固相燃烧法制备去顶角八面体LiZn0.08Al0.01Mn1.91O4正极材料及其电化学性能

通过固相燃烧法快速合成了包含{111}、{100}和{110}晶面的单晶去顶角八面体形貌LiZn_0.08Al_0.01Mn_1.91O₄正极材料。结果表明,Zn-Al共掺促进了尖晶石型LiMn₂O₄材料的晶体发育和晶面择优生长,形成了单晶去顶角八面体形貌晶粒,有效抑制了Jahn-Teller效应,减缓了Mn溶解,增强了其晶体结构稳定性,显著提升了合成材料的电化学性能。Li Zn_0.08Al_0.01Mn_1.91O₄在5C和10C下的首次放电比容量分别为92.6和76.5 mAh·g^-1,经过2 000次循环后的容量保持率分别为70.4%和74.8%。即使在15C高倍率下,仍有64.2 m Ah·g^-1的首次放电比容量,循环800次后容量保持率达到82.2%。与LiZn_0.08Mn_1.92O...     

尖晶石型LiMn1.9Al0.1O3.95F0.05材料的制备及其增强的倍率性能

通过溶胶-凝胶和高温固相掺杂反应可控合成了形貌均匀、结晶性好的尖晶石型LiMn_1.9Al_0.1O_3.95F_0.05正极材料,探究了Al部分取代Mn、F部分取代O后对结构的影响,测试并比较了电极材料的倍率性能和循环充放电性能. 结果表明,尖晶石型LiMn_1.9Al_0.1O_3.95F_0.05和LiMn₂O₄有同样的晶型,但电极较传统的LiMn2O4电极倍率稳定性有显著提高. 在连续混合（如0.1C、0.5C和1C）充放电150次后,LiMn_1.9Al_0.1O_3.95F_0.05电极的容量仍能保持90%以上.     

锆掺杂以提升LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2正极材料的高温电化学性能

为解决LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂正极材料在高温下循环性能差的问题,本文通过固相法对材料进行锆掺杂改性,研究了不同掺杂量对LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂晶体结构和电化学性能的影响。研究表明,当锆掺杂量为1% (x)时,可以降低LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂结构中的Li⁺/Ni²⁺离子混排,有助于材料电化学性能的提高,尤其是高温循环性能。在25 ℃、3.0-4.3 V下, Li(Ni_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3)_0.99Zr_0.01O₂在1C循环95次后容量保持率为92.13%,优于未掺杂样品(87.61%)。在55 ℃下, Li(Ni_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3)_0.99Zr_0.01O₂在1C循环115次后容量保持率仍有82.96%,远高于未掺杂样品(67.63%)。因此,少量锆掺杂对提升LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂的高温循环性能有积极作用。     

磷酸钐包覆对高电压镍锰酸锂正极材料电化学性能的影响

尖晶石型镍锰酸锂(LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄)因制备成本低、 放电平台高及循环寿命长等优点, 越来越多地应用于大型储能设备、 能量转换设备、 动力汽车等领域. 然而LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄在高电压(5 V)充电状态下电解液易分解, 从而导致比容量降低以及循环性能衰退. 针对以上问题, 采用水热法制备磷酸钐(SmPO₄)表面包覆改性LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄正极材料, 研究了SmPO₄包覆量对LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄材料电化学性能的影响. 结果表明, 当SmPO₄包覆量为0.5%(质量分数)时, 改性材料(LNMO@SP-0.5)的电化学性能最优, 在0.2C和5C倍率下的放电比容量分别为129.2和90.9 mA?h/g, 而未包覆的材料Pristine LNMO的放电比容量分别仅有114.2和77.7 mA?h/g. 在常温1C倍率下循环200次后, LNMO@SP-0.5的容量保持率为93.4%, 而Pristine LNMO的容量保持率仅为86.6%. 这归因于SmPO₄包覆能够有效缓解LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄材料与电解液之间的副反应, 降低电极的极化程度和电荷转移电阻, 增加了Li⁺的扩散系数.     

惰性气氛助力锰酸锂正极材料储锂性能提升

尖晶石锰酸锂(LiMn₂O₄)作为一种不含贵金属和有毒元素的低成本、绿色环保的锂离子电池正极材料,具有广袤的应用与研究前景。本项工作中,利用氩气为惰性气氛,采用高温固相合成法,制备出了粒径均匀、性能优异的LiMn₂O₄正极材料。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对材料进行了结构表征与分析,进行了充放电循环、循环伏安(CV)和电化学阻抗(EIS)等电化学性能测试,并对煅烧氛围和煅烧温度进行了探讨分析。结果表明,在1 C倍率下,首圈放电比容量为114.2 mAh·g^-1,100次充放电循环后放电比容量还有98.4 mAh·g^-1,容量保持率为86.2%。实验证明,惰性气氛对提升LiMn₂O₄电化学储锂性能行之有效。     

单斜层状LiMn0.97Al0.03O2-x(PO4)x材料的合成及其电化学性能

以Na₂CO₃, (CH₃CO₂)₂Mn·4H₂O, Al₂O₃, Na₃PO₄·12H₂O和CH₃COOLi·2H₂O为原料, 通过2次高温固相法和一步水热离子交换法得到一系列铝和磷掺杂的LiMn_0.97Al_0.03O₂, LiMnO_1.99(PO₄)_0.01和LiMn_0.97Al_0.03O_2-x(PO₄)_x(x=0.01, 0.03, 0.05)化合物. 用X射线衍射(XRD)表征了前驱体及交换产物的晶体结构, 用扫描电镜(SEM) 测定了晶体的形貌. 通过X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶红外光谱及恒电流充放电测试, 研究了掺杂离子对合成材料结构及电化学性能的影响. 研究结果表明, Al-PO₄复合掺杂综合了Al³⁺掺杂提高材料的电化学反应活性和减低材料的电化学反应阻抗以及PO₄^3-掺杂增大材料的晶胞体积的特点, 提高材料中Li⁺的扩散能力, 有效地抑制了材料由于Jahn-Teller效应引起的结构畸变, 改性后的LiMnO₂正极材料既保持了较高的容量又获得了良好的电化学循环性能.     

尖晶石型锰酸锂正极材料LiNi0.01Co0.03Mn1.96O4的 合成及电化学性能

采用固相燃烧法制备了具有多面体形貌的Ni-Co共掺杂尖晶石型LiNi_0.01Co_0.03Mn_1.96O₄(LNCMO)正极材料. 研究结果表明, LNCMO具有优异的倍率性能和长循环稳定性, 在25 ℃, 1C或5C倍率条件下, 初始放电比容量分别为110.6和102.3 mA·h/g, 循环1000次后容量保持率为75.7%和78.3%; 在10C和20C高倍率下, 循环1000次后, 容量保持率分别为78.8%和54.2%; 即使在高温(55 ℃)和1C倍率下, 循环1000次后容量保持率仍为76.6%. LNCMO具有较大的Li ⁺扩散系数(4.77×10 ^-11 cm ²/s)和较低的表观活化能(23.37 kJ/mol).     

尖晶石型八面体结构锰酸锂的制备及其电化学性能

采用模板导向法和高温固相法制备尖晶石型八面体结构的LiMn₂O₄锂离子电池正极材料,研究了该材料的结构和电化学性能。 电化学性能研究表明,该电极材料具有良好的循环稳定性和倍率性能,在2.5~4.5 V电压范围,电流密度为100 mA/g时,首周充放电比容量分别为147和179 mA·h/g,循环50周后,其充放电比容量仍分别保持在180/181 mA·h/g。 优良的电化学性能可能归因于尖晶石LiMn₂O₄的形貌结构特征,该方法为制备锂离子电池正极材料提供了思路和依据。     

制备条件对尖晶石型LiMn2O4的相行为及结构的影响

将LiNO₃和Mn₃O₄按不同物质的量比[x=n(Li):n(Mn)=0.50,0.52,0.54,0.58,0.62,0.70]混合,在空气气氛下,于700℃烧结得样品.实验发现,在0.52≤x≤0.70的范围内,样品均呈现出单相的尖晶石型LiMn₂O₄结构,晶胞参数随着x的增加而减小.将x=0.50的LiNO₃和Mn₃O₄混合物在不同温度(300,400,500,600和700℃)下进行烧结处理.结果表明,于300℃合成得到的样品为尖晶石型LiMn₂O₄,随着烧结温度的升高,晶胞参数增大;当温度大于600℃时出现杂相,可以通过加入过量的Li(即x≥0.52)来加以抑制.实验结果表明,通过控制烧结温度和Li加入量可以得到理想的尖晶石型LiMn₂O₄单相材料.     

12-冠-4对非质子Li-O2电池氧电极的影响

Li-O₂电池放电产物Li₂O₂由于在有机溶剂中溶解度较差,会堵塞气体通道,这是Li-O₂电池面临的一个主要挑战。在本工作中,我们选择12-冠-4做为添加剂捕获Li⁺,来研究其对氧电极放电产物溶解性的影响,并采用了多种电化学表征方法,包括循环伏安法和旋转圆盘电极等。结果显示,仅仅添加5%的12-冠-4就能明显提高氧还原产物$\text{O}_{2}^{-}$的稳定性,并减少固体Li₂O₂的生成。结合软硬酸碱和第一性原理计算对上述实验结果进行了解释。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

化学计量中不确定度评定研究进展

测量不确定度是表征合理地赋予被测量之值的分散性的参数。本文针对化学计量不确定度评定基础模型仅适用于线性模型、概率分布为正态分布或缩放位移t分布等局限,介绍了近年来不确定度评定的研究热点:蒙特卡罗方法(Monte Carlo Method,MCM),不确定度评定的来源、评定概念、评估方法及其发展过程,扩大了测量不确定度评定与表示的适用范围。     

微量钙的测定方法研究进展

介绍了1995-2006年期间测定微量和痕量钙的方法,如电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法、原子吸收光谱法以及离子色谱法等的工作原理和特点,并说明了其测定微量钙的应用领域。并对微量钙的测定技术进行了展望(引用文献55篇)。     

Stages of thermal decomposition of sodium oxo-salts of sulphur

Thermal behaviour of sodium oxo-salts of sulphur: Na₂SO₄, Na₂S₂O₇, Na₂S₂O₆, Na₂SO₃, Na₂S₂O₅, Na₂S₂O₄, Na₂S₂O₃, Na₂S₃O₆ and of sulphides Na₂S and Na₂S₂ was studied on heating up to 1000°C. The experiments were performed with anhydrous compounds obtained from commercial products by recrystallisation and dehydration. The stage mechanisms of decomposition of anionic sub-lattices of the salts have been proposed basing on the Górski’s morphological classification of simple species. The thermal stability and the stage decomposition mechanisms were correlated with the structure and the potential chemical properties of the salt anions. The thermal decomposition processes were studied by means of thermal analysis, and the decomposition products were identified by means of X-ray phase analysis.