Ni取代六铝酸镧催化剂LaNiAl_(11)O_(19)表面积炭研究

通过 TEM、XPS、TGA、TPR-CO2 技术 ,对在 Ni取代六铝酸镧催化剂 La Ni Al1 1 O1 9表面上的甲烷裂解积炭、甲烷二氧化碳重整积炭及二氧化碳的消炭行为进行了研究 ,以探索该催化剂表面积炭形貌、来源、积炭物种以及积炭活性 .结果表明 ,甲烷具有相当高的裂解积炭活性 ,裂解后生成炭化物 ( carbide炭 )和石墨炭两种不同活性的炭种 ;二氧化碳的解离活性则相对较低 ,但其消除催化剂表面积炭活性却相当高     

CeO_2对Ni-Cu/HZSM-5催化剂在生物油加氢脱氧反应中抗积炭性能的影响

将CeO_2氧化物添加到Ni-Cu基催化剂中,研究了CeO_2加入量对生物油加氢脱氧过程中催化剂表面积炭行为的影响。采用热重分析、X射线光电子能谱和拉曼光谱等对CeO_2加入前后催化剂表面的积炭量、微结构、积炭动力学和不同类型炭(软积炭、硬积炭和石墨炭)的转变行为等进行了研究。结果表明,CeO_2的添加量及反应温度对催化剂的抗积炭能力及积炭的类型均具有显著的影响;在反应温度为270℃、CeO_2的添加量为15%时,Ni-Cu基催化剂抗积炭性能最好。     

丙烷脱氢PtSn/Al_2O_3催化剂积炭行为研究

通过HRTEM、XRD、FT-IR、Raman、~(13)C NM R、NH_3-TPD、DTG及元素分析等表征手段,研究了丙烷脱氢PtSn催化剂积炭性质及其对催化剂结构的影响,分析了催化剂的积炭失活过程。结果表明,积炭覆盖活性位并堵塞催化剂孔道是催化剂失活主要因素;与新鲜催化剂相比,催化剂积炭完全失活后,Pt颗粒粒径并没有明显变化;完全失活时,XRD谱图出现了无定形石墨炭的衍射峰;随着积炭量的增加,焦的石墨化程度越高,芳构化程度加深,难以消除的炭增多,再生难度加大。提出丙烷在Pt活性位深度脱氢形成积炭并向载体转移的历程,认为更为稳定的C_(24)H_(12)是积炭前驱体。     

丙烯对丙烷脱氢催化剂PtSnK/Al2O3炭沉积行为的影响

以含有不同比例丙烯的丙烷为原料进行丙烷脱氢反应,重点考察富丙烯条件下Pt基催化剂上的碳沉积行为。研究结果表明,原料中丙烯的存在加快了催化剂的积炭速率,缩短了积炭在载体上达到积炭平衡的时间,促进了活性相表面积炭的形成及积炭石墨化;同时原料中富含丙烯,使不饱和脂肪族化合物的生成量增加,从而促进了芳香性的碳、石墨化的碳的生成,但催化剂结构未遭到破坏。在丙烷脱氢过程中,当丙烯含量增加到1.5%时,出现活性相表面上的积炭“峰Ⅰ”,而“峰Ⅱ”向高温区移动。当烯烃含量增加3.0%时,峰Ⅰ和峰Ⅱ融合在一起,整个峰的面积明显增加,积炭量超过10.26%时,催化剂积炭石墨化程度越来越高。丙烯含量增加,加速了载体的容碳能力迅速饱和过程,同样的反应时间下,积炭量增加。     

天然气和二氧化碳转化制合成气的研究 Ⅴ．甲烷脱氢积炭反应特征

采用ＴＧ、ＸＲＤ、ＳＥＭ、ＥＤＡＸ和脉冲色谱技术，研究了Ｎｉ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３和Ｎｉ／ＡＲＭ催化剂的甲烷脱氢积炭反应特征。结果指出，甲烷脱氢反应的积炭行为与催化剂上镍的分散状态有关。Ｎｉ－２催化剂上Ｎｉ的分散度小，晶粒大，甲烷脱氢形成的炭丝较长，主要以石墨型炭游离存在：而Ｎｉ／ＡＲＭ催化剂上Ｎｉ的分散度大，镍晶粒小，甲烷脱氢形成的炭丝较短，主要覆盖在催化剂活性中心表面。甲烷脱氢主要产生无定型炭和石墨型炭，其中无定型炭可以被ＣＯ２部分消除。在催化剂制备时，通过提高镍在催化剂表面的分散度，减小镍的晶粒大小，不仅可以提高催化剂的活性，而且可以提高ＣＯ２对积炭的消炭性能。     

ZnHZSM－5芳构化催化剂积炭影响因素的研究

本文利用ＮＨ３－ＴＰＤ，ＩＲ，Ｃａｈｎ－２０００电天平及微型反应装置，考察了ＺｎＨＺＳＭ－５沸石催化剂在劳构化反应中的积炭行为．结果表明，催化剂的表面酸强度和性质、酸中心密度及晶粒大小都对结炭有显著的影响．加入Ｐｔ４＋可抑制积炭．外表面中毒则加速炭的生成．积炭分为两个阶段进行，积炭初始主要发生在沸石催化剂晶粒内部．预结炭并钝化炭表面可提高ＺｎＨＺＳＭ－５催化剂的稳定性．     

不同结构的芳烃对加氢裂化催化剂积炭的影响

在高压连续流动微型反应器上采用催速老化技术考察了不同结构的芳烃在加氢裂化催化剂上积炭行为，并用热分析、傅立叶变换红外和物理吸附仪等手段对积炭催化剂的积炭类型、酸强度分布和孔结构的变化进行了研究。结果发现：单环芳烃中，随着取代基的碳链长度、数目及不饱和度的增加，催化剂更容易积炭。稠环芳烃的环数越多，反应生成的总积炭和假石墨型积炭越多。积炭越多的催化剂，比表面积降低越多。积炭主要沉积在催化剂的小孔内或堵塞小孔孔口，有些积炭在催化剂表面形成机械孔。积炭后，催化剂上不同强度的酸数目均较新鲜催化剂降低，尤其是萘和菲，使强酸严重削弱。     

CH4、CO2与O2制合成气催化剂研究VI．催化剂表面积炭种类和积炭动力学研究

利用XPS考察了甲烷、二氧化碳和氧气制合成气反应前后Ni/γ-Al2O3和Ni-Ce-Mn-Li/γ-Al2O3催化剂表面炭物种.发现反应后Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂表面积炭有四种类型-表面碳酸盐、污染炭、金属炭化物和非活性炭,而高活性和稳定性Ni-Ce-Mn-Li/γ-Al 2O3催化剂表面积炭仅有两种类型--污染炭和金属炭化物.非活性炭是导致催化剂失活的主要原因之一.积炭动力学研究表明 Ni-Ce-Mn-Li/γ-Al 2O 3催化剂上积炭反应的动力学方程为 r0=A·e(-E)/(RT)·PCH41.1·PO2-0.45·PO2-1.80,该催化剂积炭反应的表观活化能较高,从而抑制积炭反应的进行.     

CH_4、CO_2与O_2制合成气催化剂研究 VI.催化剂表面积炭种类和积炭动力学研究

利用XPS考察了甲烷、二氧化碳和氧气制合成气反应前后Ni/γ-Al2O3和Ni-Ce-Mn-Li/γ-Al2O3催化剂表面炭物种.发现反应后Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂表面积炭有四种类型-表面碳酸盐、污染炭、金属炭化物和非活性炭,而高活性和稳定性Ni-Ce-Mn-Li/γ-Al2O3催化剂表面积炭仅有两种类型——污染炭和金属炭化物.非活性炭是导致催化剂失活的主要原因之一.积炭动力学研究表明:Ni-Ce-Mn-Li/γ-Al2O3催化剂上积炭反应的动力学方程为:-0.45·PO2-1.80,该催化剂积炭反应的表观活化能较高,从而抑制积炭反应的进行.1.1·PO2r0=A·e-ERT·PCH4     

CH4、CO2与O2制合成气催化剂研究Ⅵ.催化剂表面积炭种类和积炭动力学研究

利用XPS考察了甲烷、二氧化碳和氧气制合成气反应前后Ni/γ-Al2O3和Ni-Ce-Mn-Li/γ-Al2O3催化剂表面炭物种.发现反应后Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂表面积炭有四种类型-表面碳酸盐、污染炭、金属炭化物和非活性炭,而高活性和稳定性Ni-Ce-Mn-Li/γ-Al 2O3催化剂表面积炭仅有两种类型--污染炭和金属炭化物.非活性炭是导致催化剂失活的主要原因之一.积炭动力学研究表明: Ni-Ce-Mn-Li/γ-Al 2O 3催化剂上积炭反应的动力学方程为: r0=A·e(-E)/(RT)·PCH41.1·PO2-0.45·PO2-1.80,该催化剂积炭反应的表观活化能较高,从而抑制积炭反应的进行.     

Growth Mechanism of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays

Vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube arrays grown on quartz substrate are obtained by co-pyrolysis of xylene and ferrocene at 850 oC in a tube furnace. Raman spectroscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy measurements show that the single-walled carbon nanotubes are only present on top of vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube arrays. It has been revealed that isolated single-walled carbon nanotubes are only present in those floating catalyst generated materials. It thus suggests that the single-walled carbon nanotubes here are also generated by floating catalyst. Vertically alignedcarbon nanotube arrays on the quartz substrate have shown good orientation and good graphitization. Meanwhile, to investigate the growth mechanism, two bi-layers carbon nan-otube films with di erent thickness have been synthesized and analyzed by Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the two-layer vertically aligned carbon nanotube films grow “bottom-up”. There are distinguished Raman scattering signals for the second layer itself, surface of the first layer, interface between the first and second layer, side wall and bottom surface. It indicates that the obtained carbon nanotubes follow the base-growth mechanism, and the single-walled carbon nanotubes grow from their base at the growth beginning when iron catalyst particles have small size. Those carbon nanotubes with few walls (typically <5 walls) have similar properties, which also agree with the base-growth mechanism.     

Growth of Carbon Nanotubes over Ni Nano-particles Prepared in Situ by Reduction of La2NiO4 Oxides

Carbonnanotubes(CNTs),theallotropeofcarbon,haveattractedmuchspeculationfortheirextraordinarypropertiesandpotentialapplicationssincetheywerediscoveredl.NowthesynthesisofCNTsisoneofthechallengingissuesinthenewcarbonmaterialsfield.ThecatalyticproductionofCNTsissimplerandmorereproduciblethanothermethods2*3.Inthepresentwork,weobtainedgroWthofCNTsbycatalyticdisproportionationofCOoverNinano-particlespreparedbyreducingLa2NiO..Therareearthoxidescanpreventtransitionmetalfromagglomefatingandpromo…     

Deposition studies of carbon particles on stainless steel surfaces from hydrocarbon media

The adsorption isotherms for carbon particles of about 200 nm size, in the presence of various combinations of a terminally functionalised (amine) polyisobutylene polymer and alkylpropoxylate/alkylbutoxylate surfactant molecules, on 7 μm diameter stainless steel beads from isooctane solutions have been obtained. The deposition of carbon particles on stainless steel plates was achieved using a flow-cell and analysed using scanning electron microscopy. The flow-cell was also used to study the “cleaning” properties of various polymer/surfactant solutions, in their ability to remove deposited particles. It was found that the polymer molecules were much more effective dispersants and stabilisers for the carbon particles, but the surfactant molecules were much better at effecting anti-deposition and subsequent removal of deposited carbon particles, and provide carried adsorbed polymer chains.     

RESEARCH ON CATALYSTS OF ANTI-CARBON DEPOSITION FOR CH_4 REFORMING WITH CO_2

IntroductionMethaneandcarbondioxidearetWomaincompositionsforthegreenhouseeffectandtheworldglobewanningll].ItisbeneficialtoourlivingenviroIUnenttocontrolthereleaseofthesetwogases.Theconversionofmethanetothecommonfeedstocksynthesisgas(carbonmonoxideandhydro…     

CVD synthesis of spiral carbon nanotubes over asymmetric catalytic particles

The influence of asymmetric catalytic particles prepared by various methods was investigated on the growth of spiral carbon nanotubes using the CVD method. Asymmetric particles were prepared by either milling or crystallization from oversaturated solution onto the surface of catalyst support or catalyst impregnation at pH 8–9. As-prepared catalysts were tested in the decomposition of acetylene. Carbon deposit, thus carbon nanotubes and spirals were observed by transmission electron microscopy the activity was characterized by carbon yield.     

The structure and characteristics of a PtCoCr nanosized polymetallic cathode catalyst on a carbon carrier

The paper presents X-ray and transmission electron microscopy data characterizing the structure of trimetallic PtCoCr catalysts synthesized on a disperse carbon carrier (carbon black KhS 72) and the influence of the structure on electrocatalytic activity in the reduction of oxygen in 0.5 M H₂SO₄. The mechanisms of oxygen reduction on platinum and trimetallic catalysts were shown to be similar. A higher activity of platinum contained in the trimetallic catalyst was caused by smaller PtCoCr/C catalyst surface coverage by oxygen-containing particles formed from water and interfering with the adsorption of molecular oxygen, which was, in turn, determined by the electronic structure of trimetallic system nanoparticles.     

低Ni含量和低比表面积六铝酸盐LaNiAl_(11)O_(19-δ)催化剂上CH_4-CO_2重整反应的积炭

利用X射线粉末衍射、氢程序升温还原、X射线光电子能谱和透射电镜技术研究了在低Ni含量和低比表面积六铝酸盐催化剂LaNiAl_(11)O_(19-δ)上CH_4-CO_2重整反应的积炭行为,考察了该催化剂表面积炭的形貌、来源、积炭物种及其反应性能.结果表明,LaNiAl_(11)O_(19-δ)催化剂表面积炭主要由甲烷裂解产生,并以Ni的碳化物形式存在于活性中心Ni的周围.根据积炭物种活化程度的难易可分为C_α,C_β和C_γ三种类型,其中C_α为容易被CO_2消除的化合碳,而C_β和C_γ则是不易被CO_2消除的石墨碳.透射电镜结果表明,C_α以碳纳米管形式分布于催化剂颗粒周围,但金属Ni活性中心仍能暴露于气相中,因而不影响催化剂的活性.     

Evidence of liquid state for small bismuth particles

Small bismuth particles have been formed on amorphous carbon films by molecular beam deposition. The pressure during the deposition was less than 1 × 10^?4 Pa. At low thicknesses (<1.5 nm) most of Bi particles are small (2 to 10 nm) and isolated. Electron diffraction and dark field transmission electron microscopy observations (dark field T.E.M.) show that these particles are not crystallized. Increasing the thickness of the deposit, the diameter of aggregates and also the number of crystallized particles increase. Then there is coexistence between non-crystallized and crystallized particles. At thicknesses higher than 2 nm, electron diffractions show rings (indicating the crystallization of particles) which can be indexed in the normal rhombohedral structure of bismuth. In situ low temperature T.E.M. observations of low (or intermediate) thickness Bi deposits performed using a cooling stage show the crystallization of particles. Returning at room temperature, many particles which were not crystallized at the begining of the experiment retain the crystallized structure. It is then necessary to warm up the sample to melt these particles which crystallize again at room temperature. This behaviour agrees with a liquid state for particles after deposition which can be explained by a supercooling phenomenon.     

漫反射付立叶红外光谱法研究二氧化碳的催化甲烷化

用漫反射付立叶红外光谱法（ＤＲＩＦＴ）研究了二氧化碳甲烷化催化剂Ｎｉ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３体系的表面物种及催化反应过程．结果表明：二氧化碳难以直接在催化剂表面发生吸附，而是通过与其它反应物的作用，生成含氧酸根类表面吸附物种，并以此为主要中间物进行下一步反应．含氧酸根类物种主要吸附于载体表面．一氧化碳不是反应的主要中间物，而仅作为一种副产物出现     

Ni/SiO2催化剂上甲烷催化裂解制氢

研究了固定床反应器上甲烷在Ni/SiO2催化剂上的裂解反应，并分别用O2、H2O进行催化剂失活/活化循环实验，并对催化剂用XRD进行分析。结果表明,Ni/SiO2催化剂具有良好的催化性能,甲烷转化率～40%，并能在150 min的时间内保持其活性，无论是用空气氧化还是水蒸气汽化，都能有效地活化已失活的催化剂。XRD实验显示，多次裂解－再生循环过程，对催化剂结构没有明显破坏。