手性光学开关研究*

手性是自然界的普遍现象,有关超分子手性的研究由于超分子体系中分子间非共价相互作用的可调性逐渐引起了人们的研究兴趣。本文综述了手性光学开关研究的最新进展,介绍了如何设计分子体系,由手性分子制备手性光学开关;基于超分子思想,介绍了由非手性分子参与形成的手性光学开关,并最终制备出完全由非手性分子组装得到的手性光学开关。     

超分子凝胶中的光化学反应

超分子凝胶中的光化学反应是比较特殊的一类反应,通常是将具有光响应活性的基团或分子引入到超分子凝胶的自组装体系中,因此,能够将超分子凝胶独特的性质与光化学反应的优势有效地结合起来,构筑新型的光功能材料,这使得此类超分子凝胶在光信息存储、光开关及光转换器件等前沿领域具有广阔的应用前景.本文主要总结近年来国内外包括作者课题组对超分子凝胶中光化学反应方面的研究进展,以及其在多重响应凝胶、手性光学开关以及手性合成方面的应用.     

基于多酸/嵌段共聚物的刺激响应性杂化功能材料

多酸具有多种拓扑结构和优异的理化性质,在光、电、磁、催化、生物医药等领域具有广阔的应用前景,在材料制备中常通过将多酸引入到有机体系构筑杂化材料来改善其加工性能.在有机分子中,嵌段共聚物具有良好的加工性、刺激响应性以及拓扑结构所赋予的特殊的自组装性能,是非常有潜力的一类杂化材料构筑基元.将多酸和嵌段共聚物作为自组装基元构筑杂化材料,能够将二者的优点相结合,同时开发出新的性能.多酸和嵌段共聚物的杂化可以通过共价键和非共价键2种方式实现,前者稳定性好,后者灵活简单.本文着眼于通过非共价键方式构筑的杂化体系,主要介绍了杂化体系的构筑策略以及刺激响应性.     

胆甾相液晶结构色的光调控

胆甾相液晶是一类具有周期性螺旋超结构的软光子晶体,能够选择性地反射不同波长的光产生结构色.在向列相液晶中掺杂光响应手性分子是制备光响应胆甾相液晶的普遍方法.在外界光源的刺激下,光响应手性分子的空间结构改变,诱导螺旋超结构的螺距发生变化,从而调控胆甾相液晶的结构色,因此光响应胆甾相液晶在滤光器、传感器、可调光学激光器和动态显示等领域具有广阔的应用前景.总结了不同光响应手性分子构筑的胆甾相液晶体系,分析了手性分子结构设计对胆甾相液晶结构色调控的影响,最终讨论了光响应胆甾相液晶目前面临的挑战以及未来的发展方向.     

超分子凝胶:结构多样性与超分子手性

超分子凝胶作为一种重要的软物质材料,在构建多重刺激响应性、光电功能,以及生物相容材料等功能软物质方面表现出了独特的优越性。超分子凝胶在形成过程中往往得到比较均一的纳米结构,且具有结构多样性;而另一方面,超分子凝胶的构筑单元大部分是手性分子,超分子凝胶也是实现手性在超分子层次/纳米层次表达的重要途径,尤其是手性传递、手性放大、不对称催化方面,同时超分子凝胶也是构筑手性纳米结构的重要手段。本文主要对超分子凝胶形成中的纳米结构以及形貌的多样性和超分子手性进行介绍,并展望该领域未来的发展方向。     

胆甾相液晶螺旋方向的光调控

光响应胆甾相液晶是一类在光刺激下通过改变液晶分子排列调控光学特性的智能“软”光子晶体材料,其分子自组装形成周期性螺旋结构,选择性地反射与自身螺旋方向相同的圆偏振光。近年来,利用光刺激诱导胆甾相液晶在左手螺旋和右手螺旋之间发生螺旋翻转的研究引起了广泛关注。胆甾相液晶的螺旋翻转能够改变反射光的圆偏振特性,有望拓展光子晶体材料在可调节滤光器、防伪与加密技术、圆偏振激光器、三维显示等领域的潜在应用。本综述重点关注光响应胆甾相液晶螺旋翻转的研究进展;总结了调控胆甾相液晶螺旋方向的两种主要策略：(1)直接引入螺旋性可逆转变的光响应手性分子开关,(2)利用光响应手性分子开关和与之螺旋性相反的手性掺杂剂之间的手性竞争;分析了分子空间构型转变对调控螺旋翻转程度的影响;并讨论了不同材料体系面临的挑战以及未来的发展方向。     

超分子组装体激发态手性的响应性

圆偏振发光主要是指手性发光体系激发态的性质。由于其在信息加密、高分辨3D显示和智能传感器等领域的潜在应用而备受关注。圆偏振光除了可以通过物理方法获得,即使用线偏振片和四分之一波片的组合,还可以直接从具有光致发光或电致发光性质的手性材料中获得。目前研究者们已经开发了多种圆偏振发光材料,主要包括手性有机分子、手性金属配合物等小分子发光体系以及手性超分子组装体等复合体系。通过将手性组分与响应性功能基团结合而构筑的响应性自组装发光体系对实现智能圆偏振发光材料的发展起着重要作用。在这篇文章里,我们对手性超分子自组装发光体系对各种外界刺激的响应性能进行了总结和归纳,如光照、pH值、溶剂、温度、金属离子等。本综述通过对各种外部刺激对手性组装体激发态性能影响的总结和讨论,旨在进一步推动智能圆偏振发光材料在多学科领域的应用。     

手性配位聚合物的构筑及其应用

手性配位聚合物因其结构多样性、可调控性以及潜在的多功能性,已经成为当前化学和材料学的研究热点。在合成中,可以通过选择特定的非手性配体、手性配体、手性溶剂或手性模板剂等来构筑手性配位聚合物。此外,还可以选择特定的金属离子赋予目标手性配位聚合物光、电、磁、催化和非线性光学等性能。本文详细综述了近年来纯手性配位聚合物的合成方法,以及在手性分离、手性催化、非线性光学、铁电和多铁等领域的应用研究进展。最后,对手性配位聚合物的合成方法及应用前景进行了展望。     

基于铕取代多金属氧簇的手性发光液晶材料（英文）

将铕取代的多金属氧簇引入手性液晶体系是构筑多功能手性发光软材料的有力工具。圆二色谱表明手性两亲分子可以通过静电相互作用诱导非手性多金属氧簇显示出超分子手性。差示扫描量热法、偏光显微镜和变温X射线衍射证实这种有机无机杂化的多金属氧簇复合物具有热致液晶性质。复合物的薄膜显示出本征发光,并且我们可以通过温度调控复合物的发光性质。用手性介晶阳离子静电包覆多金属氧簇是构筑多金属氧簇基手性发光液晶材料的有效方法。     

含手性亚胺侧基聚苯乙烯衍生物的设计及其在酸碱诱导下的手光响应性质

以N-(2-羟基-1-萘基)亚甲基-(S)-α-苯基乙胺为模型分子,考察了脱质子前后该手性Schiff碱溶液手光性质的变化,利用DFT计算探讨手光信号反转机理.结果表明,手光反转源于分子内氢键的断裂与形成及伴随的C—C单键旋转所引起的构象转变,且前后2种构象处于拟对映关系.这一发现意味着通过单键旋转操控分子构象转变可作为构建手性开关的一种有效途径.在此基础上设计、合成了苯乙烯型手性功能单体(VNP)及相应的光学活性聚合物.由于邻位基团的协同效应,聚合物的手光性质对酸碱刺激表现出比单体更灵敏的响应性和可重复性.当循环加入H+和OH-时,聚合物溶液的CD信号(382 nm处的Cotton效应)以"ON"-"OFF"方式发生可逆转变,以此为输出信号可无损耗重复至少5次,实现了通过酸碱调控的无损输出的新型聚合物基手性开关.此外,基于该手性开关体系构建了典型的"禁阻"(IHIBIT)分子逻辑门.     

Recent advances in new-type molecular switches

Molecular switches that can undergo reversible switching between two or more different states in response to external stimuli have been used in the fabrication of various optoelectronic devices and smart materials for many decades, and also found many applications in sensing, molecular self-assembly and photo-controlled biological systems. Recently, mechanically interlocked molecules, such as rotaxanes and catenanes, and molecular rotary motors based on overcrowded alkenes have emerged as two new kinds of molecular switches. Some novel applications of above-mentioned molecular switches have been discovered. In this mini review, we mainly highlight noticeable achievements over the past decade in this field, and summarize the applications of new types of molecular switches, for instance, controlling the chiral space to regulate catalytic reaction as organocatalysts, controlling molecular motions, synthesizing a peptide in a sequence-specific manner and modulating the wettability of the self-assembled monolayers.     

光敏异构化智能生物开关的进展

引出光敏异构化智能生物开关的概念。介绍了可逆光敏异构化生物物质的机制和特点, 并结合这个领域的研究和发展对其进行了较全面的讨论。探讨了可逆异构化开关物质在光记忆、电化学控制、生物传感器等方面的应用, 并对它的未来前景作出展望。     

Molecular origins of the remarkable chiral sensitivity of second-order nonlinear optics.

Recent observations of remarkably large chiroptical effects in second-harmonic generation (SHG) and sum-frequency generation (SFG) measurements suggest exciting possibilities for the development of new chiral-specific spectroscopies and novel chiral materials for nonlinear optics. Several fundamental studies designed to elucidate the molecular and macromolecular origins of the chiral responses are reviewed to provide a framework for development of this emerging field. In general, the chiral activity in SHG and SFG has the potential to arise from complex interactions between hosts of different competing effects. Fortunately, relatively simple electric dipole-allowed mechanisms routinely dominate the nonlinear optical chiral activities of most practical systemsexpressions can often be generated to link the. This substantial reduction in complexity allows for the development of simple models connecting the macroscopic nonlinear optical response to intuitive molecular and supramolecular properties.     

Dual modulation of a molecular switch with exceptional chiroptical properties

The ability to modulate the chiroptical properties of optically active molecules induced by external stimuli such as light, heat, and electrical fields allows for the design and development of molecular switches, memory devices, sensors, and photonic devices. A helical o-terphenyl compound functionalized with photoresponsive azobenzene and electroactive imide groups is designed as a dual-mode chiroptical molecular switch. Its exceptional optical activity (e.g., [alpha]436 = -9500) can be changed and modulated through photoisomerization of the azobenzene moiety using UV and visible light. Reversible modulation by electrochemical means was also achieved through the redox reaction occurring at the imide group. Large chiroptical read-out signals were observed during the redox cycles as indicated by the molar ellipticity values as high as 285,000 deg.cm2.dmol-1. Exceptionally high optical activity and large responses to both light and electrical bias make this chiral molecule suitable for the development of new molecular switches, sensors, and other optical devices.     

Transition metal-based chiroptical switches for nanoscale electronics and sensors

Efficient metal-based chiroptical switches have been designed that are capable of achieving multiple stable and reversible states. Studies in this field have yielded a variety of complex molecular devices whose conformations are controllable by many triggering mechanisms including pressure, solvent, counter ion, redox state, and photoinduction. Many of the systems are monitored with precision using circular dichroism spectroscopy. This review aims to provide a brief background of the development of these systems and a comprehensive overview of recently developed metal-based chiroptical switches. Potential applications in electronics and sensor technologies are discussed.     

二维有机-无机杂化钙钛矿铁电材料的研究进展

铁电性通常是指电介质材料的自发极化取向随着外加电场发生变化的性能. 以自发极化为核心, 铁电材料表现出优异的介电响应、热释电性、压电性、电光效应和非线性光学效应等, 是一类具有广阔应用前景的功能材料. 近年来, 二维有机-无机杂化钙钛矿化合物在铁电研究领域崭露头角, 逐渐发展为铁电材料的重要组成部分. 此类材料具有独特的结构兼容性与可调控性, 能够实现多种功能的共存或耦合, 是发展新型多功能材料的理想体系. 本综述基于居里原理的对称性方法, 以铁电材料的结构相变为基础, 阐述了铁电体的晶体学对称性破缺现象. 具体结合二维有机-无机杂化钙钛矿铁电体的典型实例, 揭示材料铁电性能的结构来源及光电性能调控的潜在途径, 最后对该铁电材料体系的发展趋势和应用前景提出了展望.     

Electric-field-induced conductance switching in FeCo Prussian blue analogues

FeCo Prussian blue analogues, which are known as typical molecule-based magnets, exhibited abrupt conductance switching by applying a high electric field as well as by varying the temperature. The current density versus electric field (J-E) curves of FeCo Prussian blue with Rb cations in interstitial sites shows so-called negative resistance effects at electric fields higher than the threshold voltage. This means that the FeCo Prussian blue analogues are multiproperty materials in the sense that their conducting, magnetic, and optical properties can be reversibly controlled by certain external stimuli.     

Analysis of tunable characteristics of liquid-crystal-based hyperbolic metamaterials

We propose a voltage-tunable hyperbolic dispersion metamaterial (HDM) consisting of silver nanowires and nematic liquid crystals (NLCs). The metamaterial shows a novel electro-optic effect, in which the dispersion relation switches between elliptic and hyperbolic dispersions at the visible waveband with an external electric field. HDM functionality is analysed in detail based on the effective medium theory. 5CB NLC is chosen for the simulation, and tunability is achieved between 454 and 475 nm. The effects of filling ratio on tunability are also analysed. Tunable bandwidth widens from 21 to 45 nm with decreased filling ratio from 0.27 to 0.09. Finally, the effects of birefringence (Δn) are considered. Tunable bandwidth widens from 21 to 63 nm as Δn changes from 0.2 to 0.6. These novel tunable performances of the HDM can be applied to optical devices and optical systems.     

TDDFT studies on chiral organophosphonate substituted divacant Keggin-type polyoxotungstate: diplex multistep-redox-triggered chiroptical and NLO switch

We theoretically investigate a novel switching phenomenon based on the divacant Keggin-type polyoxotungstate bearing chiral organophosphonate [{NH(2)CH(CH(3))PO}(2)(γ-SiW(10)O(36))](4-), that is the synchronous chiroptical and nonlinear optical (NLO) switch triggered by redox. The ECD calculations on the Boltzmann weighted conformations of the three oxidation states of this chiral polyoxometalate (POM) clearly present a chiroptical switching process. The electronic transition and the bond-length alternation studies show that the chirality transfer from chiral carbon atom to POM cage increases as the polyanion is reduced. Simultaneously, the static first hyperpolarizability of studied chiral POM quadrupled from the oxidized state to the 1e-reduced state, and is further doubled to the 2e-reduced state, which is mainly due to the increasing electronic-dipole-allowed d-d charge transfer transitions in the POM cage. This work firstly reproduces the ECD spectrum of chiral POM with high accuracy and proves the possibility for confirming the molecular conformations of flexible chiral POMs in solution by the aid of ECD calculations. Most importantly, a sensitive diplex switch based on a chiral POM is predicted in theory, which may aid the design of novel POM-based switches.