过渡金属-铈基复合氧化物的制备与碳烟燃烧催化性能

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了不同过渡金属TM(Fe,Co,Ni,Mn)-Ce复合氧化物,并经800℃水热处理20 h后得到老化样品。利用XRD,BET对样品结构进行了表征,并采用CO-TPR和TPO分别考察了样品的还原性能和碳烟催化燃烧活性。结果表明,复合氧化物通过过渡金属和铈离子的变价和协同作用,有效地提高了催化剂的碳烟燃烧催化活性。在催化剂-碳烟松散接触条件和含NO+O2气氛下,由于催化剂表面氧的活化和硝酸盐分解释放的NO2,Co-Ce和Mn-Ce具有良好的碳烟燃烧活性。催化剂-碳烟紧密接触和含O2气氛中的活性则与催化剂的比表面积成正比关系,并受活性氧释放能力的影响。     

铈锆镧钴复合氧化物催化燃烧碳烟性能和表征

用柠檬酸法制备了不同组成的铈锆镧钴复合氧化物.用热重法测试了催化剂样品对碳烟的催化活性,催化剂的活性随着镧钴组分含量的增加而增强,其中含90%镧钴组分的催化剂显示了最高的催化活性,起燃温度为518℃.采用程序升温还原法(H_2-TPR),BET,XRD,电子顺磁共振仪(EPR)和红外(FTIR)对催化剂进行了测试.结果表明,催化剂催化燃烧碳烟的活性与催化剂可还原性紧密相关:随着La和Co在样品中的含量增加,它们的还原峰强度显著增加,可还原强度越大,其催化燃烧碳烟的活性越高.     

钴铝复合氧化物同时催化去除碳烟和氮氧化物

以稳态共沉淀法合成的含Co类水滑石为前驱物, 制备了具有介孔结构的复合氧化物催化剂(CAO), 采用程序升温反应技术评价了催化剂同时去除碳烟和氮氧化物的性能, 并用ICP, BET, SEM和XPS等手段分析了材料结构和催化性能的关联. 结果表明, 催化剂呈现钴尖晶石相, 材料表面除了存在与金属键合的晶格氧外, 还有大量的吸附氧. Co/Al摩尔比和焙烧温度影响催化剂的活性, 当Co/Al摩尔比为4和焙烧温度为800 ℃时制备的4CAO-800是一种综合性能良好的催化剂, 具有较低的起燃温度(t_i=290 ℃), 生成N₂的选择性较高(S_N2/C=3.5%). 在同时去除碳烟和NO_x反应中, 碳烟的催化燃烧过程可能存在溢流机理和氧化还原机理协同作用.     

铈基复合氧化物催化碳烟燃烧的性能及其H2-TPR研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法或浸渍法制备了不同金属离子掺杂的铈基复合氧化物催化剂,并采用热重法考察其催化碳烟燃烧的活性,借助H₂-TPR(程序升温还原)手段探讨了催化剂氧化还原性对碳烟燃烧性能的影响. 结果表明,过渡金属的掺杂促使催化剂在低温下提供更多的表面氧和晶格氧,显著降低了碳烟的氧化温度,催化剂于200~400℃释放的活性氧数量对于碳烟燃烧性能提高至关重要; 而结构性助剂金属、碱金属或碱土金属的掺入可提高中温活性氧数量,虽然对碳烟起燃温度无明显改善,但加快了碳烟的燃烧速率.     

K促进的纳米片状水滑石衍生CoAlO金属氧化物催化碳烟燃烧

采用水热法合成了负载K的纳米片状水滑石衍生CoAlO金属氧化物,其表现出优异的催化碳烟燃烧活性.氢气-程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）实验结果表明,K与Co之间的相互作用提高了催化剂的氧化还原性能.X射线光电子能谱（XPS）分析结果表明,K的负载增大了表面Co²⁺/Co³⁺的比例,促进了氧空位的产生,提高了催化剂对气相氧的吸附能力.碳烟-程序升温还原（Soot-TPR）实验结果表明,K的负载增加了表面吸附氧数量.动力学实验结果表明,K的负载增加了单位质量催化剂上的活性氧数量、反应速率和转化频率（TOF）,从而提高了催化剂的本征活性.另外,碳烟颗粒可以分散在纳米片的层间,与活性位点的接触效率得到提高,也有利于提高催化碳烟燃烧活性.     

铁酸盐催化剂上乙醇的催化燃烧

用共沉淀法制备了N i,Co,Cu等的铁酸盐复合氧化物催化剂,并采用XRD、IR等手段对催化剂进行了表征,结果表明具有尖晶石结构的CuFe2O4复合氧化物催化剂对乙醇催化燃烧反应具有较高活性和选择性,Co部分掺杂的CuFe2O4其活性和选择性有所提高,乙醇可在约229℃达到完全转化,燃烧产物中没有发现乙醛副产物.     

碳球为模板水热合成Mg-Co复合氧化物及其催化分解N2O

用自制的碳球为模板剂,尿素为沉淀剂,120℃水热合成尖晶石型Mg-Co复合氧化物（MgCo₂O₄）,在其表面浸渍K₂CO₃溶液制得K改性催化剂,用于催化分解N₂O。用X射线衍射（XRD）、N₂物理吸附-脱附、扫描电镜（SEM）、H₂程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、O₂程序升温脱附（O₂-TPD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等技术对催化剂进行结构表征,考察了钴镁离子/碳球的质量比、尿素/钴镁离子的物质的量比等制备参数对催化剂活性的影响。结果表明,钴镁离子/碳球的质量比为0.192、尿素/钴镁离子的物质的量比为2,制得的MgCo₂O₄催化剂活性较高。K改性MgCo₂O₄催化剂在400℃有氧无水、有氧有水条件下连续反应50 h,N₂O转化率分别保持在91%和62%,稳定性较好。     

Co0.2/Ce1-xZrxO2催化剂的制备、表征及其催化碳烟燃烧反应性能

 采用微孔扩散-共沉淀法制备了不同 Ce/Zr 摩尔比的 Ce1-xZrxO2 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5) 固溶体, 并以此为载体用超声波助分散等体积浸渍法制备了 Co0.2/Ce1-xZrxO2 催化剂, 考察了催化剂中 Ce/Zr 比对其催化柴油车尾气碳烟颗粒物燃烧反应性能的影响. 结果表明, 在催化剂与碳烟颗粒松散接触条件下, Co0.2/Ce1-xZrxO2 催化剂催化碳烟颗粒物燃烧的活性非常高. 其中 Co0.2/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2 催化剂活性最高, T10, T50, T90 和 SmCO2 分别为 316 oC, 385 oC, 413 oC 和 99.9%. 这与目前文献报道的松散接触条件下活性最高的担载 Pt 催化剂相近. 应用 X 射线衍射、透射电镜、扫描电镜、紫外-可见漫反射和傅里叶变换红外光谱技术对 Ce1-xZrxO2 固溶体及 Co0.2/Ce1-xZrxO2 催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, Ce1-xZrxO2 固溶体由纳米级小颗粒组成 (平均粒径在 10 nm 左右). 适量的 Ce/Zr 比有利于改善立方尖晶石型 Co3O4 在 Ce1-xZrxO2 固溶体表面的分散, 从而提高催化剂活性. 程序升温还原结果表明, Co0.2/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2 催化剂具有最优的低温还原特性, 与它具有最高的催化活性相一致.     

La0.75Sr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3的制备及其NO2气敏性能

利用高温固相反应法和溶胶-凝胶法制备了La0.75Sr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3钙钛矿复合氧化物粉体。采用XRD,TEM对粉体物相组成及颗粒形貌进行表征,并以制备的两种粉体作为敏感材料分别制成管状传感器,测试了其NO2气敏性能。结果表明：采用高温固相反应法和溶胶-凝胶法在不同焙烧温度下,均可制得单相La0.75Sr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3粉体,采用溶胶-凝胶法在800℃焙烧2 h得到的粉体粒径约为20 nm;传感器输出电动势信号对NO2浓度之间呈良好的线性关系;溶胶-凝胶法制得粉体的气敏性能优于高温固相反应法制得粉体的气敏性能。     

复合掺杂氧化物La0.5Sr0.5CoO2.91的性能和稳定性

采用固相反应法和柠檬酸-硝酸盐溶胶-凝胶低温自蔓延燃烧法（简称柠檬酸法）合成了La0.5Sr0.5CoO2．91（LSC）复合氧化物。借助XRD和SEM对不同制备方法合成粉体的晶体结构和晶粒形貌进行了研究。结果表明：固相反应法可制得均一钙钛矿结构的LSC氧化物，柠檬酸法除制得LSC氧化物外，还有LaSrCoO4相的生成。柠檬酸-硝酸盐溶胶-凝胶低温自蔓延燃烧法合成粉体的粒度相对较小。为研究以Ce0．9Gd0.1O1．95（GDC）为电解质的固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料的性能，将LSC粉体与GDC粉体按6：4（质量比）制备了固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）的阴极片。在空气气氛下使用直流四探针法研究了烧结样品300～800℃的电导率，发现由柠檬酸法得到粉体制备的阴极片的电导率值较高。将制备的样品置于马弗炉中800℃条件下烧结800h，比较失效前后电导率的变化情况，并借助XRD，SEM等测试手段分析样品电导率变化的原因。分析发现，失效后两种样品的电导率值都有所降低，且样品中都有新相生成，晶体形貌有较大的变化。     

Sol-gel synthesis of K3InF6 and structural characterization of K2InC10O10H6F9, K3InC12O14H4F18 and K3InC12O12F18

K₃InF₆ is synthesized by a sol-gel route starting from indium and potassium acetates dissolved in isopropanol in the stoichiometry 1:3, with trifluoroacetic acid as fluorinating agent. The crystal structures of the organic precursors were solved by X-ray diffraction methods on single crystals. Three organic compounds were isolated and identified: K₂InC₁₀O₁₀H₆F₉, K₃InC₁₂O₁₄H₄F₁₈ and K₃InC₁₂O₁₂F₁₈. The first one, deficient in potassium in comparison with the initial stoichiometry, is unstable. In its crystal structure, acetate as well as trifluoroacetate anions are coordinated to the indium atom. The two other precursors are obtained, respectively, by quick and slow evaporation of the solution. They correspond to the final organic compounds, which give K₃InF₆ by decomposition at high temperature. The crystal structure of K₃InC₁₂O₁₄H₄F₁₈ is characterized by complex anions [In(CF₃COO)₄(OH_x)₂]^(5−2x)− and isolated [CF₃COOH_2−x]^(x−1)− molecules with x=2 or 1, surrounded by K⁺ cations. The crystal structure of K₃InC₁₂O₁₂F₁₈ is only constituted by complex anions [In(CF₃COO)₆]³⁻ and K⁺ cations. For all these compounds, potassium cations ensure only the electroneutrality of the structure. IR spectra of K₂InC₁₀O₁₀H₆F₉ and K₃InC₁₂O₁₂F₁₈ were also performed at room temperature on pulverized crystals.     

Phase relations in the K2W2O7-K2WO4-KPO3-Bi2O3 system and structure of K6.5Bi2.5W4P6O34

The phase relations in the cross-section of the K₂W₂O₇-K₂WO₄-KPO₃ containing 15 mol% Bi₂O₃ were undertaken using flux method. Crystallization fields of K_6.5Bi_2.5W₄P₆O₃₄, K₂Bi(PO₄)(WO₄), Bi₂WO₆, KBi(WO₄)₂ and their cocrystallization areas were identified. Novel phase K_6.5Bi_2.5W₄P₆O₃₄ was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction: sp. gr. P−1, a=9.4170(5), b=9.7166(4), c=17.6050(7) Å, α=90.052(5)°, β=103.880(5)° and γ=90.125(5)°. It has a layered structure, which contains {K₇Bi₅W₈P₁₂O₆₈}_∞ layers stacked parallel to ab plane and sheets composed by potassium atoms separating these layers. Sandwich-like {K₇Bi₅W₈P₁₂O₆₈}_∞ layers are assembled from [W₂P₂O₁₃]_∞ and [BiPO₄]_∞ building units, and are penetrated by tunnels with K/Bi atoms inside. FTIR-spectra of K₂Bi(PO₄)(WO₄) and K_6.5Bi_2.5W₄P₆O₃₄ were discussed on the basis of factor group theory.     

Li2SO4-Na2SO4-H2O和Li2SO4- K2SO4-H2O溶液的体积性质

本文用高精度数字式振荡管密度计测定了288K至318K温度范围内Li₂SO₄ + Na₂SO₄ + H₂O和 Li₂SO₄ + K₂SO₄ + H₂O三元体系的密度。混合溶液的离子强度范围从0.1到4.5 mol.kg_–1,混合溶液中Na₂SO₄和K₂SO₄的离子强度分数为0.2,0.4,0.6和0.8。用密度实验值拟合得到了不同温度下Pitzer离子相互作用模型混合参数θ_V和 ψ_V,模型的计算值与实验值的偏差在±0.002 g.cm_–3以内。用Pitzer模型计算了不同离子强度下三元体系的混合体积。     

Li2O-TiO2-SiO2-P2O5和Li2O-TiO2-Al2O3-P2O5体系锂离子固体电解质的制备及性能研究

一些具有NASICON型网格结构的固体电解质具有高的电导率和好的稳定性,NASICON的意思是Na Super Ionic Conductor[1]。当NaZr2(PO4)3中P5 被Si4 部分取代时便可以得到具有NASICON结构的Na1 xZr2SixP3-xO12体系,其具有高的钠离子电导率。然而有相同结构的Li1 xZr2SixP3-xO12体系的离子电导率却很低,这是因为Li 半径太小,而NASICON三维网格结构的离子通道太大,两者不匹配而使电导率下降[2]。但当LiZr2(PO4)3中Zr4 被离子半径小些的Ti4 取代,所得LiTi2(PO4)3的通道就与Li 半径相匹配,适合于锂离子的迁移,从而使其电导率…     

KCl-KBO2-K2CO3, K2MoO4-KBO2-K2CO3, and K2WO4-KBO2-K2CO3 ternary systems

phase diagrams of KCl-KBO₂-K₂CO₃, K₂MoO₄-KBO₂-K₂CO₃, and K₂WO₄-KBO₂-K₂CO₃ ternary systems were studied by a calculation-experimental method and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The coordinates of ternary eutectics were determined to be E ₁: 622°C, 8.5 mol % KBO₂, 56.5 mol % KCl, and 35 mol % K₂CO₃; E ₂: 710°C, 23 mol % KBO₂, 43 mol % K₂CO₃, and 34 mol % K₂MoO₄; E ₃: 710°C, 23 mol % KBO₂, 43 mol % K₂CO₃, and 34 mol % K₂WO₄. The specific heats of melting of the eutectics were determined.     

Preparation and structure of NaSr0.5Al2B2O7 and NaCa0.5Al2B2O7

Two compounds NaSr_0.5Al₂B₂O₇ and NaCa_0.5Al₂B₂O₇, have been found to crystallize into a new structure type by Rietveld refinement from X-ray powder diffraction data. Their structure belongs to hexagonal space group P6₃/m, with lattice parameters of , for NaSr_0.5Al₂B₂O₇ and , for NaCa_0.5Al₂B₂O₇, respectively. The structure is built up by [Al₂B₂O₇]²⁻ double layer and Na⁺/Ca²⁺ or Na⁺/Sr²⁺ ions alternatively stacking along the c-axis. The sites in the inter-double layer are fully occupied jointly by Na and Ca or Sr, but the intra-double layer sites are only half occupied solely by Na. A mechanism of the transition of the structure from CaAl₂B₂O₇ to present structure type by replacing only 1% Ca by Na (2%) as observed by Chang and Keszler (Mater. Res. Bull. 33 (1998) 299) is also proposed.     

Extension of the La7Mo7O30 structural type with La7Nb3W4O30 and La7Ta3W4O30 compounds

Two compounds of formula La₇A₃W₄O₃₀ (with A=Nb and Ta) were prepared by solid-state reaction at 1450 and 1490 °C. They crystallize in the rhombohedric space group R-3 (No. 148), with the hexagonal parameters: , and , . The structure of the materials was analyzed from X-ray, neutron and electronic diffraction. These oxides are isostructural of the reduced molybdenum compound La₇Mo₇O₃₀, which are formed of perovskite rod along [111]. An order between (Nb, Ta) and W is observed.     

Structural chemistry of Sr3Cr2WO9, Ca3Cr2WO9, and Ba3Cr2WO9

We have studied the preparation and crystallographic structure of three perovskite-type compounds: Sr₃Cr₂WO₉, cubic, the lattice parameter of which is a = 7.812Å; Ca₃Cr₂WO₉, tetragonal, the lattice parameters of which are a = 5.408 Å and c = 7.635Å; and Ba₃Cr₂WO₉, hexagonal, the lattice parameters of which are a = 5.691 Å and c = 13.957Å. We have compared these three structures and shown the relationship between the dimensions of the alkaline-earth metal and the existence of the different structures.     

SnSbBiS4-SnS and SnSbBiS4-Sn2Sb6S11 sections of the SnS-Sb2S3-Bi2S3 ternary system

SnSbBiS₄-SnS and SnSbBiS₄-Sn₂Sb₆S₁₁ sections were studied by physicochemical methods (DTA, X-ray powder diffraction, microstructure observation, and microhardness measurements). These sections were found to be eutectic quasi-binary sections of the SnS-Sb₂S₃-Bi₂S₃ ternary system. Solid solution regions based on the initial components were found on either side of the sections. Alloys in the solid solution region are p-type semiconductors.     

Synthesis and characterization of quaternary selenides Sn2Pb5Bi4Se13 and Sn8.65Pb0.35Bi4Se15

Quaternary selenides Sn₂Pb₅Bi₄Se₁₃ and Sn_8.65Pb_0.35Bi₄Se₁₅ were synthesized from the elements in sealed silica tubes; their crystal structures were determined by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction. Both compounds crystallize in monoclinic space group C2/m (No.12), with lattice parameters of Sn₂Pb₅Bi₄Se₁₃: a = 14.001(6) Å, b = 4.234(2) Å, c = 23.471(8) Å, V = 1376.2(1) Å³, R₁/wR₂ = 0.0584/0.1477, and GOF = 1.023; Sn_8.65Pb_0.35Bi₄Se₁₅: a = 13.872(3) Å, b = 4.2021(8) (4) Å, c = 26.855(5) Å, V = 1557.1(5) Å³, R₁/wR₂ = 0.0506/0.1227, and GOF = 1.425. These compounds exhibit tropochemical cell-twinning of NaCl-type structures with lillianite homologous series L(4, 5) and L(4, 7) for Sn₂Pb₅Bi₄Se₁₃ and Sn_8.65Pb_0.35Bi₄Se₁₅, respectively. Measurements of electrical conductivity indicate that these materials are semiconductors with narrow band gaps; Sn₂Pb₅Bi₄Se₁₃ is n-type, whereas Sn_8.65Pb_0.35Bi₄Se₁₅ is a p-type semiconductor with Seebeck coefficients −80(5) and 178(7) μV/K at 300 K, respectively.