沈阳市3～6岁儿童铅污染流行情况及对行为发育的影响

为了解沈阳市 3～ 6岁儿童血铅水平、铅污染流行情况及特征 ,采用石墨炉原子吸收方法对本市 1 0 84名 3～ 6岁儿童进行血铅含量测定 ,根据美国疾病控制中心 1 991年标准将血铅水平分为六级 ,观察了不同程度铅污染与儿童行为发育的关系。结果表明 ,血铅水平为 1 0 0 1 4± 39 83μg L ,铅污染流行率为 4 4 4 6 %。儿童铅污染程度与儿童行为发育异常呈正相关。揭示我市 3～ 6岁儿童血铅水平仍处于较高水平 ,铅污染以轻度为主 ,铅污染可影响儿童行为发育     

锌原卟啉与儿童铅中毒和贫血关系的研究

[目的 ]探讨锌原卟啉测定诊断儿童铅中毒与贫血可能性。 [方法 ]测定了 2 3 5名儿童血ZPP、Hb、BPb。 [结果 ]ZPP值 2 3 9± 1 0 2 μg/gHb ,增高率 1 3 61 % ;血铅水平 8 94± 4 62 μg/dL ,铅中毒率 41 0 7%。Hb平均浓度 1 1 2 5 0± 1 0 5 5g/L ,贫血患病率 3 1 48%。ZPP与Hb呈高度负相关 (P <0 0 1 ) ,与BPb无相关性 (P >0 0 5 )。血铅水平正常组与铅中毒组ZPP值差异无显著意义(P >0 0 5 )。Hb正常组与贫血组ZPP值差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 1 )。 [结论 ]ZPP升高可作为缺铁性贫血的诊断指标 ,但在血铅水平较低的地区 ,则不宜用ZPP作为儿童铅中毒的筛查指标。     

惠东县乡镇学龄前儿童血铅水平分析

为了解惠东县乡镇3～6岁儿童血铅水平。采取随机与特定结合的方法,于2 0 0 4年1 0月～1 1月对惠东县5个乡镇的790名3～6岁儿童进行了血铅水平测定。检测采用全国统一的BH -2 1 0 0钨舟原子吸收仪及随机专用试剂进行。所有操作均严格按照要求进行。结果表明,惠东县乡镇3～6岁儿童血铅水平为(70 70±2 4 89) μg/L达到我国近年来5 2个调查结果所示的普通市区儿童血铅水平70～90 μg/L的下限。其中高于国际儿童铅中毒标准占9 6%。儿童的血铅水平存在明显的区域差异,制鞋工业乡镇较高。同时儿童血铅水平存在着性别差异。男童较女童偏高。提示不能忽视乡镇儿童铅污染情况,尤其是制鞋工业乡镇的儿童高血铅水平应引起有关部门重视。     

湖南省湘潭市1038例儿童血铅调查

于 2 0 0 0年 3月～ 2 0 0 1年 6月在湖南省湘潭市对 1 0 38例 1～ 8岁儿童进行了血铅抽样调查。结果显示 2 85例儿童血铅 >1 0 0 μg/L ,占调查人数的 2 7 7%。男女童之间血铅水平无显著差异P >0 0 5。高血铅年龄分布在 2岁组、 6岁年龄组 ,与其他年龄组比较有显著差异P <0 0 5。工业区儿童血铅水平高于市中心区P <0 0 1 ,农村郊区儿童血铅水平最低。本调查为湖南湘潭地区环境治理提供了科学依据。     

用骨铅判断铅中毒的效果

用骨铅测定判断铅中毒的效果可以和血铅或其他指标相比较。Markowitz对 2 0 1例中度铅中毒、驱铅试验阳性儿童在相隔 7周所作的研究表明 ,接受螯合治疗的儿童骨铅、血铅和EP水平比未治疗儿童分别降低 40 μg/g、47μg/L和 2 48μg/L。然而 ,研究发现上述这些变化是不均匀的 ,初始铅水平较高的儿童降低最大 ,而初始水平低的儿童降低最少。当对初始水平进行对照分析或对初始水平进行分组对比分析时 ,发现治疗儿童和非治疗儿童之间的差异就不再显著。Rosen利用 1 44例铅中毒儿童的骨铅和血铅数据对驱铅试验结果进行了统计 ,发现当骨铅值高于…     

清远市学龄前儿童血铅水平分析

目的　探讨清远市学龄前儿童血铅水平、铅中毒分布特点及与其它元素的关系,为防治铅中毒损害提供依据,方法　在清远市城区,随机抽取在清远市妇幼保健院体检的5 5 3名1～6岁儿童为研究对象,采指端末梢血2 0 μL ,用原子吸收光谱仪测定血铅、钙、锌、铁、铜和锰的水平。结果　该市学龄前儿童血铅水平( 73 0±49 6) μg/L ,几何均值5 8 1 μg/L ,铅中毒流行率2 4 95 % ,以1 0 0～1 90 μg/L频率最高,占2 3 6% ,铅中毒流行率随年龄的增长而降低( χ2 =1 2 0 9,P <0 0 5 ) ;2岁组铅中毒流行率最高,血铅值与血钙、锌值呈显著负相关(r =-0 1 82 ,-0 1 5 0 ,P <0 0 5 )。结论　2岁组对铅污染较敏感;增加钙、锌元素的补充,能预防儿童铅中毒     

食品与环境中铅对儿童血铅水平的影响分析

为分析本地儿童血铅水平与食品及生活环境中铅的相关性，探讨降低铅污染因素对儿童身体健康影响的方法，随机抽检了深圳市2000-2001年6大类1568份市售食品的铅含量，测定了本市834名1-6岁儿童的血铅含量，调查了611名儿童食物与生活环境中的铅影响因素。结果表明，6大类共1568份食品中，共有18份食品超标，超标率为1.15%。834名儿童血铅范围在22.0-197.4цg/L之间，均数是90.6цg/L，其中≥100цg/L的为317人，占38.01%。对儿童使用的玩具、生活习惯、食物结构、家庭和幼儿园生活环境等进行多元逐步回归法分析各种可能的铅污染因素，证实食品及儿童生活环境中铅污染与儿童血铅超标有关。揭示深儿童血铅含量超标与食品铅污染以及儿童生活环境中的手-口途径存在密切联系。     

维汉孕妇及新生儿脐血铅水平与环境因素的相关性研究

为了解乌鲁木齐地区维汉孕妇及新生儿脐血铅现状及相关的影响因素 ,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法 ,于 2 0 0 0年 3月～ 9月 ,对新疆医科大学第一附属医院及妇幼保健院正常产妇静脉血及其新生儿脐血进行了血铅测定 (汉族 80例 ,维吾尔族 5 9例 ) ,并对产妇家庭社会环境等相关因素进行了问卷调查。结果表明 ,1 39例产妇血铅 1 2～ 2 67( 84 91± 4 7 64) μg/L ,新生儿脐血铅 1 0～ 32 9( 65 0 8± 4 3 88) μg/L ,维汉母子血铅高度相关 (r =0 71 4 0 ,0 7898,P <0 0 1 )。其中维族孕妇及新生儿脐血铅均大于汉族 (P <0 0 1 ,P <0 0 5 )。血铅≥ 1 0 0 μg/L的孕妇 5 4例( 38 85 % ) ,新生儿 4 9例 ( 35 2 5 % )。研究发现 ,孕期被动吸烟、家庭成员接触铅、家庭周围有铅污染工厂、住址靠马路、母职业、文化程度、孕期补钙、家庭人均收入、母上班乘公共汽车时间等是影响胎儿铅暴露的因素。结论 :本组维汉孕妇及新生儿血铅值有差异 ,且和环境因素有关 ,新生儿铅中毒有一定比例 ,应引起高度重视     

镇海城关儿童血铅水平及相关因素调查分析

为了解镇海城关 1～ 6岁儿童血铅水平现状及相关因素 ,进一步进行儿童铅中毒的防治提供依据 ,对城关 1～ 6岁、在区妇幼保健院体检 1 5 71名健康儿童进行了血铅测定并对其家庭生活环境及个人情况等相关因素进行了问卷调查。结果表明 ,本次调查 1 5 71名儿童中 ,血铅平均数为2 5 8μg/gHb ,其中高于 3μg/gHb儿童 5 31人 ,占 33 8% ,而且年龄越小 ,血铅超标率越高 ,P<0 0 1。儿童血铅并与居住地与汽车马路的间距、生活环境中油漆接触均有密切关系 ,P <0 0 1。血铅增高 ,儿童多动症、贫血发生率明显上升 ,P <0 0 1。可见镇海城关地区儿童血铅水平及儿童流行率已较高 ,应引起高度重视     

128名儿童血铅的筛查

为了解广州市永大集团公司幼儿园儿童血铅水平,对公司幼儿园128名1—6岁儿童进行了静脉血铅测定。结果表明,本次调查儿童血铅ρ(Pb)≥100μg,／L者占54．7％(1μg,／L=O．00483μmot／L),血铅水平均值ρ(Pb)为107．3μg,／L。公司环境中存在着严重的铅污染问题。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.