低并发症医用涂层构建策略研究进展

医用材料的功能性主要通过医用材料表面与生物环境接触而表现出来,需要对医用材料表面进行功能化改性,否则在植入/介入过程中会吸附侵入的细菌引发感染或产生凝血引发血栓等并发症,导致器械服役时间缩短及应用失败。基于上述问题在材料表面调控结构组成、构建功能表面、实现低并发症和生物相容性一直是该领域亟需解决的重要科学问题。目前低并发症医用涂层构建方法主要有表面化学接枝改性、单分子层自组装、层层自组装、多巴胺涂层等,结合本课题组近年来在低并发症医用高分子材料及医疗器械的医用涂层研究成果,简单介绍了国内外医用涂层表面构建的研究进展。     

采用层层自组装与光化学修饰法在聚氨酯表面固定生物多糖衍生物

采用层层自组装技术与光化学修饰方法相结合在聚氨酯材料表面固定生物多糖衍生物,首先合成具有光反应活性的叠氮壳聚糖,再在聚氨酯基材表面进行叠氮壳聚糖与香菇多糖硫酸酯的层层自组装,然后通过光化学反应对自组装多层膜修饰层进行交联,制备得到生物多糖衍生物层层自组装与光化学表面修饰的聚氨酯材料.通过红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱、水接触角测量仪、抗菌活性测试、溶血试验和血小板黏附测试等方法对被修饰聚氨酯材料的表面性能和生物性能进行了分析,测试结果表明修饰后的聚氨酯材料表面的亲水性和血液相容性得到改善,并且被修饰材料对大肠杆菌具有良好的抑制效果.     

生物大分子层层组装:从生物分子的固定,界面控释到细胞外基质模拟

随着超分子科学、界面科学方法技术与生物医用材料科学的交叉与渗透,生物大分子层层组装已成为生物医用材料界面设计和制备的重要方法.本论文从采用生物大分子层层组装进行生物活性分子固定、界面控释涂层构建到细胞外基质结构功能模拟3个相互关联的研究视角,结合该领域国内外和本课题组的研究成果,对该领域的研究进展进行了综述,并对生物大分子层层组装作为一种生物医用材料界面设计制备新方法的未来进行了展望.     

聚乳酸的层层自组装修饰及其内皮细胞相容性研究

通过胺解反应在生物降解聚(L-乳酸)表面引入带有正电荷的自由氨基,并通过静电吸引层层(Layer-by-layer,LBL)自组装技术将具有良好生物相容性的硫酸软骨素(CS)和细胞外基质成分型胶原组装到该PLLA材料表面.通过反应性荧光探针标记、紫外-可见吸收光谱以及荧光能量转移等测试技术跟踪并表征了自组装过程的进行.组装层的厚度开始随组装层数的增加而线性增加,而后增加变缓.内皮细胞的体外培养证明,表面组装CS和胶原(以胶原为最外层)以后,细胞的增殖率和细胞活性显著提高,材料的细胞相容性得到明显改善.细胞体现了充分铺展的多角形内皮细胞形貌,而且局部已融合形成了一单层内皮细胞层.     

含乳糖聚电解质靶向微胶囊的层层自组装构筑

设计合成了己二酸乳糖乙烯酯/对苯乙烯磺酸钠共聚物（PLESS）,通过层层自组装技术构筑聚烯丙基胺盐酸盐（PAH）与含乳糖聚电解质PLESS的靶向微胶囊。以紫外-可见吸收光谱监测了PAH与PLESS在平面的石英片进行层层自组装过程,研究了不同实验条件（聚电解质浓度、溶液盐度、盐种类）对PAH/PLESS多层膜自组装的影响;PAH与PLESS在球形碳酸钙微球模板上层层自组装,去除模板后得到层状结构的微胶囊,用透射电镜（TEM）等方法观察其形态形貌;通过花生凝集素识别考察其潜在靶向性;通过细胞MTT活性试验评价其生物相容性。     

羧甲基香菇多糖表面修饰的聚乳酸材料的表面性能研究

制备了香菇多糖羧甲基衍生物,再通过化学接枝方法利用共价键将羧甲基香菇多糖固定在氨基化聚乳酸基材表面,得到羧甲基香菇多糖化学接枝修饰的聚乳酸材料.此外,通过在氨基化聚乳酸基材表面进行羧甲基香菇多糖与壳聚糖的层层自组装,得到生物多糖层层自组装修饰的聚乳酸材料.采用扫描电子显微镜、水接触角测量仪、抗菌活性测试、溶血试验和血栓试验等方法对被修饰聚乳酸材料的表面性能和生物性能进行了分析和比较.结果表明采用2种表面修饰方法得到的羧甲基香菇多糖修饰的聚乳酸材料的亲水性、血液相容性以及对大肠杆菌抗菌活性得到改善.与化学接枝方法相比,经过羧甲基香菇多糖与壳聚糖层层自组装修饰的聚乳酸材料具有更好的亲水性、血液相容性和抗菌活性.     

生物医用纳米颗粒表面的两性离子化设计

生物医用纳米颗粒的表面设计对维持纳米颗粒稳定性和抑制蛋白质非特异性吸附从而实现体内长效循环等具有重要意义.具有细胞膜仿生结构的两性离子界面能通过离子静电作用形成高效水合层,不仅可有效增强纳米颗粒的稳定性和抗免疫清除能力,通过提高体内循环时间增强其"被动"靶向能力,而且当与环境响应性或生物活性分子复合后,还可有效实现纳米颗粒的"主动"靶向功能,因此"两性离子化"已经发展为纳米颗粒表面设计的新策略.本文主要概述了两性离子材料在生物医用纳米表面设计中的应用进展,包括小分子和聚合物两性离子对无机纳米颗粒的表面修饰、聚合物两性离子组装体用于抗肿瘤药物传递等,同时也介绍了混合电荷材料的一些特殊性质和应用.     

层状组装：先进药物控释涂层材料的新选择*

先进的药物控释体系和医用植入体是生物医用材料研究的重要内容,将两者有机结合构成的结合装置为采用药物控释的手段有效解决医用植入体面临的挑战,提升医用植入体的功能提供了新的可能。基于静电交替组装的层层组装技术具有操作简单,涂层组成、厚度可控,适用组装分子和组装基材种类广泛,利于保持药物活性等一系列优点,已成为先进药物控释涂层材料的新选择。本文从层状组装多层膜构建原位药物控释涂层的方法研究,对药物释放的调控和功能药物涂层研究三个方面对这一技术在该领域的应用进行了简要介绍。系统总结了层状组装作为先进药物控释涂层材料的优势。并针对将药物控释与医用植入体有机结合的要求,对现有层状组装涂层方法的不足和今后发展的方向进行了论述。     

纳米生物传感器探针材料：合成、组装及应用

生物传感器因选择性高、分析速度快、准确度高等特点,在生物医学、环境监测及食品安全等领域应用广泛.纳米探针材料是生物传感器中的核心部件,对检测信号的输出和放大,起到至关重要的作用.本文总结了近十年来本团队利用智能高分子精准调控纳米粒子合成的研究成果,发展了多种生长模式,量身定制出三十多种高效可医用探针材料;通过智能高分子修饰纳米探针表面,实现了不同维度(1D、2D和3D)的宏观可控自组装.最后,基于设计的探针材料及其组装结构,构建了一系列生物传感器,探索了其在食品安全检测和医疗诊断领域的应用.     

高分子的表面化学组成与生物相容性

生物相容性是高分子材料在临床上用作医用装置的基本要求，改变高分子材料的表面化学组成是提高其生物相容性的重要途径。综述了构建表面化学组成改性高分子材料生物相容性的最新研究进展，并对改善高分子材料生物相容性的研究方法提出了一些看法。     

聚合物层状组装膜

介绍了近几年来我们研究组在层状组装膜的构筑以及功能化研究方面取得的一些最新进展.包括结合表面溶胶-凝胶技术与静电层状组装技术,实现了二阶非线性基团在层状组装多层膜中的非对称排列,制备了具有二阶非线性效应的膜材料;采用室温压印技术,发展了一种简便、经济和具有普适性的层状组装聚合物膜图案化方法;以轻度交联的聚合物微凝胶为构筑基元,制备了具有高负载量的聚合物层状组装膜;发展了一种基于离子剥离技术的层状组装自支持膜制备方法;基于层状组装技术,制备了具有超疏水和抗反射功能的涂层.     

Coating Strategies Using Layer‐by‐layer Deposition for Cell Encapsulation

The layer‐by‐layer (LbL) deposition technique is widely used to develop multilayered films based on the directed assembly of complementary materials. In the last decade, thin multilayers prepared by LbL deposition have been applied in biological fields, namely, for cellular encapsulation, due to their versatile processing and tunable properties. Their use was suggested as an alternative approach to overcome the drawbacks of bulk hydrogels, for endocrine cells transplantation or tissue engineering approaches, as effective cytoprotective agents, or as a way to control cell division. Nanostructured multilayered materials are currently used in the nanomodification of the surfaces of single cells and cell aggregates, and are also suitable as coatings for cell‐laden hydrogels or other biomaterials, which may later be transformed to highly permeable hollow capsules. In this Focus Review, we discuss the applications of LbL cell encapsulation in distinct fields, including cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and biotechnological applications. Insights regarding practical aspects required to employ LbL for cell encapsulation are also provided.     

Construction and deconstruction of PLL/DNA multilayered films for DNA delivery: effect of ionic strength

Through the layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly technique, DNA was incorporated into the multilayered films with poly-l-lysine (PLL). The effect of ionic strength on the construction and deconstruction of the PLL/DNA films was investigated. It was found that the salt concentration of the deposition solution had a significant effect on the construction of the films, which might attribute to the effect of salt ions on the conformation of polyelectrolytes and interaction between PLL and DNA molecules. A salt-induced deconstruction of the PLL/DNA films was observed. The extent of the deconstruction increased with the salt concentration in the incubation solution. The mechanism of the deconstruction was discussed. Taking the advantages of the LbL technique, the erasable PLL/DNA films could deposit onto a variety of surfaces, such as vascular stent, intervention catheter and tissue engineering scaffold, to serve as a novel DNA delivery system.     

Reversible Layer‐by‐Layer Deposition on Solid Substrates Inspired by Mussel Byssus Cuticle

The protective coating on mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) byssus has attracted considerable research interest because of its excellent mechanical properties such as hardness and extensibility. These special properties are known to be highly related with specific interactions between mussel foot protein‐1 and metal ions. In particular, the complexation between catechols in mfp‐1 and iron(III) has been identified as a key interaction. This finding has given opportunities for pursuing promising applications. Herein, we report that emulating the properties of the mussel byssus cuticle provides an important platform for developing reversible layer‐by‐layer (LbL) deposition, an advanced technique for surface modification. LbL films were constructed on solid substrates by sequential immersion of substrates into solutions containing iron(III) and catecholic compounds. The thickness of the LbL films was effectively controlled by increasing the immersion steps, and the reversibility of the LbL deposition was demonstrated by addition of a chelating agent.     

DAR Assisted Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Aromatic Compounds

A facile DAR (diphenylamine-4-diazonium-formaldehyde resin)assisted layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of uitrathin organic film of aromatic compounds has been investigated. The muitilayer of pyrene or anthracene was fabricated through simple dipping of the glass slide into the mixed solution of DAR with the target compounds. In this method, DAR acted as an assistant compound to help the assembling of the aromatic compounds. Such a convenient deposition method not only reserves the advantages of the traditional LbL technique but also simplifies the technique and extends the effectiveness of LbL technique to small molecules without any charge.     

Layer-by-layer assembly as a versatile bottom-up nanofabrication technique for exploratory research and realistic application

The layer-by-layer (LbL) adsorption technique offers an easy and inexpensive process for multilayer formation and allows a variety of materials to be incorporated within the film structures. Therefore, the LbL assembly method can be regarded as a versatile bottom-up nanofabrication technique. Research fields concerned with LbL assembly have developed rapidly but some important physicochemical aspects remain uninvestigated. In this review, we will introduce several examples from physicochemical investigations regarding the basics of this method to advanced research aimed at practical applications. These are selected mostly from recent reports and should stimulate many physical chemists and chemical physicists in the further development of LbL assembly. In order to further understand the mechanism of the LbL assembly process, theoretical work, including thermodynamics calculations, has been conducted. Additionally, the use of molecular dynamics simulation has been proposed. Recently, many kinds of physicochemical molecular interactions, including hydrogen bonding, charge transfer interactions, and stereo-complex formation, have been used. The combination of the LbL method with other fabrication techniques such as spin-coating, spraying, and photolithography has also been extensively researched. These improvements have enabled preparation of LbL films composed of various materials contained in well-designed nanostructures. The resulting structures can be used to investigate basic physicochemical phenomena where relative distances between interacting groups is of great importance. Similarly, LbL structures prepared by such advanced techniques are used widely for development of functional systems for physical applications from photovoltaic devices and field effect transistors to biochemical applications including nano-sized reactors and drug delivery systems.     

Single-stage in situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles in antibacterial self-assembled overlays

In this work, a novel single-stage process for in situ synthesis of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) using the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique is presented. The Ag NPs were formed into nanotextured coatings based on sequentially adsorbed poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and SiO₂ NPs. Such highly porous surfaces have been used in the fabrication of highly efficient ion release films for applications such as antibacterial coatings. In this approach, the amino groups of the PAH acted as reducing agent and made possible the in situ formation of the Ag NPs. This reduction reaction occurred during the LbL process as the coating was assembled, without any further step after the fabrication and stabilization of the multilayer film. Biamminesilver nitrate was used as the Ag⁺ ion source during the LbL process and it was successfully reduced to Ag NPs. All coatings were tested with gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial cultures of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii showing an excellent antimicrobial behavior against these types of bacteria (more than 99.9% of killing efficiency in all cases).     

Layer-by-layer construction of protein architectures through avidin–biotin and lectin–sugar interactions for biosensor applications

In this review, the preparation and properties of protein architectures constructed by layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition through avidin–biotin and concanavalin A (Con A)–sugar interactions are discussed in relation to their use for optical and electrochemical biosensors. LbL films can be constructed through the alternate deposition of avidin and biotin-labeled enzymes on the surfaces of optical probes and electrodes. The enzymes retain their catalytic activity, resulting in the formation of optical and electrochemical biosensors. Alternatively, Con A can be used to construct enzyme-containing LbL films and microcapsules using sugar-labeled enzymes. Some enzymes such as glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase can be used for this purpose without labeling with sugar, because these enzymes contain intrinsic hydrocarbon chains on their molecular surfaces. The Con A/enzyme LbL architectures were successfully used to develop biosensors sensitive to specific substrates of the enzyme. In addition, Con A-based films can be used for the optical and electrochemical detection of sugars.     

聚电解质层层自组装纳滤膜*

层层自组装技术能够方便地对膜的微观结构和组成进行调控,已在制备复合型纳滤膜方面取得了迅速的发展。本文综述了近年来用于聚电解质层层自组装纳滤膜的制备方法,种类以及影响因素。介绍了静态层层交替沉积、压力驱动自组装和电场强化自组装等三种制备方法;归纳了均聚型、共聚型和有机/无机杂化型等三类用于层层自组装纳滤膜的聚电解质的特点;讨论了聚电解质的荷电性、电荷密度和电离程度等因素对其自组装膜分离性能的影响。总结了聚电解质自组装纳滤膜在水处理和有机溶剂中物质的分离等方面的应用。同时,对提高聚电解质自组装纳滤膜的组装效率,分离性能和发展方向提出了设想和建议。