肉桂醛选择加氢制肉桂醇

α,β-不饱和醛/酮选择加氢生成不饱和醇是化学工业中一类重要反应,在精细化工生产中具有广泛应用,近年来吸引了研究者的广泛关注.该类反应因涉及不饱和官能团和碳氧双键的选择加氢而颇具挑战性:以肉桂醛选择加氢生成肉桂醇反应为例,肉桂醛分子中同时含有共轭的C=C双键和C=O双键,从热力学角度上看, C=O双键键能比C=C双键键能大,因而碳碳双键比碳氧双键更容易被活化从而加氢得到饱和醛;从动力学角度上看, C=C双键也比C=O双键更容易加氢.对于传统的铂族贵金属催化剂,其应用于该类反应时往往存在选择性低,容易深度加氢等问题.负载型金催化剂此前被报道在该类反应中表现出高选择性,然而在反应物接近完全转化时,目标产物也容易发生过度加氢生成饱和醇.前期的研究结果发现用锌铝水滑石作载体,硫醇稳定的金原子团簇(Au25)作为金的前驱体制备负载型金催化剂时,其在不饱和芳香硝基化合物的选择加氢反应中表现出很高的选择性.考虑到在肉桂醛分子中C=O双键的加氢相比于C=C双键更加困难,因此,本工作尝试将上述催化剂应用于以肉桂醛为代表的不饱和醛/酮选择加氢反应中.考察了反应温度、氢气压力以及溶剂效应对反应活性的影响,结果发现升高温度或提高压力都能明显提升反应速率,然而不同的溶剂对催化性能影响很大,当以具备氢转移能力的异丙醇和乙醇作为反应溶剂时,催化活性和选择性最优,在反应温度为130 ℃,氢气压力为15 atm,异丙醇为溶剂时反应5 h,肉桂醛的转化率和肉桂醇的选择性可以达到98.3%和95.4%,并且延长反应时间至15h,目标产物也不会发生过度加氢生成苯丙醇,其选择性可以维持在95%以上.为了研究该催化剂高活性和高选择性的原因,制备了不同粒径大小和不同载体负载的金催化剂,结果发现相比于其它负载型金催化剂,以锌铝水滑石负载的Au25团簇作为催化剂前体制得的催化剂在肉桂醛选择加氢制肉桂醇反应中表现出最优的活性和选择性.对照实验和原位漫反射红外光谱测试表明上述催化剂对碳碳双键的加氢表现为惰性,对目标产物的吸附也相对较弱.27Al固体核磁共振结果表明配位不饱和的五配位Alp物种可能为C=O双键的优先吸附提供所需的氧空位,这可能是该催化剂具有较高选择性的原因.综上,推测小尺寸的金颗粒具有较多低配位的金原子,可以活化氢气,而反应物和产物的吸脱附性质与载体密切相关,在以锌铝水滑石为前驱体制备的金催化剂表面, C=C双键吸附较弱, C=O双键优先吸附,产物较容易脱附,不容易发生过度加氢反应,因此该催化剂在肉桂醛选择加氢反应中表现出高活性和高选择性.上述工作可以为设计制备高选择性的负载型金催化剂提供参考.     

Sn改性的Ru/H-CMK-3催化剂的制备及其肉桂醛选择性加氢性能的研究

用浸渍-原位还原法制备了Ru-Sn/H-CMK-3催化剂. 以肉桂醛选择性加氢制备肉桂醇为探针反应. 详细研究了催化剂的制备及反应条件对肉桂醛选择性加氢性能的影响. 采用X 射线粉末衍射(XRD)、比表面积(BET)、X光电子能谱(XPS)、透射电镜(TEM)等手段对催化剂结构和性质进行了表征. 结果表明, 介孔CMK-3碳材料能够更好地分散活性物种. 添加适量的Sn(IV)有利于Ru处于电子富集状态. 催化剂的主要活性物种是纳米Ru粒子, Ru和Sn之间的相互作用更加有利于C＝O的活化. 同时, 反应温度和反应压力等条件的变化对肉桂醛选择性加氢制备肉桂醇反应也具有较大的影响.     

Pt (111)面和Pt14团簇上肉桂醛吸附及选择性加氢机理研究

利用密度泛函理论研究了Pt（111）面及Pt₁₄团簇对肉桂醛（CAL）的吸附作用和不完全加氢的反应机理。分析吸附能结果表明,肉桂醛分子以C=O与C=C键协同吸附在Pt（111）面上的六角密积（Hcp）位最稳定,以C=C键吸附在Pt₁₄团簇上最稳定,且在Pt₁₄团簇上的吸附作用较Pt（111）面更强。由过渡态搜索并计算得到的反应能垒及反应热可知,肉桂醛在Pt（111）面和Pt₁₄团簇上均较容易对C=O键加氢得到肉桂醇（COL）。其中,优先加氢O原子为最佳反应路径,即Pt无论是平板还是团簇对肉桂醛加氢均有较好的选择性。同时发现,肉桂醛分子在Pt（111）面的加氢反应能垒较Pt₁₄团簇上更低,即Pt的催化活性及对肉桂醛加氢产物选择性与其结构密切相关,其中,Pt（111）面对生成肉桂醇更加有利。     

温控聚乙二醇两相体系中纳米钯催化肉桂醛选择性加氢反应

将具有“高温混溶、室温分相”功能的聚乙二醇4000(PEG₄₀₀₀)与甲苯-正庚烷组成的两相体系用于纳米钯催化的肉桂醛选择性加氢反应中.在优化的反应条件下,肉桂醛转化率和氢化肉桂醛选择性分别为99%和98%.钯纳米催化剂经简单分相即可与产物分离,且循环使用8次,其活性和选择性基本保持不变.     

类水滑石Mg3Al1-xFex负载Ir催化剂在肉桂醛加氢反应中的应用:Fe的促进作用

水滑石类化合物 (LDH) 的层板金属阳离子组成具有可调变性,通过将具有变价特性的过渡金属定量引入 LDH 层板,经热处理后可以得到具有高比表面积和层板金属原子级分散的混合金属氧化物,后者可广泛用作催化剂载体.如三元Mg-Al-Fe 类水滑石材料在光催化、H2S 选择性氧化和乙苯脱氢等反应中表现出较好的活性.Ir 催化剂在α,β-不饱和醛加氢反应中具有较好的活性,Fe 修饰 Ir 催化剂可提高不饱和醇选择性,但有关 Fe 的作用以及 Fe 与活性组分 Ir 间的相互作用本质还不是很清楚.本文以类水滑石材料 Mg3Al1–xFex为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了 Ir 催化剂,并用于肉桂醛加氢反应,通过考察 Fe的加入对 Ir 电子和几何结构的影响揭示了 Fe 的加入对活性和选择性的影响规律.结果表明,当 x 从 0 (Ir/Mg3Al) 增加到 1 (Ir/Mg3Fe) 时,肉桂醛加氢的反应速率在 x = 0.25 时达到最大值,肉桂醇选择性从 44.9% 增加到 80.3%,且不随肉桂醛转化率的增加而改变.透射电镜结果表明,Ir 纳米粒子的粒径随着 x 的增加未发生明显变化,均为 1.7±0.2 nm.H2程序升温还原结果发现 Ir 可以促进 Fe3+的还原且两者之间存在相互作用.X射线光电子能谱结果表明,Fe 的掺杂没有改变催化剂表面Ir0和 Ir4+含量的比值,但当 Fe 含量增加时,Fe2+2p3/2向高结合能方向偏移,且 Ir04f7/2向低结合能方向偏移,说明电子从 Fe2+转移到 Ir,形成了富电子的 Ir 物种和缺电子的 Fe 物种.富电子的 Ir 物种有利于肉桂醛分子中的 C=O 键在其表面吸附,并且和 Ir 相邻的 Fen+物种可以作为亲电位点吸附肉桂醛分子中氧,从而极化和活化 C=O 键,因而催化剂活性和选择性增大.采用吸附 CO 红外光谱表征了催化剂表面的几何结构,2058–2069 cm-1处出现了 CO 吸附峰,归属于 Ir0表面 CO 的线性吸附,高波数 2069 cm-1的吸附峰归属于 CO 在高配位 Ir 位点 (平台) 的吸附,低波数 2058 cm-1的吸附峰归属于 CO 在低配位Ir 位点 (台阶、角、楞) 的吸附.随着 Fe 含量的增加,CO 吸附峰蓝移 11 cm-1,表明 Fe 的加入改变了催化剂表面 Ir 的几何结构,低配位 Ir 位点减少,高配位 Ir 位点增多.高配位 Ir 位点 (平台) 有利于肉桂醛分子中 C=O 键的吸附,从而提高了肉桂醇的选择性.总之,Fe 的加入虽然没有明显改变 Ir 纳米粒子的粒径,但却改变了其电子和几何结构,从而提高了催化剂活性和选择性.     

可循环磁性Pt/Fe_3O_4-MCNT催化剂上的肉桂醛选择性加氢反应

采用多步法依次将制备的Fe3O4纳米颗粒和Pt纳米颗粒负载到多壁碳纳米管(MCNT)上得到Pt/Fe3O4-MCNT磁性催化剂,以X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、超导量子干涉磁强计(SQUID)和热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)对Pt/Fe3O4-MCNT磁性催化剂的结构和磁性质进行了表征。研究发现预制备的Fe3O4纳米颗粒与Pt纳米颗粒均匀地分散于MCNT上,新制备以及多次使用后的Pt/Fe3O4-MCNT室温下都具有良好的超顺磁性。研究了Pt/Fe3O4-MCNT磁性催化剂上的肉桂醛选择性加氢反应,结果显示催化剂具有良好的C=O加氢活性,肉桂醛转化率在50%左右时,肉桂醇选择性可达96%以上。尺寸均一的Pt粒子均匀的分散在催化剂上可能是催化剂具有良好的C=O加氢选择性的重要原因。在外加磁场作用下催化剂可以高效地从液相反应体系中分离,经多次循环使用后仍具有良好的催化性能。     

不饱和醛选择性加氢高效催化剂的研究

不饱和醛的选择性加氢作为一类重要的精细化学品加工转化过程,在香精香料、药物食品生产、农产品加工等领域具有广泛应用。但是目前所应用催化剂的反应活性仍有待提高,需对催化剂进行进一步调控。本文总结了提高催化剂加氢选择性的三种策略,包括：改变金属活性位点的电子性质、增强金属活性位点与亲电位点之间的协同作用和利用结构效应来改变催化剂对于C=O键或C=C键的吸附能力和加氢活性。概括了氢源种类、反应溶剂、反应温度和氢气压力等反应条件对催化性能的影响。并归纳了不饱和醛选择性加氢有关的密度泛函理论计算、反应的动力学模型及反应中的构效关系。最后,讨论了不饱和醛选择性加氢催化剂面临的问题和挑战,并提出了可行的解决方案。     

稳定于碳纳米管的Pt高价态物种在不对称氢化反应中的作用（英文）

碳纳米管的独特性质,特别是其一维有序的管腔结构所形成的限域环境在催化反应中的应用引起了广泛的兴趣.已有将常规的液相氢化反应和气相反应限域于碳纳米管内的研究报道,并且大多数的研究结果显示限域于碳纳米管内的反应活性和/或选择性有明显提高,但多数研究没有对此给出清晰的解释.金鸡纳碱修饰的Pt催化剂催化的α-酮酸酯不对称氢化体系被认为是多相不对称催化领域发展的里程碑.早期的研究是简单的将碳纳米管作为Pt催化剂的载体用于α-酮酸酯不对称氢化反应,取得了中等的活性和对映体选择性.我们研究组发展了一种催化剂制备方法,可选择性的将Pt纳米粒子限域于碳纳米管管腔内或担载在碳纳米管管外,并将所制备的碳纳米管Pt催化剂应用于α-酮酸酯多相不对称催化反应中,发现封装于管腔内的管内型Pt纳米粒子的催化性能显著高于负载在管腔外壁的管外型Pt纳米粒子的催化性能.然而,对于管内型Pt催化剂催化性能增强的原因并不清楚.CO化学吸附和高分辨投射电镜(HRTEM)的表征结果表明管腔内外的Pt纳米粒子的大小和形貌没有明显区别.本论文在上述研究基础上,采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS),氢气程序升温脱附(H2-TPD),紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)等表征手段研究了Pt纳米粒子担载于碳纳米管内和管外形成的催化剂在α-酮酸酯的不对称氢化反应中催化性能差异的原因.XPS测试结果表明,管内型和管外型Pt催化剂的载体的碳物种分布没有显出差异,但催化活性中心Pt纳米粒子的Pt物种组成不同.经225 oC H2还原后管外型Pt催化剂不存在高氧化态的Pt物种,而管内型Pt催化剂在400 oC H2还原仍然具有7%的高氧化态Pt物种.相应的催化反应结果表明,具有这种稳定的高氧化态Pt物种有利于获得高对映体选择性.参比催化剂商业化的Pt/AC和Pt/Al2O3的XPS测试结果也表明,对映体选择性高的Pt/Al2O3催化剂具有较高含量的高氧化态Pt物种.同时我们发现高氧化态Pt物种有利于催化剂对手性修饰剂和反应底物的吸附.虽然文献中一般认为Pt0是该反应的活性中心,但我们认为这些高氧化态的Pt物种有利于纳米粒子和手性修饰剂之间的相互作用,从而提高反应的对映选择性.我们进一步研究了表明高氧化态的Pt物种能存在于碳纳米管管腔内的原因.发现在催化剂制备过程中所使用的还原剂甲酸钠中残留的钠离子能稳定碳纳米管管腔内高氧化态Pt物种.我们采用H2直接还原制备了不含钠离子的参比管内型Pt催化剂.该参比催化剂的对映体选择性与管外型Pt催化剂相当,明显低于管内型Pt催化剂.同时该参比催化剂对手性修饰剂和底物的吸附能力弱于管内型Pt催化剂.以上结果清晰的表明了碳纳米管内由钠离子稳定的高氧化态Pt物种在α-酮酸酯多相不对称催化反应中的重要作用.然而,我们发现高氧化态Pt+物种含量的差异并不能很好的解释管内型和管外型Pt催化剂反应活性的差异.H2-TPD的结果表明相比于管外型Pt纳米粒子催化剂,管内型Pt纳米粒子具有更高的活化氢分子的能力,相应的催化反应结果表明,管外型Pt催化剂的反应活性随H2压力的降低而显著降低,而管内型Pt催化剂在0.1 MPa H2条件下仍然具有较高活性.简单的动力学模拟结果表明,在0.1 MPa H2条件下,碳纳米管管腔能显著富集H2.     

Sn对肉桂醛加氢催化剂Pt/Al2O3的修饰作用

研究了负载型Pt催化剂上肉桂醛加氢反应规律,并对Sn的修饰作用进行了考察.未修饰催化剂Pt/Al2O3上,主要以C=C加氢为主;加入少量Sn修饰剂,肉桂醛加氢活性大幅度提高,而且C=O加氢选择性有所提高.当Sn/Pt摩尔比大于0.8后,虽然C=O加氢选择性仍较高,但加氢活性明显降低.Sn/Pt摩尔比为1的催化剂上,肉桂醛转化率高于96%时,肉桂醇选择性可高达80%.结合XRD与化学吸附等表征结果,表明电子因素和立体因素的综合作用是影响肉桂醛加氢选择性的主要因素.     

Effect of confinement in carbon nanotubes on the activity of Fischer-Tropsch iron catalyst

Following our previous findings that confinement within carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can modify the redox properties of encapsulated iron oxides, we demonstrate here how this can affect the catalytic reactivity of iron catalysts in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS). The investigation, using in situ XRD under conditions close to the reaction conditions, reveals that the distribution of iron carbide and oxide phases is modulated in the CNT-confined system. The iron species encapsulated inside CNTs prefer to exist in a more reduced state, tending to form more iron carbides under the reaction conditions, which have been recognized to be essential to obtain high FTS activity. The relative ratio of the integral XRD peaks of iron carbide (Fe(x)C(y)) to oxide (FeO) is about 4.7 for the encapsulated iron catalyst in comparison to 2.4 for the iron catalyst dispersed on the outer walls of CNTs under the same conditions. This causes a remarkable modification of the catalytic performance. The yield of C5+ hydrocarbons over the encapsulated iron catalyst is twice that over iron catalyst outside CNTs and more than 6 times that over activated-carbon-supported iron catalyst. The catalytic activity enhancement is attributed to the effect of confinement of the iron catalyst within the CNT channels. As demonstrated by temperature-programmed reduction in H2 and in CO atmospheres, the reducibility of the iron species is significantly improved when they are confined. The ability to modify the redox properties via confinement in CNTs is expected to be of significance for many catalytic reactions, which are highly dependent on the redox state of the active components. Furthermore, diffusion and aggregation of the iron species through the reduction and reaction have been observed, but these are retarded inside CNTs due to the spatial restriction of the channels.     

Bimetallic Ru-Ni/TiO_2 catalysts for hydrogenation of N-ethylcarbazole:Role of TiO_2 crystal structure

Hydrogenation of N-ethylcarbazole(NEC), the hydrogen lean form of a liquid organic hydrogen carrier,on TiO_2 supported Ru-Ni bimetallic catalysts is investigated. Crystal structure of TiO_2 plays a critical role on the hydrogenation activity and selectivity towards fully hydrogenated product. Ru/anatase catalyst exhibits higher selectivity but lower reactivity compared to Ru/rutile catalyst. Ni addition significantly promotes the performance of Ru/anatase catalyst while causes severe performance deterioration of Ru/rutile catalyst. Commercial P25, a mixture of anatase and rutile phases in approximate ratio A/R~1/4,is found to be the best TiO_2 support for NEC hydrogenation. Ru/P25 catalyst outperforms both Ru/rutile and Ru/anatase and its activity can be further slightly improved by Ni addition. The unexpected synergism between the two different TiO_2 phases for Ru based NEC hydrogenation catalysts is related to metal-support interaction and Ru-Ni interaction.     

Ruthenium nanoparticles polymer-protected on beta zeolite: characterization and catalytic properties in benzene hydrogenation

Summary Ruthenium nanoparticles supported on zeolite Beta catalysts were prepared by alcohol reduction of RuCl₃solution in the presence of PVP. Highly dispersed Ru nanoparticles with mono-size formed on the zeolite surface and their size can be controlled by changing the amount of PVP at same ruthenium loading. In the water/benzene system, Ru-PVP/Beta catalyst for benzene hydrogenation showed high activity, selectivity and good stability.     

A Pd@Zeolite Catalyst for Nitroarene Hydrogenation with High Product Selectivity by Sterically Controlled Adsorption in the Zeolite Micropores

The adsorption of molecules on metal nanoparticles can be sterically controlled through the use of zeolite crystals, which enhances the product selectivity in hydrogenations of reactants with more than one reducible group. Key to this success was the fixation of Pd nanoparticles inside Beta zeolite crystals to form a defined structure (Pd@Beta). In the hydrogenation of substituted nitroarenes with multiple reducible groups as a model reaction, the Pd@Beta catalyst exhibited superior selectivity for hydrogenation of the nitro group, outperforming both conventional Pd nanoparticles supported on zeolite crystals and a commercial Pd/C catalyst. The extraordinary selectivity of Pd@Beta was attributed to the sterically selective adsorption of the nitroarenes on the Pd nanoparticles controlled by the zeolite micropores, as elucidated by competitive adsorption and adsorbate displacement tests. Importantly, this strategy is general and was extended to the synthesis of selective Pt and Ru catalysts by fixation inside Beta and mordenite zeolites.     

Mechanism investigation of ketone hydrogenation catalyzed by ruthenium bifunctional catalysts: insights from a DFT study

In this paper, the mechanism of ketone hydrogenation catalyzed by five Ru bifunctional catalysts with different structural frameworks was studied in detail using density functional theory (DFT). This mechanism contains hydrogen transfer, dehydrogenation of alcohol, and dihydrogen activation fundamental reactions. The involvement of alcohol is also discussed and found with different activities in hydrogen transfer, dehydrogenation and dihydrogen activation steps in five systems. Our calculated results indicate that the weak Ru-H bond, stronger basicity of hydride and stronger X-H acidity will decrease the barrier of the HT step, and that the polar micro-environment of dihydrogen coordinating with Ru catalysts and short hydrogen transfer distance would be able to facilitate the heterolytic splitting of dihydrogen in the dihydrogen activation step.     

High‐Efficiency Encapsulation of Pt Nanoparticles into the Channel of Carbon Nanotubes as an Enhanced Electrocatalyst for Methanol Oxidation

Pt‐based nanostructures serving as anode catalysts for the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) have been widely studied for many years. Nevertheless, challenging issues such as poor reaction kinetics and the short‐term stability of the MOR are the main drawbacks of such catalysts and limit their applications. Herein, we have developed a facile approach to encapsulate Pt nanoparticles (NPs) inside the nanochannels of porous carbon nanotubes (CNTs; Pt‐in‐CNTs) as a new enhanced electrocatalytic material. The as‐prepared CNTs offer simultaneously ordered diffusion channels for ions and a confinement effect for the NPs, which both facilitate the promotion of catalytic kinetics and avoid the Ostwald ripening of Pt NPs, thus leading to high activity and durable cycle life as an anode catalyst for MOR. This work provides a new approach for enhancing the stability and activity by optimizing the structure of the catalyst, and the Pt‐in‐CNTs represent the most durable catalysts ever reported for MOR.     

Ruthenium nanoparticles embedded in mesoporous carbon microfibers: preparation, characterization and catalytic properties in the hydrogenation of D-glucose

Ruthenium (Ru) nanoparticles dispersed in mesoporous carbon microfibers were prepared using alumina microfibers as the templates via a chemical vapour deposition (CVD) route. Characterized data showed that Ru nanoparticles were embedded in the mesoporous carbon matrix. The samples were found to possess a specific surface area as high as 750 m(2) g(-1), pore sizes in the range of 3-5 nm, lengths in the range of 5-10 μm, and a width of about 0.5 μm. The Ru catalysts displayed a remarkably high catalytic activity and an excellent stability in the hydrogenation of D-glucose. The observed good catalyst performance is attributed to the carbon microfiber morphology, unblocked mesoporous structure, and the hydrogen spillover effect induced by the unique surface contact between the Ru nanoparticles and the carbon. In addition, the incorporation of nitrogen significantly improved the catalytic performance due to the enhanced hydrogen adsorption, better wettability, and modified electronic properties of the Ru.     

稳定于碳纳米管的Pt高价态物种在不对称氢化反应中的作用

碳纳米管的独特性质,特别是其一维有序的管腔结构所形成的限域环境在催化反应中的应用引起了广泛的兴趣.已有将常规的液相氢化反应和气相反应限域于碳纳米管内的研究报道,并且大多数的研究结果显示限域于碳纳米管内的反应活性和/或选择性有明显提高,但多数研究没有对此给出清晰的解释.金鸡纳碱修饰的Pt催化剂催化的α-酮酸酯不对称氢化体系被认为是多相不对称催化领域发展的里程碑.早期的研究是简单的将碳纳米管作为Pt催化剂的载体用于α-酮酸酯不对称氢化反应,取得了中等的活性和对映体选择性.我们研究组发展了一种催化剂制备方法,可选择性的将Pt纳米粒子限域于碳纳米管管腔内或担载在碳纳米管管外,并将所制备的碳纳米管Pt催化剂应用于α-酮酸酯多相不对称催化反应中,发现封装于管腔内的管内型Pt纳米粒子的催化性能显著高于负载在管腔外壁的管外型Pt纳米粒子的催化性能.然而,对于管内型Pt催化剂催化性能增强的原因并不清楚. CO化学吸附和高分辨投射电镜(HRTEM)的表征结果表明管腔内外的Pt纳米粒子的大小和形貌没有明显区别.本论文在上述研究基础上,采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS),氢气程序升温脱附(H2-TPD),紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)等表征手段研究了Pt纳米粒子担载于碳纳米管内和管外形成的催化剂在α-酮酸酯的不对称氢化反应中催化性能差异的原因. XPS测试结果表明,管内型和管外型Pt催化剂的载体的碳物种分布没有显出差异,但催化活性中心Pt纳米粒子的Pt物种组成不同.经225 oC H2还原后管外型Pt催化剂不存在高氧化态的Pt物种,而管内型Pt催化剂在400 oC H2还原仍然具有7%的高氧化态Pt物种.相应的催化反应结果表明,具有这种稳定的高氧化态Pt物种有利于获得高对映体选择性.参比催化剂商业化的Pt/AC和Pt/Al2O3的XPS测试结果也表明,对映体选择性高的Pt/Al2O3催化剂具有较高含量的高氧化态Pt物种.同时我们发现高氧化态Pt物种有利于催化剂对手性修饰剂和反应底物的吸附.虽然文献中一般认为Pt0是该反应的活性中心,但我们认为这些高氧化态的Pt物种有利于纳米粒子和手性修饰剂之间的相互作用,从而提高反应的对映选择性.我们进一步研究了表明高氧化态的Pt物种能存在于碳纳米管管腔内的原因.发现在催化剂制备过程中所使用的还原剂甲酸钠中残留的钠离子能稳定碳纳米管管腔内高氧化态Pt物种.我们采用H2直接还原制备了不含钠离子的参比管内型Pt催化剂.该参比催化剂的对映体选择性与管外型Pt催化剂相当,明显低于管内型Pt催化剂.同时该参比催化剂对手性修饰剂和底物的吸附能力弱于管内型Pt催化剂.以上结果清晰的表明了碳纳米管内由钠离子稳定的高氧化态Pt物种在α-酮酸酯多相不对称催化反应中的重要作用.然而,我们发现高氧化态Pt+物种含量的差异并不能很好的解释管内型和管外型Pt催化剂反应活性的差异. H2-TPD的结果表明相比于管外型Pt纳米粒子催化剂,管内型Pt纳米粒子具有更高的活化氢分子的能力,相应的催化反应结果表明,管外型Pt催化剂的反应活性随H2压力的降低而显著降低,而管内型Pt催化剂在0.1 MPa H2条件下仍然具有较高活性.简单的动力学模拟结果表明,在0.1 MPa H2条件下,碳纳米管管腔能显著富集H2.     

Probing the Electronic Effect of Carbon Nanotubes in Catalysis: NH3 Synthesis with Ru Nanoparticles

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been shown to modify some properties of nanomaterials and to modify chemical reactions confined inside their channels, which are formed by curved graphene layers. Here we studied ammonia synthesis over Ru as a probe reaction to understand the effect of the electron structure of CNTs on the confined metal particles and their catalytic activity. The catalyst with Ru nanoparticles dispersed almost exclusively on the exterior nanotube surface exhibits a higher activity than the CNT‐confined Ru, although both have a similar metal particle size. Characterization with TEM, N₂ physisorption, H₂ chemisorption, temperature‐programmed reduction, CO adsorption microcalorimetry, and first‐principles calculations suggests that the outside Ru exhibits a higher electron density than the inside Ru. As a result, the dissociative adsorption of N₂, which is an electrophilic process and the rate‐determining step of ammonia synthesis, is more facile over the outside Ru than that over the inside one.     

Influence of Pore Structure on Catalytic Properties of Mesoporous Silica-supported Co-B Amorphous Alloys in Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde to Cinnamyl Alcohol

Co‐B amorphous alloy catalysts supported on three kinds of mesoporous silica (common SiO₂, MCM‐41 and SBA‐15) have been systematically studied focusing on the effect of pore structure on the catalytic properties in liquid‐phase hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde to cinnamyl alcohol (CMO). Structural characterization of a series of different catalysts was performed by means of N₂ adsorption, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, hydrogen chemisorption, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Various characterizations revealed that the pore structure of supports profoundly influenced the particle size, location and dispersion degree of Co‐B amorphous alloys. Co‐B/SBA‐15 was found more active and selective to CMO than either Co‐B/SiO₂ or Co‐B/MCM‐41. The superior catalytic activity could be attributed to the higher active surface area, because most of Co‐B nanoparticles in Co‐B/SBA‐15 were located in the ordered pore channels of SBA‐15 rather than on the external surface as found in Co‐B/SiO₂ and Co‐B/MCM‐41. Meanwhile, the geometrical confinement effect of the ordered mesoporous structure of SBA‐15 was considered to be responsible for the enhanced selectivity to CMO on Co‐B/SBA‐15, inhibiting the further hydrogenation of CMO to hydrocinnamyl alcohol.