铀与氢初始反应产物形成热力学的理论研究

用量子化学从头计算的方法对铀与氢同位素分子或原子相互作用的某些初始反应产物的稳定几何构型进行全优化的基础上,研究铀与氢同位素相互作用的热力学,进而探讨了铀与氢初始反应产物的可能形成途径。     

叶腊石对水溶液中铀的吸附研究

开展铀吸附研究,特别是铀在黏土矿物上的吸附行为研究,对处置库安全评价十分必要.叶腊石是自然界常见的黏土矿物,但是对叶腊石和铀相互作用的研究还较少.本文采用批式实验的方法研究了pH、离子强度等对铀在叶腊石上吸附行为的影响,还探讨了该吸附反应的热力学和动力学特性.结果表明,铀在叶腊石上的吸附受pH影响较大,受离子强度影响较小.铀在叶腊石上的吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,Freundlich模型可以更好地拟合铀在叶腊石上的吸附行为.叶腊石吸附铀是一个自发进行的吸热反应.     

甲酸双氧铀的红外多光子离解

本文研究了固相甲酸双氧铀[UO_2(HCOO)_2·H_2O]在TEA CO_2激光作用下的红外多光子离解。测得其中间产物为碱式甲酸双氧铀[UO_2(OH)(HCOO)·H_2O],最终的固体产物主要是八氧化三铀[U_3O_8];并提出了该反应模型。     

基于密度泛函理论对等离子体中H/CO2相互作用的第一性原理研究

深入理解辐照条件下氢同位素与CO₂反应的微观机制,可为聚变堆氘氚燃料循环工艺的优化设计提供数据支撑。基于此,采用第一性原理计算研究了等离子体放电条件下H₂和CO₂的微观反应机制,研究了不同温度和氢同位素效应对反应过程的影响。通过内禀反应坐标（IRC）算法结合反应过渡态获得4条初始反应路径,并对比研究了生成产物CH₄及CH₃OH的2条路径在热力学上的容易程度,以及不同氢同位素对各个反应的影响。研究发现,氚的自发衰变或等离子体中的高能电子都会诱导氢同位素与CO₂发生反应,形成CO、H₂O、CH₄及CH₃OH等产物;在高能电子诱导CO₂的离解后,由4条初始反应路径组成的复杂反应可以自持发生,且该复杂反应中存在2种倾向;升高反应温度对CO₂转化为有机物（CH₄和CH₃OH）具有一定的促进作用。     

三价铀在空气中的氧化动力学研究

测定了盐酸介质中铀(Ⅲ)在空气中的氧化速率以及不同条件对氧化速率的影响,得出反应速率方程。反应速率随温度升高而增加,表观活化能为34.3kJ/mol。铀(Ⅲ)在空气中转化为铀(Ⅳ)的反应,可能是一个发生在气液相界面的催化氧化过程。     

光度法研究3,4,5—三羟基苯甲酸及其类似物与铀（Ⅵ）的配位反应

三羟基苯及其衍生物是一类重要配体,如3,4,5-三羟基苯甲酸(GA)与铀、钍及稀土生成沉淀,并可用于铀、钍、稀土的连续测定。我们在研究用GA离铀、钍、稀土时,GA与铀生成1种棕色配合物,早期曾用于铀的比色测定,它可能是一种单核与多核配合物的混合物,但对这类化合物与铀的配位反应迄今来作过详细研究。本文用光度法研究了GA、连苯三酚(PGA)、3,4,5-三羟基苯甲酸丙酯(PGE)与3,4,5-三甲氧基苯甲酸(TMBA)与铀(Ⅵ)的配位反应,研究了配合物的组成及其反应机理,测定了部分配合物的稳定常数。     

新试剂对羧基苯基荧光酮与铀(Ⅵ)显色反应的研究

研究了对羧基苯基荧光酮与铀(Ⅵ)的显色反应。在pH6.5氨水-乙酸缓冲溶液和阳离子表面活性剂溴化十六烷基三甲铵存在下,铀(Ⅵ)与对羧基苯基荧光酮发生灵敏的显色反应,其配合物最大吸收峰位于570nm,表观摩尔吸光系数为7.52×104L.mol-1.cm-1。铀(Ⅵ)浓度在0~100μg/25mL符合比耳定律。在室温下,试剂与铀(Ⅵ)的显色反应立即完成,配合物吸光度至少可以稳定12h。体系具有较好的选择性,绝大多数金属离子有较高的允许量,铀(Ⅵ)的伴生元素钍和稀土允许量达10mg,方法已应用于水样中痕量铀的测定,结果满意。     

N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中铀(V)吸收光谱的研究

以中压汞灯为光源，采用吸收光谱法，观察了UO2（NO3）2•6H2O在DMF（N，N－二甲基甲酰胺）溶剂中光化还原时的吸收光谱随照射时间、铀浓度及溶液酸度的变化．经短时间光照后，在UO2（NO3）2－DMF溶液中有铀（Ⅴ）形成，其吸收峰在755和635nm处．结果表明，它们分别是UO2+－DMF和UOOH2＋－DMF的特征吸收，溶液中铀（Ⅴ）的岐化反应与H＋浓度密切相关，UOOH2＋是岐化反应的中间体．     

N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中铀(Ⅴ)吸收光谱的研究

以中压汞灯为光源，采用吸收光谱法，观察了UO2（NO3）2·6H2O在DMF（N，N－二甲基甲酰胺）溶剂中光化还原时的吸收光谱随照射时间、铀浓度及溶液酸度的变化，经短时间光照后，在UO2（NO3）2－DMF溶液中有铀（Ⅴ）形成，其吸收峰在755和635nm处，结果表明，它们分别是UO－DMF和UOOH2＋－DMF的特征吸收，溶液中铀（Ⅴ）的岐化反应与H＋浓度密切相关，UOOH2＋是岐化反应的中间体。     

还原剂与鲁米诺化学发光反应的研究（Ⅳ）──痕量铀的流动注射－化学发光测定

本文利用流动注射系统研究了由Ｊｏｎｅｓ柱产生的铀（Ⅲ）与鲁米诺之间的化学发光反应，建立了痕量铀的化学发光测定法。方法的检出限是３×１０￣（－１０）ｇ／ｍＬ铀。校准曲线的线性范围是１×１０￣（－９）～４×１０￣（－６）ｇ／ｍＬ铀，相对标准偏差为２％（测定２×１０￣（－９）ｇ／ｍＬ铀，ｎ＝１１）。对于反应机理进行了初步研究。     

Molecular beam studies of the F atom reaction with propyne: site specific reactivity

The dynamics of the F atom reaction with propyne (CH(3)CCH) has been investigated using a universal crossed molecular beam apparatus. Two reaction channels have been clearly observed: H+C(3)H(3)F and HF+C(3)H(3). The substitution of F for H occurs mainly via a complex formation mechanism, producing reaction products with some contribution from a direct reaction mechanism. The HF product, however, appears to be dominantly forward scattered relative to the F atom beam direction, suggesting that the HF formation occurs via a direct abstraction mechanism. Branching ratios for the two observed reaction channels are also determined. The H formation channel is found to be the major reaction pathway, while the HF formation channel is also significant. From the measurements of DF versus HF products from the F atom reaction with deuterated propyne, the H atom picked up by the F atom in the reaction with normal propyne seems to come mostly from the CH(3) group. In addition, the H atom produced in the H atom formation channel appears to be mostly from the CH(3) group with some contribution from the CCH group.     

Electrothermal atomization with a metal micro-tube in atomic absorption spectrometry

The processes of atom formation and dissipation in a molybdenum micro-tube atomizer have been studied to obtain information on the reaction involved. Vapor temperature was found to be close to atomizer surface temperature. Appearance temperatures and activation energies were obtained for Al, Co, Cu, Mn, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn and Te in argon and argon-hydrogen atmospheres. The atom formation processes are divided into two groups : the reduction of the metal oxide followed by the atomization of free metal, and thermal dissociation of the metal oxide. Hydrogen significantly changes atom formation processes for some metals compared to those in pure argon. The dissipation process of atoms from the micro-tube atomizer appears to be purely gas-phase diffusional.     

氧原子和甲基自由基反应机理的理论研究

用分子轨道从头算和密度泛函理论（DFT）中的B3LYP方法以及适中基组6-311+G(2df,2p)对氧原子与甲基CH3反应进行了系统的研究。计算给出了反应通道上各驻点物种的构型参数、振动频率和能量。结果表明： CH2OH比CH3O稳定,能量约低26.63 kJ/mol,且生成氢和甲醛为其最主要反应通道。     

Multiple channel dynamics in the O(1D) reaction with alkanes

In this article, we briefly review the recent experimental studies of the multiple channel dynamics of the O((1)D) reaction with alkane molecules using the significantly improved universal crossed molecular beam technique. In these reactions, the dominant reaction mechanism is found to be an O atom insertion into the C-H bond, while a direct abstraction mechanism is also present in the OH formation channel. While the reaction mechanism is similar for all of these reactions, the product channels are quite different because of the significantly different energetics of these reaction channels. In the O((1)D) reaction with methane, OH formation is the dominant process while H atom formation is also a significant process. In the O((1)D) reaction with ethane, however, the CH(3) + CH(2)OH is the most important process, OH formation is still significant and H atom formation is of minor importance. A new type of O atom insertion mechanism (insertion into a C-C bond) is also inferred from the O((1)D) reaction with cyclopropane. Through these comprehensive studies, complete dynamical pictures of many multiple channel chemical reactions could be obtained. Such detailed studies could provide a unique bridge between dynamics and kinetics research.     

Ring opening reactions—XV : The reaction of some 2,5-disubstituted selenophenes with butyl- and phenyllithium

The reactions of 2,5-dimethoxyselenophene with butyl- and phenyllithium have been examined. In view of the formation of dibutyl- and diphenylselenide, respectively, together with some dienes, a reaction sequence could be formulated in which the first step is an attack on the selenium atom by the lithium reagent.     

A new approach to counterpoise correction to BSSE

In the present work the intermolecular BSSE, associated to the A-B interaction, is obtained by subtracting the intramolecular BSSE of the fragments from the intramolecular BSSE of the supermolecule, and considering every atom as a fragment in the calculation of each intramolecular BSSE. This atom by atom scheme (CP(aa)) is based on the consideration that the proximity of the fragments may affect the intramolecular BSSE of every involved species, and artificially influences the value of the BSSE associated to the supermolecule formation. It drastically decreases the reported counterpoise overcorrection of the A-B interaction, even though it does not deal with all the overcorrection because it includes all the orbitals, and not only the unoccupied ones. This new approach has been tested on the water dimer, some hydrogen fluoride weakly bonded complexes, the conformational analysis of 1,2-dichloroethane, and the reaction profile of formaldehyde + OH reaction.     

Chemistry in mixtures of Kr with Ar and He illuminated with Kr resonance radiation

The formation and destruction of excited rare-gas dimers have been studied using resonance optical excitation of high-pressure gas mixtures containing Kr. From an analysis of the resulting emission, 19 reaction rate coefficients have been inferred. It is concluded that atom–atom interchange processes play a major role in rare-gas eximer formation, and that stepwise relaxation down the eximer vibrational ladder is less important than multistep relaxation due to atom–atom exchange in the excited eximer.     

氟原子与反式1,3-丁二烯分子反应动力学的理论研究

Theoretical studies of F atom reaction with trans-1,3-butadiene were carried out at the CCSD(T)/6-311G(d,p)/B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) levels. Energies and structures for all reactants, products and transition states were determined. Two reaction pathways involving the formation of the complexes CH2CHCHFCH2 and CH2CHCHCH2F were found in this reaction. Theoretical results suggest that the H atom channel observed in previous crossed beam experiment occurs likely via these two long-lived complex formation pathways. For the complex CH2CHCHFCH2 pathway, another reaction channel (C2H3+C2H3F) is also accessible. Relative importance of the C2H3+C2H3F channel versus the H formation channel via the same reaction pathway has also been estimated, suggesting that it would be difficult to observe the C2H3+C2H3F channel in a crossed molecular beam experiment. Theoretical analysis also shows that the HF formation proceeds via direct abstraction mechanisms, though it is likely a minor process in this reaction.     

Ab initio Mechanism Study on the Reaction of Chlorine Atom with Formic Acid

The potential energy surface(PES) for the reaction of Cl atom with HCOOH is predicted using ab initio molecular orbital calculation methods at UQCIDS(T,full)6-311 G(3df,2p)//UMP2(full)/6-311 G(d,P) level of theory with zero-point vibrational energy (ZPVE) correction.The calculated results show that the reaction mechanism of Cl atom with formic acid is a C-site hydrogen abstraction reaction from cis-HOC(H)O molecule by Cl atom with a 3.73kJ/mol reaction barrier height,leading to the formation of cis-HOCO radical which will reacts with Cl atom or other molecules in such a reaction system.Because the reaction barrier height of O-site hydrogen abstraction reaction from cis-HOC(H)O molecule by Cl atom which leads to the formation of HCO2 radical is 67.95kJ/mol,it is a secondary reaction channel in experiment,This is in good agreement with the prediction based on the previous experiments.     

Reaction of amidophosphites with hydrogen chloride

Conclusions The reaction of some mono-, di-, and triamidophosphites with HCl was studied at low temperatures. The amido group is replaced by chlorine in the first step of the reaction, apparently due to protonation of the nitrogen atom of the amidophosphite. The formation of P-protonated products in the case of the monoamidophosphites is due to the disproportionation of dialkyl chlorophosphites in excess HCl.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 9, September, 1977.