药物与细胞膜相互作用的ppKCE动力学参数

本文在区段-区段动力学毛细管电泳（ppKCE）的理论基础上,以兔红细胞膜、人红细胞膜为受体,首次同时测得了表征药物与细胞膜间结合快慢的正向结合速率常数kon、反向解离速率常数koff、以及配体与受体间相互作用的结合常数Kb。实验中考察了迁移时间及峰高的稳定性,pH值对药物与细胞膜相互作用动力学参数的影响。该方法为评价药物疗效、毒性及药物动力学研究提供一种新的方法。     

区段-区段动力学毛细管电泳测定动力学参数的新方法及其应用

建立了一种可同时测定kon和koff这两个动力学参数的区段-区段动力学毛细管电泳(ppKCE)新方法,以测定西酞普兰与BSA的亲和相互作用体系的动力学参数kon,koff及结合常数Kb值进行了方法的具体应用,采用时间比的方法对所测得的结果进行了验证.该方法操作更为简便,可有效避免常规ppKCE存在的限制,并降低了对毛细管电泳分离度及检测灵敏度的要求,拓展了动力学毛细管电泳的应用领域.     

脂质体在液相色谱和毛细管电泳中的应用

脂质体具有与细胞膜相似的封闭双层结构,是接近天然生物膜的理想模型。该文综述了脂质体的制备和性质表征方法,固定脂质体色谱用于药物在脂质体膜上的吸收和蛋白质与脂质体膜的相互作用研究,脂质体毛细管电泳在药物分离、蛋白质分离和蛋白质相互作用方面的应用研究。     

糊精介质中西酞普兰的毛细管电泳手性分离与定量测定

以糊精作为毛细管电泳手性分离选择剂,对药物西酞普兰对映体的分离进行研究。考察了糊精浓度、缓冲液体系离子强度和pH及分离电压对对映体分离的影响。在糊精7．0％（m／V）、磷酸盐80mmol／L（pH5．4）的运行缓冲液中,分离电压20kV时,西酞普兰对映体分离度达3．9,同时对拆分机理进行了初步探讨。测定S-（＋）-西酞普兰原料药中R-（-）异构体的含量,在0．05～4．00g／L浓度范围内线性关系良好,R-（-）．西酞普兰与S-（＋）-西酞普兰的检出限分别为25．3mg／L和27．3mg／L,线性相关系数均在0．9970以上;RSD低于3．2％。     

麦芽糖作选择剂西酞普兰手性毛细管电泳分析及拆分机理研究

研究了以麦芽糖为选择剂的毛细管电泳手性拆分方法。以抗抑郁药物西酞普兰对映体的分离和定量测定为实例,考察了分离条件,在40%(m/m)麦芽糖、8.0×10-2mol/L磷酸盐运行缓冲液(pH5.0)中,分离电压20kV时,西酞普兰对映体分离度达2.3。测定S-( )-西酞普兰中R-(-)异构体的含量,在0.05~4.00g/L浓度范围内线性关系良好。R-(-)-西酞普兰与S-( )-西酞普兰的检出限分别为0.0453g/L和0·0473g/L,线性相关系数均>0.9978。以荧光光谱法对西酞普兰与麦芽糖的相互作用进行了考察,并较系统地对拆分机理进行了研究。证明麦芽糖的手性识别能力与其浓度有关,当麦芽糖达到一定浓度后将形成聚集体,而麦芽糖的拆分作用就主要体现在其聚集体疏水空腔的立体作用上。     

毛细管电泳药物筛选方法与技术

毛细管电泳（CE）在新药研发领域显示着重要的应用前景。CE使用水溶液介质作为实验体系,保证了药物筛选在类似于生命介质的环境中进行,优于其他传统体外仪器筛选方法。除了维持被筛选分子和作用对象的生物活性外,CE筛选过程着重突出配体与受体之间的相互作用。毛细管电泳药物筛选瞄准与药理学理论相关的重要参数,如结合常数K_b 、结合速率常数K_on 和解离速率常数K_off ,有利于模拟并预测机体内靶标与药物之间的相互作用过程。该文回顾了毛细管电泳进行药物筛选的历史,评述了毛细管电泳药物筛选方法所依据的理论和相对成熟的各种常用方法,并抽取了部分典型实例以及相关技术进行说明,对以亲和毛细管电泳、动力学毛细管电泳为手段的药物筛选方法进行了介绍,包括分子和细胞层次的药物筛选,以及针对不同类型的候选药物的研究工作都有提及。毛细管电泳与多种技术的联用,包括与质谱以及化学发光等联用发挥了更大的效能。联用方法还应用于中药有效成分的筛选。毛细管电泳在DNA编码化合物库筛选中将有良好应用前景。馏分收集的发展为筛选药物提供了广阔前景,它配合指数富集配体系统进化技术为毛细管电泳药物筛选提供了更多可能。总之,毛细管电泳多样可选的药物筛选方法和技术将为新概念的药物筛选与药物评价提供有力支撑。     

改进荧光光谱法研究药物与血清白蛋白的相互作用

为了解决蛋白与药物分子的荧光光谱相互作用分析存在的缺点,采用小分子为荧光检测对象,以血清白蛋白(SA)为猝灭剂,研究了模拟生理条件(pH=7.4)下伯氨喹、十二烷基苯磺酸钠和西酞普兰与SA的相互作用。测得伯氨喹、十二烷基苯磺酸钠和西酞普兰与SA的结合常数Kb分别为8.16×104L/mol、4.14×106L/mol和6.08×107L/mol。这种改进荧光光谱法能更准确和全面地表达出SA与药物的相互作用信息。通过紫外吸收光谱相互作用分析法对改进方法进行了验证。并推测出药物与蛋白之间存在一种"点对面"的作用方式。     

胶束毛细管电泳在线推扫技术分离检测猪肉组织中痕量喹诺酮类药物

利用胶束毛细管电泳法结合在线推扫富集技术对组织中残留的痕量环丙沙星、氧氟沙星和恩诺沙星进行了检测, 弥补了毛细管电泳检测灵敏度低的缺点, 大大减化了操作过程, 为动物食品组织中残留的痕量药物检测提供了一种新的简便可靠的方法.     

胃蛋白酶亲和有机聚合物毛细管整体柱的制备及性能考察

以热引发原位聚合方法制备了聚（甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯（glycidyl methacrylate,GMA）-乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯（ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate,EDMA））毛细管整体柱,对整体柱的性能进行了表征。结果表明,柱内部结构均匀、渗透性好;整体柱能够实现苯等中性小分子化合物的分离,具有反相色谱特征,重现性和稳定性良好。利用整体柱环氧基团的活性,采用间接法,以戊二醛为连接臂制备胃蛋白酶亲和手性整体柱。在毛细管电色谱模式下进行了柱分离性能研究,并对缓冲液pH值和运行电压等分离条件进行了考察。结果表明,亲和整体柱对4种碱性手性药物（奈福泮、氨氯地平、西酞普兰、扑尔敏）有拆分效果,奈福泮、氨氯地平、西酞普兰能达到基线分离。本文为蛋白质亲和毛细管电色谱整体柱的制备和应用提供了新的思路和方法。     

在柱透析-毛细管电泳联用分析--一种带有透析采样功能的毛细管电泳的实现与初步应用

在石英毛细管的进样端端口内采用相转移法制作聚砜膜,使该毛细管同时具有采样、样品净化与分离功能.建立了一种透析-毛细管电泳在柱联用方法.膜能有效地拦截大分子和颗粒物,性能稳定,12h内连续使用,膜的透过率和对大分子的拦截性能无显著变化.该方法避免了大分子和颗粒物的干扰,可直接对复杂样品中的小分子进行分析.将其应用于咖啡牛奶中游离咖啡因的含量测定,测得其值为0.68mmol/L;用于药物与蛋白的相互作用研究,获得了盐酸异丙嗪与牛血清白蛋白的结合常数,其值为1.47×104L/mol.     

Investigation of interaction between the drug and cell membrane by capillary electrophoresis

By introducing cell membrane into electrophoretic buffer as pseudo-stationary phase, a novel capillary electrophoresis method was established to explore the interaction between drugs and cell membrane, where the interaction between citalopram and rabbit red blood cell membrane was used as an example. A series of concentrations of cell membrane were suspended into the running buffer by peak-shift method. The binding constant of citalopram to rabbit red blood cell membrane of 0.977 g^?1·L was obtained after treatment of Scatchard plot. This method could provide not only a new way for the investigation on the interactions between drugs and cell membrane, but also a new approach for high throughput screening of the drug membrane permeability, biological activity, and evaluating drugs in vivo.     

Ethanol weakens cytochalasin B binding to the GLUT1 glucose transporter and drug partitioning into lipid bilayers

Ethanol weakens the specific interaction between the human red blood cell (RBC) glucose transporter GLUT1 and the inhibitor cytochalasin B (CB). The chromatographic retention volume of cytochalasin B on stationary phases consisting of GLUT1-containing membranes decreased with increasing ethanol concentration in the eluent. The apparent Kd values for the ethanol-GLUT1 interaction were 0.37, 0.45 and 0.64 M for red blood cells, red blood cell membrane vesicles and proteoliposomes, respectively, all much higher than the Kd values for D-glucose or cytochalasin B interaction with GLUT1. Ethanol also decreased the partitioning of cytochalasin B and drugs into phospholipid bilayers.     

QUENCHING OF SINGLET OXYGEN BY HUMAN RED CELL GHOSTS

Time resolved measurements of singlet oxygen phosphorescence at 1270 nm were made from unsealed red cell ghosts, labeled with 5-(N-hexadecanoyl)aminoeosin and suspended in deuterium oxide buffer. The singlet oxygen emission lifetime was long, 23 +/- 1 microseconds. The lifetime of the singlet oxygen phosphorescence from intact unsealed ghosts was not a measure of the singlet oxygen lifetime within the red cell ghost membrane, however. The prolonged singlet oxygen emission was due to singlet oxygen escaping from the thin membrane into the buffer, since the emission lifetime was significantly shortened by adding azide ion or water to the deuterium oxide buffer. The lifetime of singlet oxygen within the red cell ghosts membrane was estimated by dispersing the ghosts with detergent and then measuring the singlet oxygen lifetime in deuterium oxide buffers containing various dilutions of the dispersed ghosts. Apparent singlet-oxygen quenching constants were measured using four different photosensitizing dyes and two different detergents. The apparent quenching constant was independent of the dye used, but varied significantly with different detergents. Extrapolation of this data to "100%" ghost concentration gave a singlet oxygen lifetime from 24 and 130 ns. A ghost concentration of "100%" was defined as that concentration of red cell ghost molecules which would be contained within a red cell ghost membrane pellet containing no buffer solutions. Most of the singlet oxygen quenching was due to proteins. Lipids extracted from red cell ghosts accounted for only 2-7% of the total singlet oxygen quenching.     

Enantiomeric separation of citalopram and its metabolites by capillary electrophoresis

A simple and fast capillary electrophoretic method has been developed for the enantioselective separation of citalopram and its main metabolites, namely N-desmethylcitalopram and N,N-didesmethylcitalopram, using beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) sulfate as the chiral selector. For method optimisation several parameters were investigated, such as CD and buffer concentration, buffer pH, and capillary temperature. Baseline enantioseparation of the racemic compounds was achieved in less than 6 min using a fused-silica capillary, filled with a background electrolyte consisting of a 35 mM phosphate buffer at pH 2.5 supplemented with 1% w/v beta-CD sulfate and 0.05% w/v beta-CD at 25 degrees C and applying a voltage of -20 kV. A fast separation method for citalopram was also optimized and applied to the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations. Racemic citalopram was resolved in its enantiomers in less than 1.5 min using short-end injection (8.5 cm, effective length) running the experiments in a background electrolyte composed of a 25 mM citrate buffer at pH 5.5 and 0.04% w/v beta-CD sulfate at a temperature of 10 degrees C.     

A thiol-mediated active membrane transport of selenium by erythroid anion exchanger 1 protein

In this paper, we describe a thiol-mediated and energy-dependent membrane transport of selenium by erythroid anion exchanger 1 (AE1, also known as band 3 protein). The AE1 is the most abundant integral protein of red cell membranes and plays a critical role in the carbon dioxide transport system in which carbon dioxide is carried as bicarbonate in the plasma. This protein mediates the membrane transport of selenium, an essential antioxidant micronutrient, from red cells to the plasma in a manner that is distinct from the already known anion exchange mechanism. In this pathway, selenium bound to the cysteine 93 of the hemoglobin β chain (Hb-Cysβ93) is transported by the relay mechanism to the Cys317 of the amino-terminal cytoplasmic domain of the AE1 on the basis of the intrinsic interaction between the two proteins and is subsequently exported to the plasma via the Cys843 of the membrane-spanning domain. The selenium export did not occur in plain isotonic buffer solutions and required thiols, such as albumin, in the outer medium. Such a membrane transport mechanism would also participate in the export pathways of the nitric oxide vasodilator activity and other thiol-reactive substances bound to the Hb-Cysβ93 from red cells to the plasma and/or peripherals.     

Extraction methods of red blood cell membrane proteins for Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) analysis

Since red blood cells (RBCs) lack nuclei and organelles, cell membrane is their main load-bearing component and, according to a dynamic interaction with the cytoskeleton compartment, plays a pivotal role in their functioning. Even if erythrocyte membranes are available in large quantities, the low abundance and the hydrophobic nature of cell membrane proteins complicate their purification and detection by conventional 2D gel-based proteomic approaches. So, in order to increase the efficiency of RBC membrane proteome identification, here we took advantage of a simple and reproducible membrane sub-fractionation method coupled to Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT). In addition, the adoption of a stringent RBC filtration strategy from the whole blood, permitted to remove exhaustively contaminants, such as platelets and white blood cells, and to identify a total of 275 proteins in the three RBC membrane fractions collected and analysed. Finally, by means of software for the elaboration of the great quantity of data obtained and programs for statistical analysis and protein classification, it was possible to determine the validity of the entire system workflow and to assign the proper sub-cellular localization and function for the greatest number of the identified proteins.     

Conformational change of membrane proteins leads to shape changes of red blood cells

High-resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows a new insight into the surface of mammalian cells. Using the human red blood cell (RBC) as a model, we have demonstrated an important correlation between the conformation of membrane proteins measured from the external face of the cell and the cell shape.     

Agglutination of like-charged red blood cells induced by binding of beta2-glycoprotein I to outer cell surface

Plasma protein-mediated attractive interaction between membranes of red blood cells (RBCs) and phospholipid vesicles was studied. It is shown that beta(2)-glycoprotein I (beta(2)-GPI) may induce RBC discocyte-echinocyte-spherocyte shape transformation and subsequent agglutination of RBCs. Based on the observed beta(2)-GPI-induced RBC cell shape transformation it is proposed that the hydrophobic portion of beta(2)-GPI molecule protrudes into the outer lipid layer of the RBC membrane and increases the area of this layer. It is also suggested that the observed agglutination of RBCs is at least partially driven by an attractive force which is of electrostatic origin and depends on the specific molecular shape and internal charge distribution of membrane-bound beta(2)-GPI molecules. The suggested beta(2)-GPI-induced attractive electrostatic interaction between like-charged RBC membrane surfaces is qualitatively explained by using a simple mathematical model within the functional density theory of the electric double layer, where the electrostatic attraction between the positively charged part of the first domains of bound beta(2)-GPI molecules and negatively charged glycocalyx of the adjacent RBC membrane is taken into account.     

Determination of Pharmaceuticals by Dynamic Cell Membrane Chromatography Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

As a biological affinity chromatographic method, cell membrane chromatography (CMC) using a silica stationary phase covered with specific cell membrane has been used in screening active components. The innovation of this work is that the bioactive cell membrane and the chromatographic packing are mixed and absorbed for the first time to form the pre-column. The pre-column was placed in front of a C₁₈ column to create dynamic CMC online high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. The retention behavior and dynamic changes of pharmaceuticals were studied for this system. The results indicate that the retention time of the drug was increased and the symmetry factor reached the analytical level after the addition of the dynamic cell membrane pre-column. Therefore, the dynamic CMC coupled with HPLC system may be a potentially rapid and efficient drug analysis approach for the interaction of drug molecule and receptor on red blood cell membranes.