Pd催化糠醛加氢反应中溶剂依赖效应的理论计算

糠醛催化加氢反应工艺主要分为气相、液相以及催化转移加氢等.相比于糠醛气相加氢,液相加氢为反应提供了更多的可持续性和自由度,但其中溶剂依赖现象对糠醛定向催化转化的影响机制尚不清晰.针对上述问题,本文选用3种溶剂(甲醇、水和环己烷)为研究对象,采用密度泛函方法,从理论计算角度探究了Pd催化糠醛加氢反应中溶剂效应对反应活性和选择性的重要作用.结果表明,在糠醛加氢反应过程中,溶剂一方面能够形成氢键网络促进质子穿梭,另一方面能够稳定反应物、中间体以及生成物,有效降低C=O加氢的能垒.自由能计算结果表明,在液态水、甲醇和环己烷中,随着溶剂极性的降低(水>甲醇>环己烷),第一步C=O氢化的能垒逐渐降低(0.70 eV>0.68 eV>0.44 eV).在水和甲醇介导的糠醛加氢反应过程中,第一步C=O加氢的反应势垒进一步降低为0.47和0.41 eV.差分电荷密度以及Bader电荷分析表明,反应过程中存在糠醛和Pd催化剂之间的电荷转移.分波态密度(PDOS)分析表明,溶剂的加入使d带中心向靠近费米能级的方向移动,表明Pd催化剂的催化活性得到提高.     

Pd/Cu(111)双金属表面催化糠醛脱碳及加氢的反应机理

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)研究糠醛在最稳定Pd/Cu(111)双金属表面上的吸附构型和糠醛脱碳及加氢的反应机理。结果表明,当糠醛初始吸附于O_3-Pd-top、O_7-Cu-hcp位时,吸附构型最稳定,其吸附能为73.4 kJ/mol。糠醛在Pd/Cu(111)双金属表面上更易发生脱碳反应。对于糠醛脱碳反应,所需活化能较低,各个基元反应均为放热反应,糠醛更易先失去支链上的H形成(C_4H_3O)CO,然后中间体脱碳加氢得到呋喃,其中,C_4H_3O加氢生成呋喃所需活化能(72.6 kJ/mol)最高,是反应的控速步骤。对于加氢反应,糠醛与首个氢原子的反应需要最大的活化能(290.4 kJ/mol),是反应的限速步骤。     

Hydrogenation of furfural on polymer-containing catalysts

The catalytic hydrogenation of furfural with molecular hydrogen has been investigated under mild conditions in the presence of metal complex catalysts with a polymeric macroligand. It has been shown that the reaction proceeds according to a consecutive scheme with the formation of furfuryl and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohols. The kinetics of furfural hydrogenation has been investigated and the order of the reaction established; the rate constants of the first and second stages have been determined. The influence of the solvent and of the metal-to-polymer ratio on the furfural conversion have been investigated.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 303–307, March, 1986.     

A facile route to ruthenium–carbene complexes and their application in furfural hydrogenation

A number of new N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands were synthesized via a multicomponent reaction, wherein an aldehyde or ketone, a primary amine and an α‐acidic isocyanide were reacted, giving the corresponding 2H‐2‐imidazolines. These were easily alkylated with an alkyl halide at position N‐3, yielding the final NHC precursors, that were then complexed with Ru in situ. The resulting complexes are shown to be active and selective catalysts for the transfer hydrogenation of furfural to furfurol, using isopropanol as the hydrogen source. Importantly, the carbene ligand remains coordinated to the ruthenium center throughout the reaction. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Selective aqueous-phase hydrogenation of furfural to cyclopentanol over PdRu/C catalyst

The bimetallic PdRu catalyst supported on carbon nanotubes were found ot provide an efficient synthesis of cyclopentanol in aqueous-phase hydrogenation of furfural. Under the chosen reaction conditions (temperature of 473 K, total pressure of 8 MPa), the selectivity towards cyclopentanol reaches 77% at a complete conversion of furfural. A high activity of this catalyst can be associated with changes in the electronic state and dispersion of the supported metals caused by their mutual interaction and formation of PdRu alloy.     

Palladium–Ruthenium Catalyst for Selective Hydrogenation of Furfural to Cyclopentanol

Bimetallic Pd–Ru/C catalyst was shown to be much more active in the aqueous-phase hydrogenation of furfural (473 K, 8 MPa) in comparison with both Pd/C and Ru/C catalysts. The enhanced hydrogenation activity manifested itself as an increased yield of cyclopentanol (77%) at a complete conversion of furfural. The observed synergistic effect between palladium and ruthenium in the tested reaction can be related to changes in the electronic state and particle size of supported metals upon interaction with each other and the Pd–Ru alloy formation.     

Cu-Mn-Si 催化剂在环己醇脱氢和糠醛加氢耦合反应中的研究: 沉淀pH值和焙烧温度的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了Cu-Mn-Si催化剂,并将其应用于常压气相环己醇脱氢和糠醛加氢耦合反应中,考察了沉淀pH值和焙烧温度对耦合反应的影响。沉淀pH值对糠醛加氢制2 甲基呋喃反应影响不大,但对环己酮的选择性影响较大。pH值在7.5~10.0制备的催化剂具有优良的反应性能。焙烧温度的提高,导致催化剂的比表面积减小,孔径变大,铜的比表面积下降,还原温度提高。在耦合一体化反应中,环己醇脱氢制备环己酮反应受焙烧温度影响不大,但糠醛转化率和2 甲基呋喃选择性随着焙烧温度的提高而减小。     

Characteristics of the catalytic hydrogenation of 5-methylfurfural

The hydrogenation of 5-methylfurfural in the vapor and liquid phases was studied in the presence of catalysts: Pd/C (KDF), Pd/Al₃O₃, copper-chromite (GIPKh-105) and Raney-Ni. The chief characteristics of the conversion of the aldehyde group of 5-methylfurfural depending on the nature of the catalyst and the reaction conditions were established. The greater reactivity of 5-methylfurfural in the hydrogenation reaction, compared with furfural, was revealed.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 11, pp. 1460–1464, November, 1990.     

Cu-Cr-Ca-Ba催化剂上糠醛加氢制备-2-甲基呋喃

采用固定床反应器,研究了Cu Cr Ca Ba催化剂上糠醛常压选择加氢制2 甲基呋喃的反应.详细考察了反应条件对催化性能的影响.结果表明,添加Ca Ba助剂显著提高了催化剂对目的产物的选择性,Cu Cr Ca Ba催化剂在200～220℃,液时空速0.2～0.6h-1,氢醛摩尔比6～16的条件下,具有良好的活性和选择性,糠醛转化率 99.8%,2 甲基呋喃选择性 90.3%.     

Atomic Layer Deposition Overcoating: Tuning Catalyst Selectivity for Biomass Conversion

The terraces, edges, and facets of nanoparticles are all active sites for heterogeneous catalysis. These different active sites may cause the formation of various products during the catalytic reaction. Here we report that the step sites of Pd nanoparticles (NPs) can be covered precisely by the atomic layer deposition (ALD) method, whereas the terrace sites remain as active component for the hydrogenation of furfural. Increasing the thickness of the ALD‐generated overcoats restricts the adsorption of furfural onto the step sites of Pd NPs and increases the selectivity to furan. Furan selectivities and furfural conversions are linearly correlated for samples with or without an overcoating, though the slopes differ. The ALD technique can tune the selectivity of furfural hydrogenation over Pd NPs and has improved our understanding of the reaction mechanism. The above conclusions are further supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations.     

Synthesis of g-butyrolactone and 2-methylfuran through the coupling of dehydrogenation and hydrogenation over copper-chromite catalyst

The new coupling process of the dehydrogenation of 1,4-butanediol (BDO) and the hydrogenation of furfural (FFA) over a copper-chromite catalyst was carried out in a continuous fixed-bed reactor. The effects of the reaction conditions on the coupling process were investigated in detail. The results show that the coupling process has some advantages over the individual dehydrogenation and hydrogenation ones, such as optimal hydrogen utilization, good energy efficiency, improved yield and mild reaction condition. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Ni-Co/TiO2对糠醛制环戊酮、环戊醇的催化性能

以TiO2为载体负载双金属活性组分Ni-Co,采用浸渍法制备催化剂,用于糠醛催化加氢生成环戊酮和环戊醇的反应,并探讨了Ni-Co负载量、反应时间、反应温度、反应压力对其他产物的影响。通过XRD、BET、H2-TPR、SEM等表征方法对催化剂的构成及反应机理进行了讨论。结果表明,分别以一定比例负载金属活性组分制备的Ni-Co/TiO2和Co/TiO2催化剂,在最佳反应条件下环戊酮和环戊醇的生成率达到最高值,分别为53.4%和17.1%。     

H+−H− Pairs in Partially Oxidized MAX Phases for Bifunctional Catalytic Conversion of Furfurals into Linear Ketones

Currently, less favorable C=O hydrogenation and weak concerted acid catalysis cause unsatisfactory catalytic performance in the upgrading of biomass-derived furfurals (i.e., furfural, 5-methyl furfural, and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural) to ketones (i.e., cyclopentanone, 2,5-hexanedione, and 1-hydroxyl-2,5-hexanedione). A series of partially oxidized MAX phase (i.e., Ti₃AlC₂, Ti₂AlC, Ti₃SiC₂) supporting Pd catalysts were fabricated, which showed high catalytic activity; Pd/Ti₃AlC₂ in particular displayed high performance for conversion of furfurals into targeted ketones. Detailed studies of the catalytic mechanism confirm that in situ hydrogen spillover generates Frustrated Lewis H⁺−H⁻ pairs, which not only act as the hydrogenation sites for selective C=O hydrogenation but also provide acid sites for ring opening. The close intimate hydrogenation and acid sites promote bifunctional catalytic reactions, substantially reducing the reported minimum reaction temperature of various furfurals by at least 30–60 °C.     

新型糠醛加氢制糠醇催化剂研究

新型糠醛加氢制糠醇催化剂研究林培滋，黄世煜，周焕文，赵彤彤，刘崇早，罗洪原，梁东白（中国科学院大连化学物理研究所，大连１１６０２３）关键词铜催化剂，糠醛，加氢，糠醇糠醇是重要的化工原料，糖醇树脂是耐酸、碱腐蚀的材料，在工业发达的国家中，铸造工业广泛采...     

沉淀剂对CuZnAl催化剂糠醛气相加氢制糠醇选择性的影响

采用共沉淀法制得分别以NaOH、Na_2CO_3和Na_2CO_3/NaOH为沉淀剂的CuZnAl-1、CuZnAl-2和CuZnAl-3催化剂,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附-脱附、H_2-程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)、热重和NH_3-程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)等方法对催化剂进行了表征,并在固定床反应器上研究了沉淀剂对CuZnAl催化剂糠醛气相加氢制糠醇选择性的影响。结果表明,糠醛加氢在三种催化剂上均有较高转化率,而CuZnAl-3催化剂对糠醇有较高选择性。沉淀剂对CuZnAl催化剂的物相结构、比表面积、酸性和氧化还原性均有较大影响。以Na_2CO_3/NaOH为沉淀剂得到的CuZnAl-3催化剂具有适宜的比表面积、CuO晶相、较弱的酸性位,且表面CuO易于还原,这些因素有利于催化反应生成糠醇。CuZnAl-3催化剂上糠醛气相加氢制糠醇优化工艺参数为:常压、反应温度180℃、氢醛物质的量比为5∶1、糠醛体积空速0.3h~(-1);糠醛转化率为99.4%,糠醇选择性为98.3%。     

Cu/ZnO催化糠醛气相加氢制2-甲基呋喃的研究

通过共沉淀法制备一系列铜锌催化剂,用于固定床上糠醛气相加氢制2-甲基呋喃的研究。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、N_2吸附-脱附、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、H_2-程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)、NH_3-程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)表征,分析催化剂中Cu0和ZnO在催化反应中的作用。结果表明,Cu~0是糠醛加氢的活性中心,氧化锌的加入减小了催化剂晶粒粒径、增大了催化剂比表面积、利于催化剂还原和增加催化剂表面弱酸性位。当Cu/Zn物质的量比为1∶2时,Cu_1Zn_2催化剂具有适宜氧化还原活性中心及弱酸位数量,对2-甲基呋喃表现出较高的选择性。Cu_1Zn_2催化剂在常压、反应温度为200℃、氢醛物质的量比为4∶1、糠醛体积空速为0.3 h-1条件下,糠醛转化率100.0%,2-甲基呋喃选择性最高为93.6%。反应稳定运行200 h后,糠醛转化率仍为100.0%,2-甲基呋喃选择性为80.0%,糠醇选择性为11.4%。     

Aqueous-phase catalytic hydrogenation of furfural to cyclopentanol over Cu-Mg-Al hydrotalcites derived catalysts: Model reaction for upgrading of bio-oil

A series of Cu-Mg-Al hydrotalcites derived oxides with a (Cu+Mg)/Al mole ratio of 3 and varied Cu/Mg mole ratio (from 0.07 to 0.30) were prepared by co-precipitation and calcination methods, then they were introduced to the hydrogenation of furfural in aqueous-phase. Effects of Cu/Mg mole ratio, reaction temperature, initial hydrogen pressure, reaction time and catalyst amount on the conversion rate of furfural as well as the selectivity toward desired product cyclopentanol were systematically investigated. The conversion of furfural over calcined hydrotalcite catalyst with a Cu/Mg mole ratio of 0.2 was up to 98.5% when the reaction was carried out under 140 °C and the initial hydrogen pressure of 4 MPa for 10 h, while the selectivity toward cyclopentanol was up to 94.8%. The catalysts were characterized by XRD and SEM. XRD diffraction of all the samples showed characteristic pattern of hydrotalcite with varied peak intensity as a result of different Cu content. The catalytic activity was improved gradually with the increase of Cu component in the hydrotalcite.     

糠醛在Pt(111)表面的吸附和脱碳反应

采用广义梯度近似的密度泛函理论并结合平板模型的方法, 优化了糠醛分子在Pt(111)面的吸附模型,并探究了糠醛脱碳反应形成呋喃的机理. 结果表明: 吸附后糠醛分子环上的C―H(O)键及支链―CHO相对于金属表面倾斜上翘, 分子平面被扭曲, 易于呋喃的形成; 同时, 糠醛分子向Pt表面转移电子0.765e, 环中的大π键与Pt(111)表面的d轨道发生较强的相互作用, 使得糠醛的芳香性被破坏, 环上的碳原子呈现准sp³杂化. 此外, 对糠醛脱碳反应中的各反应步骤进行过渡态搜索, 通过比较各步骤的活化能, 得出糠醛更易先失去支链上的H形成酰基中间体(C₄H₃O)CO, 中间体继续脱碳加氢形成产物呋喃. 该过程的控速步骤为(C₄H₃O)CO^*+^*→C₄H₃O^*+CO^* (^*为吸附位),活化能为127.65 kJ·mol^-1.     

Transformations of heterocyclic compounds on membrane catalysts

The transformations of furan, -methylfuran, furfural, and 2,3-dihydrofuran on a palladium — nickel membrane catalyst at 50–300°C under conditions of diffusion of hydrogen through the catalyst were investigated. Under these conditions furan is hydrogenated to tetrahydrofuran in quantitative yield. Considerable amounts of furan, the hydrogenation of which in the presence of the above-named derivatives is inhibited, are detected in the catalyzate along with hydrogenation products in the transformations of -methylfuran, furfural, and 2,3-dihydrofuran.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 599–601, May, 1975.