过渡金属与有机分子协同催化:高对映选择性卡宾对脂肪胺N-H键的插入反应

过渡金属催化的卡宾对X-H(X=C,Si,N,O,S)键的插入反应是卡宾的一类特征反应,在有机合成中应用广泛[1].其中N-H键插入是构建C—N键的一种高效方法,特别是相应的不对称催化,对合成含氮手性化合物具有重要意义.近年来,人们以芳香胺或酰胺作为底物,在手性过渡金属催化剂的存在下,实现了卡宾对其N—H键高对映选择性的插入反应,从而发展了天然或非天然α-手性氨基酸衍生物合成的新方法[2].     

无过渡金属体系下C(sp^2)—H键的自由基反应构建C—N键研究进展

C—N键广泛存在于药物分子、天然产物及功能材料中,开发简洁高效的C—N键构建方法具有重要意义.近年来,无过渡金属体系下C(sp^2)—H键的自由基反应构建C—N键取得了诸多进展.该方法反应条件相对温和,反应活性较高,为C—N键构建提供了一条新途径.根据氮源类型的不同,对近年来C(sp^2)—H键的自由基反应构建C—N键的研究进展进行简要论述.     

季铵盐作为胺源经由两次C—N键活化的酯的胺解反应（英文）

报道了一种负载钯纳米颗粒催化多种芳基酯与季铵盐经由两次C—N键活化的,选择性合成酰胺的胺解反应.在这个反应中,Pd/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂表现出卓越的催化活性和空气中至少五次循环的重复利用性.试验结果表明季铵盐的第一次C—N键断裂得到卤代烷和三级胺,第二次C—N键断裂是通过产生亚胺离子中间体完成的.     

醋酸铜促进的酰胺-噁唑啉化合物与芳基硫醇的C—H键双硫代化反应研究

以酰胺-噁唑啉为辅助基团,在廉价的醋酸铜促进下,实现了酰胺衍生物C(sp2)—H键与芳基硫醇S—H键的脱氢偶联反应;以中等到优秀的产率(最高可达90%)简单高效地合成了一系列双硫化的酰胺衍生物.值得一提的是,底物范围并不局限于各种取代苯基酰胺化合物,吡啶基酰胺化合物也可以兼容.该反应的特点是:金属廉价、底物范围广、反应条件温和、无需外加配体、空气作为氧化剂、区域选择性好(仅酰胺基团邻位的C—H键发生反应,而噁唑啉基团邻位的C—H键不发生反应);此外,克级规模的反应表明了其在合成中的实用性.     

钯催化分子内胺化合成苯并噁嗪酮衍生物

苯并噁嗪酮及其衍生物具有重要的医用价值及生理活性,因此合成该类骨架结构受到很多化学家的重视.报道了一种以含N,O-双齿导向基团的苯氧乙酸为底物,通过钯催化的C—H键活化反应一步构建C—N键的新方法,合成了一系列苯并噁嗪类化合物.该方法反应条件温和,操作简便,合成效率高.     

基于C—CN键断裂的芳香腈转化反应研究进展

芳香腈是有机合成中普遍存在的原料之一,也是一类重要的合成中间体,可广泛应用于药物、农用化学品、染料、香料以及功能材料等领域,但由于C—CN键热力学稳定性较高,很少被认为是一个有价值的反应位点.因此,开发简便、高效的方法催化芳香腈C—CN键转化成为近年研究热点之一.综述了近十年来基于C—CN键断裂的芳香腈转化反应研究进展,并按照不同反应原理分类,主要包括过渡金属介导/催化的C—CN的转化、自由基介导的C—CN的转化、Lewis酸、碱或Br?nsted酸介导的C—CN的转化,详细讨论了反应底物普适性、反应机理和应用,并对该领域的发展前景和局限性进行了总结.     

高价碘试剂促进的N-芳基磺酰胺类化合物脱芳基反应（英文）

通过高选择性惰性磺酰胺芳基C—N键裂解反应,发展了一种Dess-Martin氧化剂(DMP)促进的N-芳基磺酰胺的脱芳基的方法.该无金属参与的反应在温和的条件下进行,可提供各种在生物学上有重要应用价值的伯磺酰胺类化合物,其中某些磺酰胺使用传统的氨解和水解方法难以获得.这一简单有效的脱芳基反应可在无金属催化剂条件下使芳基作为磺酰胺类化合物的氨基保护基.     

四丁基碘化铵/过氧化叔丁醇促进C—N键构筑的研究进展

C—N键构筑是有机合成的基础,对于药物分子、天然产物地合成和多功能材料地开发等具有重要作用,因此受到了广泛关注.近年来,利用四丁基碘化铵/过氧化叔丁醇的无过渡金属催化体系来构筑C—N键取得了诸多进展.该策略反应条件相对温和,反应选择性好,为C—N键构筑提供了一条经济、高效的途径.根据氮源类型的不同,对近年来四丁基碘化铵/过氧化叔丁醇促进的C—N键构筑的研究进展展开论述.     

铜催化含氮和硫化物的乙烯基化反应研究

以铜为催化剂,结合不同的反应条件,分别阐述了酰胺、胺、唑类化合物和硫化物与卤代烯烃的交叉偶联反应,从而分别得到了各种烯酰胺、烯胺、N-烯基唑类化合物和烯基硫醚化合物.上述亲核试剂与1,4-二卤-1,3-二烯化合物反应,经过两次乙烯基化反应,可以高效地得到各种取代的吡咯和噻吩衍生物.进一步阐述了N—H键以及其邻位C—H键也能够和1,4-二卤-1,3-二烯反应,生成唑并吡啶衍生物.     

铜催化C—N,C—O偶联反应的研究进展

C—N,C—O键偶联是有机合成中的一类重要反应,铜催化的偶联反应是该类化学键形成中的主要手段之一,相比钯等过渡金属,金属铜具有低毒、廉价、反应条件温和等优点.按照所形成化合物的结构类型综述了铜催化C—N,C—O键偶联反应的最新研究进展.     

Structures of Highly Twisted Amides Relevant to Amide N−C Cross‐Coupling: Evidence for Ground‐State Amide Destabilization

Herein, we show that acyclic amides that have recently enabled a series of elusive transition‐metal‐catalyzed N?C activation/cross‐coupling reactions are highly twisted around the N?C(O) axis by a new destabilization mechanism of the amide bond. A unique effect of the N‐glutarimide substituent, leading to uniformly high twist (ca. 90°) irrespective of the steric effect at the carbon side of the amide bond has been found. This represents the first example of a twisted amide that does not bear significant steric hindrance at the α‐carbon atom. The ¹⁵N NMR data show linear correlations between electron density at nitrogen and amide bond twist. This study strongly supports the concept of amide bond ground‐state twist as a blueprint for activation of amides toward N?C bond cleavage. The new mechanism offers considerable opportunities for organic synthesis and biological processes involving non‐planar amide bonds.     

N‐Chloro­acetyl‐β‐alanine

The β‐alanine residue of the title compound, C₅H₈ClNO₃, has a ggt folded conformation, which is mainly stabilized through intermolecular N—H⋯O=C (amide–acid) and O—H⋯O=C (acid–amide) hydrogen bonds. In addition, a cis conformation is found for the Cl—CH₂—C(=O)—NH torsion angle, which is associated with the presence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond.     

Chemoselective Intramolecular Formal Insertion Reaction of Rh–Nitrenes into an Amide Bond Over C−H Insertion

The past few decades have witnessed extensive efforts to disclose the unique reactivity of metal–nitrenes, because they could be a powerful synthetic tool for introducing the amine functionality into unactivated chemical bonds. The reactivity of metal–nitrenes, however, is currently mainly confined to aziridination (an insertion into a C=C bond) and C−H amination (an insertion into a C−H bond). Nitrene insertion into an amide C−N bond, however, has not been reported so far. In this work we have developed a rhodium-catalyzed one-nitrogen insertion into amide C−N and sulfonamide S−N bonds. Experimental and theoretical analyses based on density functional theory indicate that the formal amide insertion proceeds via a rhodium-coordinated ammonium ylide formed between the nitrene and the amide nitrogen, followed by acyl group transfer concomitant with C−N bond cleavage. Mechanistic studies have allowed rationalization of the origin of the chemoselectivity observed between the C−H and amide insertion reactions. The methodology presented herein is the first example of an insertion of nitrene into amide bonds and provides facile access to unique diazacyclic systems with an N−N bond linkage.     

N-Ethynylation of Anilides Decreases the Double-Bond Character of Amide Bond while Retaining trans-Conformation and Planarity

Activated amide bonds have been attracting intense attention; however, most of the studied moieties have twisted amide character. To add a new strategy to activate amide bonds while maintaining its planarity, we envisioned the introduction of an alkynyl group on the amide nitrogen to disrupt amide resonance by nN→C_sp conjugation. In this context, the conformations and properties of N-ethynyl-substituted aromatic amides were investigated by DFT calculations, crystallography, and NMR spectroscopic analysis. In contrast to the cis conformational preference of N-ethyl- and vinyl-substituted acetanilides, N-ethynyl-substituted acetanilide favors the trans conformation in the crystal and in solution. It also has a decreased double bond character of the C(O)−N bond, without twisting of the amide. N-Ethynyl-substituted acetanilides undergo selective C(O)−N bond or N−C(sp) bond cleavage reactions and have potential applications as activated amides for coupling reactions or easily cleavable tethers.     

Nickel‐Catalyzed Esterification of Aliphatic Amides

Recent studies have demonstrated that amides can be used in nickel‐catalyzed reactions that lead to cleavage of the amide C?N bond, with formation of a C?C or C?heteroatom bond. However, the general scope of these methodologies has been restricted to amides where the carbonyl is directly attached to an arene or heteroarene. We now report the nickel‐catalyzed esterification of amides derived from aliphatic carboxylic acids. The transformation requires only a slight excess of the alcohol nucleophile and is tolerant of heterocycles, substrates with epimerizable stereocenters, and sterically congested coupling partners. Moreover, a series of amide competition experiments establish selectivity principles that will aid future synthetic design. These studies overcome a critical limitation of current Ni‐catalyzed amide couplings and are expected to further stimulate the use of amides as synthetic building blocks in C?N bond cleavage processes.     

Transition‐Metal‐Free Activation of Amides by N−C Bond Cleavage

The amide bond N?C activation represents a powerful strategy in organic synthesis to functionalize the historically inert amide linkage. This personal account highlights recent remarkable advances in transition‐metal‐free activation of amides by N?C bond cleavage, focusing on both (1) mechanistic aspects of ground‐state‐destabilization of the amide bond enabling formation of tetrahedral intermediates directly from amides with unprecedented selectivity, and (2) synthetic utility of the developed transformations. Direct nucleophilic addition to amides enables a myriad of powerful methods for the formation of C?C, C?N, C?O and C?S bonds, providing a straightforward and more synthetically useful alternative to acyl‐metals.     

L1 β-Lactamase催化反应机理研究

用混合量子力学和分子力学(QM/MM)方法和密度泛函理论讨论了L1 β-Lactamase催化Nitrocefin水解的过程, 研究结果表明, 反应为多步反应: 第一步亲核进攻反应为反应的决速步骤, 并且伴随着酰胺键的断裂, 第二步反应为质子迁移反应. 同时讨论了金属锌在反应中的作用.     

Glycosidic linkage,N‐acetyl side‐chain,and other structural properties of methyl 2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→4)‐β‐d‐mannopyranoside monohydrate and related compounds

The crystal structure of methyl 2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐β‐d ‐glycopyranosyl‐(1→4)‐β‐d ‐mannopyranoside monohydrate, C₁₅H₂₇NO₁₁·H₂O, was determined and its structural properties compared to those in a set of mono‐ and disaccharides bearing N‐acetyl side‐chains in βGlcNAc aldohexopyranosyl rings. Valence bond angles and torsion angles in these side chains are relatively uniform, but C—N (amide) and C—O (carbonyl) bond lengths depend on the state of hydrogen bonding to the carbonyl O atom and N—H hydrogen. Relative to N‐acetyl side chains devoid of hydrogen bonding, those in which the carbonyl O atom serves as a hydrogen‐bond acceptor display elongated C—O and shortened C—N bonds. This behavior is reproduced by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, indicating that the relative contributions of amide resonance forms to experimental C—N and C—O bond lengths depend on the solvation state, leading to expectations that activation barriers to amide cis–trans isomerization will depend on the polarity of the environment. DFT calculations also revealed useful predictive information on the dependencies of inter‐residue hydrogen bonding and some bond angles in or proximal to β‐(1→4) O‐glycosidic linkages on linkage torsion angles ? and ψ. Hypersurfaces correlating ? and ψ with the linkage C—O—C bond angle and total energy are sufficiently similar to render the former a proxy of the latter.     

Structural Characterization of N‐Alkylated Twisted Amides: Consequences for Amide Bond Resonance and N−C Cleavage

Herein, we describe the first structural characterization of N‐alkylated twisted amides prepared directly by N‐alkylation of the corresponding non‐planar lactams. This study provides the first experimental evidence that N‐alkylation results in a dramatic increase of non‐planarity around the amide N?C(O) bond. Moreover, we report a rare example of a molecular wire supported by the same amide C=O‐Ag bonds. Reactivity studies demonstrate rapid nucleophilic addition to the N?C(O) moiety of N‐alkylated amides, indicating the lack of n_N to π^*_C=O conjugation. Most crucially, we demonstrate that N‐alkylation activates the otherwise unreactive amide bond towards σ N?C cleavage by switchable coordination.     

Ab initio studies on the thermolysis of azetidine

The reaction mechanism of the thermolysis of azetidine to form ethylene and methylen-imine has been studied by ab initio SCF MO method at STO--3G and 3-21G levels. Two possible step-wise pathways are explored. One is the breaking of C--C bond as the first step, while the other is thebreaking of C--N bond. All the stationary points on the potential energy surface (PES) are fully optimiz-ed. MP2 / 3-21G single point calculations on all stationary points and MCSCF / STO-3G computationsfor some stationary points are also carried out. The calculations indicate that azetidine decomposesvia biradicaloid intermediates and the cleavage of C--N bond is preferable to that of C--C bond.