碳纳米管基非贵金属催化剂在电催化氧化还原中的应用研究进展

燃料电池和金属-空气电池是将化学能直接转化成电能的绿色电池,具有能量密度高、安全和环保等优点,相比传统能源具有独特优势。然而,目前阴极氧还原反应（oxygen reduction reaction,ORR）使用的贵金属铂（Pt）储量低,成本高,易中毒失活,严重限制了燃料电池的大规模应用。因此,开发廉价、高效、稳定的非贵金属催化剂成为研究热点。碳纳米管具有本征sp²杂化结构、优异的导电性、高比表面积、良好的化学稳定性等突出优点,受到广泛关注。本文综述了碳纳米管基非贵金属ORR催化剂的最新进展,主要包括非金属掺杂、过渡金属-氮-碳纳米管、负载过渡金属及其衍生物（氧化物、碳化物、氮化物、硫化物等）、负载单原子、与其他碳材料（石墨烯、多孔碳、碳纳米纤维）复合以及碳纳米管基自支撑电极。最后,对碳纳米管基非贵金属ORR催化剂的研究前景和下一步研究方向进行了展望。     

基于非贵金属氧还原催化剂的质子交换膜燃料电池性能

质子交换膜燃料电池的成本和寿命问题是制约其商业化的主要瓶颈. 开发高效稳定的新型非铂氧还原催化剂是降低电池成本的重要途径. 过渡金属-氮-碳型非贵金属催化剂具有较高催化活性、资源丰富、价格低廉等优点, 被认为是未来最有希望替代铂的氧还原催化剂. 本综述从催化剂的设计构筑、催化层结构优化以及电池测试等方面, 对过渡金属-氮-碳型非贵金属催化剂的国内外最新研究进展进行了重点讨论, 并对未来其发展趋势提出展望.     

氧还原碳基非贵金属电催化剂研究进展

质子交换膜燃料电池是一种直接将化学能转化为电能的能量转换装置,具有环境友好、能量密度高、转化效率高等优点,能够应用于便携能源及燃料电池电动车领域.但燃料电池阴极氧还原需要大量的铂基催化剂,铂价格昂贵、储量有限、易中毒的缺点限制了它的实际应用.因此,开发低成本、高活性、高稳定性的阴极非贵金属催化剂将能够显著推动质子交换膜燃料电池的大规模商业化应用.其中碳基非贵金属催化剂作为最有可能替代铂的氧还原催化剂,引起了广泛的研究.基于此,本文首先简单介绍了氧还原的机理;其次将碳基非贵金属催化剂分为过渡金属氮碳催化剂和非金属掺杂碳催化剂,对它们在材料制备和活性中心的研究进行了总结和讨论;最后,报道了碳基非贵金属催化剂在质子交换膜燃料电池单电池中的应用进展.     

用于氧还原反应的双原子钴-铁催化剂（英文）

金属-空气电池因其高效率和便携性受到广泛关注.然而,氧还原反应(ORR)的高能垒和缓慢的动力学导致其输出功率低.尽管贵金属铂基材料具有较高的ORR活性,但其在工业上的大规模应用受到高成本的制约.因此,迫切需要以储量丰富的非贵金属为原料,开发具有低成本、高性能和耐用性的催化剂.近年来,单原子过渡金属与氮共掺杂碳材料(M-N-C)成为替代贵金属催化剂的理想材料.理论模拟和实验结果均表明,单原子Fe/Co-N-C催化剂具有良好的ORR活性,其中FeN₄和CoN₄构型被认为是主要活性位点.此外,含有相邻金属位点的双金属单原子催化剂具有加速ORR动力学的巨大潜力.通过对ORR中间体的桥式-顺式吸附,双金属位点可以促进O-O键的裂解,从而提高催化活性.除固有活性外,双金属位点可减少ORR过程中含氧中间体对M-N键的攻击,提高M-N-C对ORR的耐久性和工业应用潜力.因此,近年来,研究者开始探索双金属单原子催化剂的合成和电催化性能,发现Fe-Co, Fe-Mn, Fe-Cu, Co-Zn和Co-Pt双位点可以有效催化ORR.为进一步提高ORR活性,需要合理...     

分级孔结构的Fe-N-C催化剂用于高效电催化氧还原

氧还原反应（ORR）是金属空气电池以及质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFCs）系统重要的阴极反应,研究具有高活性与高稳定性的非贵金属催化剂具有重要意义。本研究使用了一种具有分级孔结构的MIL-101-(Al-Fe)作为金属前驱体模板,成功制备出具有分级多孔结构的Fe-N-C催化剂。电化学测试结果表明,在0.1 mol/L KOH电解液中,Fe-N-C-MIL-900催化剂表现出最优的氧还原性能（半波电位0.905 V以及5000圈CV测试后半波电位仅下降5 mV）,远高于纯碳基N-C-MIL-900催化剂（0.845 V）。通过旋转环盘电极测试发现,Fe-N-C-MIL-900催化剂ORR电子转移数为3.98,H2O2产率低于3%,表现出明显的4电子ORR路径。这一工作为制备具有高ORR活性的Fe-N-C催化剂提供了一种新的途径。     

非贵金属钴、氮共掺杂碳纳米管负载纸衍生多孔碳电催化剂的制备及其氧还原性能研究（英文）

燃料电池可以直接将化学能转化为电能,是一种极具前景的能量转换设备.目前,铂碳是燃料电池阴极氧还原反应(ORR)常用催化剂,但是铂储量低、价格昂贵、稳定性差且容易受CO毒化,极大地限制了其在燃料电池商业化中的应用.因此,探索价格低廉、性能优越的非贵金属氧还原催化剂显得尤为重要.大量研究发现,碳基材料具有优越的氧还原性能和良好的电化学稳定性.同时,自然界的生物质种类丰富,是很好的碳基材料来源.本文选取日常生活中最常见的富碳生物质废纸作为碳源,二氰二胺和乙酰丙酮钴分别作为氮源和钴源,经过特定气氛下的梯度升温制得非贵金属钴、氮共掺杂碳纳米管负载多孔碳氧还原催化剂(Co/N/CNT@PC-800).考察了杂原子N掺杂、过渡金属Co掺杂对材料形貌和性能的影响,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼(Raman)光谱、氮气吸附-脱附和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征方法探究了Co/N/CNT@PC-800材料的组成与结构,通过循环伏安法(CV)以及线性扫描伏安法(LSV)等电化学测试探究了其氧还原反应性能.SEM和TEM结果表明,Co/N/CNT@PC-800材料为表面生长着大量碳纳米管的多孔碳结构.这是因为二氰二胺和钴引入后,钴催化二氰二胺转化成碳纳米管.金属纳米粒子被封装在碳层之间和碳纳米管中而得到有效的保护,使之不易被酸腐蚀.同时,Co和N元素可以形成更多的活性位点(Co–Nx),增强材料ORR活性.SEM和氮气吸附-脱附结果显示,掺杂Co后,材料的介孔结构会进一步增加,形成微孔/介孔结构.多孔结构可以增强ORR相关物质(O2,H+,OH.,H2O)的传质速率,提升反应速率,达到增强ORR活性的效果.除此之外,多孔的结构也可以促进活性位点的暴露,进而提升材料的ORR性能.XPS结果显示,Co/N/CNT@PC-800材料中N主要以吡啶氮和石墨氮两种形式存在,而这两种类型的氮有利于促进ORR的进行.Raman光谱结果显示,在引入N和Co元素后,材料的缺陷结构有所增加,因而有利于电催化氧还原反应性能的提升.另外,LSV测试结果表明,在引入Co或者N后,材料催化ORR的起始电位、半波电位、极限电流密度均有小幅改善;同时引入Co和N后,Co/N/CNT@PC-800材料催化ORR的起始电位(0.005 V vs.Ag/AgCl)、半波电位(.0.173 V vs.Ag/AgCl)、极限电流密度(.4.117 mA cm.2)均有较大幅度的改善.通过Koutecky-Levich(K-L)方程计算以及旋转环盘电极测得的氧还原极化曲线结果均表明,Co/N/CNT@PC-800材料的氧还原反应是通过准四电子反应转移路径进行.此外,循环(3000圈CV)稳定性测试结果证明,Co/N/CNT@PC-800材料比商业化的Pt/C具有更好的稳定性.总之,本文采用简单的梯度升温法制备出非贵金属钴、氮共掺杂的碳基氧还原催化剂(Co/N/CNT@PC-800),为探索利用生物质制备电催化剂用于燃料电池提供了一种可供选择的途径.     

模板辅助合成氮掺杂的多孔碳基氧还原电催化剂的研究进展

氮掺杂的多孔碳材料有望能取代当前普遍应用于质子交换膜燃料电池和金属-空气电池阴极中的贵金属氧还原催化剂,因而备受关注. 模板辅助合成技术作为一种可靠、通用的方法已经在多孔碳电催化剂的制备中得到了广泛的应用. 在碳基ORR电催化剂中,其ORR活性受到诸多因素的影响,如掺杂剂的浓度及其在碳上的分子掺杂态、孔洞结构、比表面积以及碳基材料的导电性等. 本文对近期氮掺杂多孔碳电催化剂的设计、制备、功能化及其在氧还原电催化中的应用研究进展进行了总结,同时展望了模板辅助合成法的一些发展趋势.     

模板辅助合成氮掺杂的多孔碳基氧还原电催化剂的研究进展（英文）

氮掺杂的多孔碳材料有望能取代当前普遍应用于质子交换膜燃料电池和金属-空气电池阴极中的贵金属氧还原催化剂,因而备受关注.模板辅助合成技术作为一种可靠、通用的方法已经在多孔碳电催化剂的制备中得到了广泛的应用.在碳基ORR电催化剂中,其ORR活性受到诸多因素的影响,如掺杂剂的浓度及其在碳上的分子掺杂态、孔洞结构、比表面积以及碳基材料的导电性等.本文对近期氮掺杂多孔碳电催化剂的设计、制备、功能化及其在氧还原电催化中的应用研究进展进行了总结,同时展望了模板辅助合成法的一些发展趋势.     

锌-空气电池双功能催化剂研究进展

锌-空气电池因其拥有理想的能量密度和功率密度,并有望在能源转化与储存领域的广泛应用,引起国内外研究者的高度关注. 其中,空气电极作为氧催化反应的核心区域,更是整个锌-空气电池研究的重点. 近年来,非贵金属双功能催化剂及其电极以其高活性、低成本以及种类丰富等特点取得了较多的研究成果. 本文综述了非贵金属氧化物催化剂、碳基催化剂、碳载过渡金属化合物复合材料以及自支撑电极在锌-空气电池中的反应机制和研究进展,提出了高效双功能催化剂的构建策略,并对双功能催化剂/电极的发展趋势进行了展望.     

高效氧催化反应中的金属有机骨架材料（英文）

氧电催化反应包括氧气还原反应(ORR)和氧气析出反应(OER).作为核心电极反应,这两个反应对诸多能源存储与转换技术(比如燃料电池、金属空气电池以及全水分解制氢等)的能量效率起决定性作用.然而,ORR和OER涉及多个反应步骤、多个电子转移过程以及多相界面传质过程.这些复杂的过程较大程度上限制了ORR和OER的反应速率.从理论和实践两个方面来看,ORR和OER都需要高效电催化剂的参与来促进其反应速率,从而能够最终提高上述能源存储与转换技术的能量转换或利用效率.目前,以Pt,Pd,Ir,Ru为代表的贵金属基电催化剂具有十分突出的电催化性能.但是,过高的成本和过低的储量始终制约着贵金属基电催化剂在催化ORR和OER反应方面,乃至在能源存储与转换技术领域的规模化应用.因而,开发高效非贵金属基氧电催化剂成为近年来能源存储与转换领域的研究重点之一.在众多已经报道的非贵金属基氧电催化剂中,金属有机骨架材料(MOFs)备受瞩目.MOFs是一类由有机配体和金属节点通过配位键自组装而成的晶态多孔材料.它们具备超高比表面积、超高孔隙率以及规则性纳米孔道.相比较其他传统的多孔材料(比如活性炭、分子筛、介孔炭、介孔氧化硅等),MOFs最主要的优势在于它们的结构和功能可以依据需求通过选择合适的有机配体和金属节点进行便利地设计,或通过后处理进行必要的改性和调节.基于独特的多孔特性以及结构与功能的可设计、可调节性,MOFs在气体分离与存储、异相催化、化学传感、药物输送、环境保护以及能源存储与转化等领域都具有潜在的应用价值.因而,近年来,MOFs备受基础研究领域和工业界的青睐.针对MOFs开展的基础研究和应用开发逐渐成为诸多领域的研究焦点.也正由于MOFs具有的上述优异特性,尤其是结构与功能的可设计、可调节性,使得设计制备基于单纯MOFs以及MOFs衍生材料成为开发高效非贵金属基氧电催化剂的新途径.本综述首先论述了基于单纯MOFs的氧电催化剂(包括纯MOFs、活性物种修饰的MOFs以及与导电材料构成的复合MOFs)的合成以及它们在ORR或OER催化反应中应用的研究进展.在第二部分论述中,本综述主要针对MOFs衍生的各类氧电催化剂(包括无机微米-纳米结构/多孔碳复合材料、纯多孔碳材料、纯无机微米-纳米结构材料以及单原子型电催化材料)的研究进展进行了简要介绍和讨论.最后,本综述对MOFs基氧电催化剂目前存在的挑战进行了简要分析;同时,也对这类氧电催化剂的通用设计准则以及未来发展方向进行了展望.尽管存在诸多挑战,MOFs始终被认为是极好的"平台"材料.充分利用它们将有利于开发高效且实用的非贵金属基氧电催化剂.     

Mn-N-P doped carbon spheres as an efficient oxygen reduction catalyst for high performance Zn-Air batteries

Low-cost and efficient oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts are the key to developing Zn-air batteries for renewable energy storage. Herein, the Mn-N-P doped carbon sphere was prepared through polymerization of hexachlorotripolyphosphazene (HCCP) and phloroglucinol, and then followed the calcination at 900 °C. Theory calculations demonstrated the introduction of Mn in N-P doped carbon could lower the dissociation barrier of O₂ into O* and promote the ORR through a 4e^? pathway. The as-prepared catalysts exhibited a half-wave potential of 0.82 V vs. RHE and limiting current density of 5.2 mA/cm² toward ORR, which was comparable to those of the commercial Pt/C catalysts. In addition, Zn-air batteries with 0.05 Mn-N-P-C catalysts showed a high specific capacity of 830 mAh/g_Zn and excellent cycle stability. This facile approach demonstrated herein could be a solution to develop optimum non-precious metal catalysts for the application in cathodes of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. This study also provides new insight to design the catalysts of multi-heteroatom coordinated metal in the carbon matrix for both fundamental researches and practical applications.     

Sulfur-Induced Growth of Coordination Polymer Derived-Straight Carbon Nanotubes on Carbon Nanofiber Network for Zn-Air Batteries

Low-cost heteroatom-doped carbon nanomaterials have been widely studied for efficient oxygen reduction reaction and energy storage and conversion in metal-air batteries. A Masson pine twigs-like 3-dimensional network construction of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) with abundant straight long Co, N, and S-doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is developed by thermal treatment of Co-based polymer coated onto polyacrylonitrile nanofiber network together with thiourea at 900 °C, denoted as CNFT-Co₉S₈-900. It is interesting to note that the introduction of a high concentration of sulfur does not lead to the complete toxicity of catalysts, but promotes the axial growth to selectively form straight CNTs instead of curly bamboo-like CNTs. The highly graphitized in-situ grown Co, N, S-doped CNTs and the 3-dimensional N-doped CNF network provide both active catalytic sites and highly conductive paths, which are beneficial for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Thus, the optimal CNFT-Co₉S₈-900 performs the excellent ORR catalytic activity with a half-wave potential of 0.84 V and a diffusion-limited current density of 5.49 mA cm⁻². Furthermore, the CNFT-Co₉S₈-900-based Zn-air devices also possess a high power density of 136.9 mW cm⁻² better than commercial Pt/C.     

Pomegranate‐Inspired Design of Highly Active and Durable Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Rechargeable Metal–Air Batteries

Rational design of highly active and durable electrocatalysts for oxygen reactions is critical for rechargeable metal–air batteries. Herein, we report the design and development of composite electrocatalysts based on transition metal oxide nanocrystals embedded in a nitrogen‐doped, partially graphitized carbon framework. Benefiting from the unique pomegranate‐like architecture, the composite catalysts possess abundant active sites, strong synergetic coupling, enhanced electron transfer, and high efficiencies in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The Co₃O₄‐based composite electrocatalyst exhibited a high half‐wave potential of 0.842 V for ORR, and a low overpotential of only 450 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm^?2 for OER. A single‐cell zinc–air battery was also fabricated with superior durability, holding great promise in the practical implementation of rechargeable metal–air batteries.     

MnO/N-Doped Mesoporous Carbon as Advanced Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalyst for Zinc–Air Batteries

The development of alternative electrocatalysts exhibiting high activity in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is vital for the deployment of large-scale clean energy devices, such as fuel cells and zinc–air batteries. N-doped carbon materials offer a promising platform for the design and synthesis of electrocatalysts due to their high ORR activity, high surface area, and tunable porosity. In this study, materials in which MnO nanoparticles are entrapped in N-doped mesoporous carbon (MnO/NC) were developed as electrocatalysts for the ORR, and their performances were evaluated in zinc–air batteries. The obtained carbon materials had large surface area and high electrocatalytic activity toward the ORR. The carbon compounds were fabricated by using NaCl as template in a one-pot process, which significantly simplifies the procedure for preparing mesoporous carbon materials and in turn reduces the total cost. A primary zinc–air battery based on this material exhibits an open-circuit voltage of 1.49 V, which is higher than that of conventional zinc–air batteries with Pt/C (Pt/C cell) as ORR catalyst (1.41 V). The assembled zinc–air battery delivered a peak power density of 168 mW cm⁻² at a current density of about 200 mA cm⁻², which is higher than that of an equivalent Pt/C cell (151 mW cm⁻² at a current density of ca. 200 mA cm⁻²). The electrocatalytic data revealed that MnO/NC is a promising nonprecious-metal ORR catalyst for practical applications in metal–air batteries.     

氮掺杂碳纳米管高负载金属催化剂在铝空气电池中的应用

在铁基催化剂(Fe-N-C)中引入金属铈,采用高温热解法合成了氮掺杂碳纳米管(NCNTs)高负载金属催化剂(Fe/Ce-NCNTs)。金属铈的引入能更好地促进碳纳米管(CNTs)的生长,锚定更多的铁原子,增加Fe—NX活性位点的数量。Fe/CeNCNTs催化剂在碱性介质中表现出良好的催化活性和稳定性,半波电位为0.86 V(vs RHE)。将Fe/Ce-NCNTs催化剂应用于铝空气电池(AABs),其峰值功率密度可达142 mW·cm^-2,在50 mA·cm^-2电流密度下放电比容量达到865 mAh·g^-1,在高电流密度负载下具有较高的电压。     

DNA‐Directed Growth of Pd Nanocrystals on Carbon Nanotubes towards Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reactions

Unique DNA‐promoted Pd nanocrystals on carbon nanotubes (Pd/DNA–CNTs) are synthesized for the first time, in which through its regularly arranged PO₄^3? groups on the sugar–phosphate backbone, DNA directs the growth of ultrasmall Pd nanocrytals with an average size of 3.4 nm uniformly distributed on CNTs. The Pd/DNA–CNT catalyst shows much more efficient electrocatalytic activity towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with a much more positive onset potential, higher catalytic current density and better stability than other Pd‐based catalysts including Pd nanocrystals on carbon nanotubes (Pd/CNTs) without the use of DNA and commercial Pd/C catalyst. In addition, the Pd/DNA–CNTs catalyst provides high methanol tolerance. The high electrocatalytic performance is mainly contributed by the ultrasmall Pd nanocrystal particles grown directed by DNA to enhance the mass transport rate and to improve the utilization of the Pd catalyst. This work may demonstrate a universal approach to fabricate other superior metal nanocrystal catalysts with DNA promotion for broad applications in energy systems and sensing devices.     

Polyaniline/Pure Carbon Assemblies as Efficient Self‐standing Metal‐free Oxygen Electrodes in Alkaline Media for Zn‐Air Batteries

A facile design and fabrication of self‐standing metal‐free polyaniline (PANI)@carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composite membrane was initially proposed by straightforward noncovalent wrapping the polymer around pure CNTs. Without introduction of extra heteroatoms into CNTs, the optimized PANI@CNTs composite exhibits a much better electrocatalytic performance for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) than pure CNTs via favorable interfacial modification with PANI to largely expose the active sites of on the surface of pure CNTs. Besides, it displays good oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance. When directly utilized as bifunctional air electrode without extra additive agents, the composite membrane‐enabled rechargeable Zn‐air batteries not only deliver a high peak power density (201.9 W g^?1) and a large energy density (850.3 Wh kg_Zn^?1), but also present robust cycling performance for 216 cycles with a high energy efficiency of 57.8%.     

Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon nanospheres loaded with cobalt nanoparticles for oxygen reduction and Zn–air batteries

Mesoporous carbon supported with transition metals nanoparticles performs desired activities for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and clean energy conversion devices such as Zn–air batteries. In this work, we synthesized N-doped mesoporous carbon loaded with cobalt nanoparticles (CoMCN) through self-assembly method. There are sufficient mesopores on the carbon substrate which stem from the pore-forming agent. These mesopores can provide enough accessible active sites and profitable charge/mass transport for ORR. The high content of pyridinic and graphitic N is beneficial for promoting O₂ adsorption and reduction. The smaller value of I_D/I_G indicates the higher degree of graphitization of CoMCN, providing better electronic conductivity. The half-wave potential of CoMCN is 0.865 V in basic solution, which is 24 mV more positive than that of the commercial Pt/C (0.841 V). In addition, CoMCN performs excellent methanol tolerance and stability under both basic and acidic conditions. The Zn–air battery assembled with CoMCN performs the larger power density and open-circuit voltage than the commercial Pt/C-based battery, indicating the potential application in energy conversion systems. This work provides thoughtful ideas for fabricating transition metal nanoparticles based porous carbon for electrocatalysis and metal–air batteries.     

Ir–V nanoparticles supported on microstructure controlled carbon nanofibers as electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction

Ir–V nanoparticles supported on microstructure controlled carbon nanofibers (CNFs) or on carbon black, Vulcan XC-72 (XC-72), have been synthesized via chemical reduction, and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) properties of catalysts are investigated in this paper. The physico-chemical properties are characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), N₂ physisorption and electrochemical analysis. HRTEM results show that the metal nanoparticles are separated on carbon support with well-controlled particle size, dispersity, and composition uniformity. Moreover, the metal nanoparticles on CNFs have a smaller size than those on XC-72. Cyclic voltammetric analysis reveals that Ir–V/CNFs exhibits a higher ORR activity than Ir–V/XC-72, and this may be associated with the smaller metal nanoparticles and the stronger metal-support interaction of Ir–V/CNFs. Linear sweep voltammetric analysis at different rotation rates proves that ORR on the Ir–V/CNFs electrode is a 4e^? process.