水环境介质中有机污染物微观分布的理论模型——污染物·水复合体·水簇模型

以水簇模拟水环境介质, 水体中有机污染物的分子状态用水-有机污染物分子复合体模拟,得出有机污染物在水环境介质中微观分布的数学表达式, 经过微观动力学方法处理, 得到了相应的数学解析式.用 ab initio 方法 STO-3G 基组计算了4个多环芳烃在水中的微观分布情况, 计算结果与辛醇-水分配系数的实验值相吻合.     

水环境介质中有机污染物微观分布的理论模型：污染物.水复合体 …

以水簇模拟水环境介质,水体中有机污染物的分子状态用水－有机污染物分子复合体模拟,得出有机污染物在水环境介质中微观分布的数学表达式,经过微观动力学方法处理,得到了相应的数学解析式。用ａｂ ｉｎｉｔｉｏ方法ＳＴＯ－３Ｇ基组计算了４个多环芳烃在水中的微观分布情况,计算结果与辛醇－水分配系数的实验值相吻合。     

水环境中胞内外抗生素抗性基因分析的DNA提取方法及污染现状研究进展

新型污染物抗生素抗性基因(Antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)对公共健康产生了严重威胁,其在水环境中的长期存在和传播引起了广泛重视。胞内与胞外ARGs在水环境中的分布规律和环境行为差异明显,对其污染状况进行研究有助于全面了解水环境中ARGs的传播特性。该文总结了5种常见水样微生物DNA提取方法及其在胞内和胞外ARGs检测研究中的应用状况,比较了污水系统、淡水系统及海水系统等典型水环境中胞内和胞外ARGs的污染状况和迁移传播特性。为进一步探究水环境中ARGs的分布特征与传播机制提供了技术手段及污染现状等基础信息,对控制ARGs在水环境中的传播扩散具有重要意义。     

预混天然气在多孔介质燃烧器中的燃烧与传热

在一台小型渐变型多孔介质燃烧器上进行了预混天然气燃烧与传热试验研究,探讨了天然气速度和多孔介质厚度对多孔介质燃烧室的温度分布、排烟温度和流动阻力的影响。结果表明,天然气在渐变型多孔介质燃烧器中燃烧稳定,燃烧室与水冷夹套间的换热受天然气速度和多孔介质厚度影响,换热效果比空管中燃烧明显增强,同时预混天然气通过多孔介质的进出口压差随着天然气速度和多孔介质厚度的增加而增加。     

水环境中微塑料的样品采集与分析进展

微塑料在环境中难以降解,可在水体、沉积物等环境介质中长期存在,并在水生生物体内积累,成为人们高度关注的环境问题之一。有关水环境中微塑料的污染研究尚处于起步阶段,快速、高效、准确的检测技术是水环境中微塑料研究的重要环节,对于优化研究路线、分析研究结果、总结微塑料污染规律至关重要。本文结合国内外微塑料污染研究进展,介绍了微塑料污染现状,并通过对环境样品中微塑料的采样、预处理以及定性定量分析方法的系统比较,总结了现行各种检测方法的优缺点及各自应用范围,最后指出了进一步研究的方向。     

蜡相光度法测定铜(Ⅱ)

１引言固相光度法的研究已有报道。由于这类方法中多存在介质及络合物在固相中分布不均匀、装样差异对光程影响大、固相介质透光率低、测定波长范围窄等缺陷，使得方法的广泛应用受到限制。作者提出一种新的团相光度法──蜡相光度法。试验表明，本方法具有优良的固相分析测试性能，表现出固相介质及络合物在介质中分布均匀，测定结果重现性好，固相背景值低，介质稳定无毒，测定波长范围更宽等优点。同时，本方法又具有比液相萃取光度法更高的灵敏度，还避免了液相萃取光度法中萃取速度慢，富集倍数低，使用有毒及挥发性溶剂等特点。方法用…     

反应条件对聚合物微球粒径及其分布影响

采用分散聚合的工艺制备出了微米级单分散聚苯乙烯微球，并对分散聚合反应的外部影响因素(反应介质极性、反应体系温度、搅拌速度)进行了研究，研究结果表明：随着反应介质极性的增加，聚苯乙烯微球的粒径战小，粒径分布变化不大；随着反应体系温度的增加，聚苯乙烯微球的粒径增大，粒径分布变化不大，在满足粒径和粒径分布要求的前提下，搅拌速度以低速为宜。     

刚果红-溴化十六烷基吡啶光度法测定阴离子表面活性剂

日常生活中常用的表面活性剂多数是阴离子洗涤剂.洗涤剂进入水环境后,其分子聚集在水和其它介质的表面,产生泡沫、乳化和微粒悬浮等现象,隔绝水中氧与空气中氧的交换,影响水体净化,导致水质恶化,由此对水体的环境污染问题越来越严重,引起了人们的重视.因此, 准确快速地测定阴离子表面活性剂的含量, 对于研究其在环境中的转化、迁移及对生理过程的影响, 均具有重要意义.     

纳米稀土-介质薄膜光电发射光谱和能带结构

用真空蒸发沉积的方法制备了纳米稀土(La、Nd、Sm)粒子-BaO介质薄膜.研究表明薄膜的光电发射光谱响应阈值受纳米稀土粒子形状和大小的影响,球形纳米稀土(Sm)粒子-BaO介质薄膜的光谱响应阈值波长为720nm,条状纳米稀土(La和Nd)粒子-BaO介质薄膜阈值波长分别为650nm和660nm.研究得到纳米稀土粒子-介质薄膜等效界面位垒高度在1.7～2.0eV之间.由于纳米稀土粒子与BaO介质各自逸出功不同,当构成薄膜后使得纳米粒子周围的空间电荷分布发生变化,纳米粒子周围的能带发生弯曲.     

纳米稀土-介质薄膜光电发射光谱和能带结构

用真空蒸发沉积的方法制备了纳米稀土(La、Nd、Sm)粒子 BaO介质薄膜.研究表明薄膜的光电发射光谱响应阈值受纳米稀土粒子形状和大小的影响,球形纳米稀土(Sm)粒子 BaO介质薄膜的光谱响应阈值波长为720 nm,条状纳米稀土(La和Nd)粒子 BaO介质薄膜阈值波长分别为650 nm和660 nm.研究得到纳米稀土粒子 介质薄膜等效界面位垒高度在1.7～2.0 eV之间.由于纳米稀土粒子与BaO介质各自逸出功不同,当构成薄膜后使得纳米粒子周围的空间电荷分布发生变化,纳米粒子周围的能带发生弯曲.     

Calibration methods for microdialysis sampling in vivo: muscle and adipose tissue

Calibration methods for microdialysis sampling were studied in the muscle and adipose tissue of rats. Both the delivery method and the no-net-flux method were used to determine the extraction efficiency (EE) of acetaminophen and caffeine in both tissues. There was no concentration dependence of the EE either in vitro or in vivo for either acetaminophen or caffeine. The EEs determined by the delivery and no-net-flux methods were not different. However, the EEs of both caffeine and acetaminophen determined in vitro were significantly higher than those determined in the muscle and adipose. This indicates that mass transfer in the tissue is the rate-determining factor for the EE in vivo. The relative difference between the EE in vitro and the EE in the muscle was smaller than the difference between the EE in vitro and the EE in the adipose. In addition, the EE in the muscle decreased more than the EE in the adipose after the animal was euthanized. This indicated that exchange between the extracellular fluid and plasma is the rate-determining step in mass transport relative to microdialysis sampling. This has a more significant effect on the EE in the muscle than the EE in the adipose. Both the delivery and no-net-flux methods can be used to calibrate microdialysis probes in the muscle and adipose.     

Determination of Penicillins in Milk by a Dual-Optrode Biosensor

Penicillins are the most frequently found antibiotic residues in milk, as they are commonly used for the treatment of bacterial infections in cows. In the present study, we introduce a method for the rapid detection of penicillin residues in raw milk based on the determination of glucose concentration in milk with a dual flow-through biosensor. The molar concentration of glucose in milk is typically over 500 times lower than the concentration of lactose and is highly dependent on the rate of lactose hydrolysis, which is catalyzed by β-galactosidase. Glucose concentrations in milk change with variation in the β-galactosidase activity. β-Galactosidase is an enzyme produced in the microbiota in milk and its activity is inhibited by benzylpenicillin. Spiking milk with benzylpenicillin lowers glucose concentrations in comparison to high-quality milk after short storage intervals. The presence of penicillin in the milk of treated animals resulted in decreased glucose concentrations in comparison with high-quality milk that contained no antibiotics. The glucose concentration in milk samples was followed by the system enabling the elimination of the effects of bacterial respiration in the output with reliable results in less than 1?min.     

Effect of plasticizer concentration on the hysteresis,tear strength and stress-relaxation characteristics of black-loaded rubber vulcanizate

The effect of plasticizer concentration on the stress softening, tear strength and stress relaxation of black loaded bromobutyl rubber vulcanizate has been investigated. The stress softening in the rubber vulcanizate, an energy dissipative process at higher strain, may be explained primarily by changes that take place in the rubber phase of the filled vulcanizate. Increased plasticizer concentration leads to decrease in the equilibrium hysteresis. A quantitative relationship between energy density and hysteresis has been derived, which is applicable at and below the elongation at break. Increase in plasticizer concentration results in decrease in the effective diameter of the tip of the tear, which in turn decreases the tear strength. Rate of relaxation decreases with increase in the plasticizer concentration in the carbon-black-filled vulcanizate.     

The effect of the components of the PdCl2/Fe/I2/Py catalytic system on nitrobenzene carbonylation to ethyl N-phenylcarbamate

The PdCl₂/Fe/I₂/Py catalytic system (Py-pyridine), reported to be highly active in the reaction of nitrobenzene carbonylation to ethyl phenylcarbamate was studied. The present paper describes the role of catalyst components and its effect on the activity and selectivity of the catalyst. The increase in the amount of PdCl₂ in the system while retaining a constant level of the other catalyst components, results in the increase of both carbamate and aniline yields. The increase in the amount of iron while retaining the other components constant, initially causes an increase in the carbamate yield; however, at Fe: Pd ratios higher than 36, the carbamate yield remains constant. The change in the amount of iron has no effect on the amount of aniline formed in the system. An increase in the amount of iodine in the system while retaining the other components constant, results in a decrease in carbamate yield and a considerable increase in the aniline yield of the reaction products.     

Alteration in photosystem II photochemistry of thylakoids isolated from senescing leaves of wheat seedlings

Wheat seedlings, grown for 7 days in the light, were allowed to senesce in the light or dark, and the change in the photosystem II (PS II) photochemistry of chloroplasts isolated from the primary leaves of these seedlings was investigated. The decrease in oxygen evolution and the fast fluorescence results indicated that the impairment of PS II in the leaves of seedlings senescing in the light was different from that in the leaves of seedlings senescing in the dark. Thermoluminescence studies showed a structural modification in the Q_B protein of chloroplasts isolated from leaves senescing in the light and an alteration in the S state transition of chloroplasts isolated from leaves senescing in the dark.     

醇类在芳烃溶剂中的缔合溶液热力学

用凝固点降低法测量了在C1-C4醇类的各异构物分别存在下, 苯和对二甲苯溶剂的活度系数γB。用Wiehe-Bagley(WB)模型对数据进行了处理, 得到各醇的自缔合常数KA及无限稀活度系数γA。在同一溶剂中, KA依下列顺序减小: 甲醇>乙醇>正丙醇>正丁醇; 正丙醇>异丙醇; 正丁醇>异丁醇>叔丁醇≥仲丁醇。各醇在对二甲苯中的KA均大于相应的在苯中的KA。     

Comparison of Photochemical Reactions of m-Cresol in Aqueous Solution and in Ice

We compared the photochemical reaction of m-cresol containing OH precursors such as H₂O₂, NO₂^- and NO₃^- in aqueous solution with those in ice. The results show that the conversion rate of m-cresol in aqueous solution was higher than that in ice. H₂O₂, NO₂^- and NO₃^- all accelerated the photoconversion of m-cresol in both aqueous solution and ice. The photochemical reactions of m-cresol obeys the first order kinetics equation. According to the photoproducts identified by GC-MS, we proposed that hydroxylation and nitration reactions occurred in both aqueous solution and ice. Coupling reaction was common in ice, however, in aqueous solution it was found only in UV system. Our results suggest that the photochemical reactions of m-cresol were different in aqueous solution and in ice.     

Environmental aspects of tributyltin

The tributyltin species, the active ingredient in some antifouling paint formulations, is perhaps the most acutely toxic chemical to aquatic organisms ever deliberately introduced to water. It has been demonstrated to have an adverse effect on shellfish in France and England, and as a consequence the use of tributyltin-containing antifouling paints has been restricted in these countries. Other countries have banned the use of tributyltin-containing antifouling paints or are contemplating restrictions. This article reviews such environmental aspects of tributyltin as methods of analysis, toxicity, environmental occurrence, persistence and fate. Tributyltin concentrations in many locations may be high enough to cause chronic toxicity or harmful effects in some aquatic organisms, and in some locations the tributyltin concentrations may be high enough to be acutely toxic to some organisms. Biological degradation of tributyltin in water and sediment appears to be the most important factor limiting the persistence of tributyltin in aquatic environments. To some degree, then, the persistence of tributyltin in aquatic environments depends upon the nature of the ecosystem. Tributyltin exhibits low-to-medium persistence in water and moderate persistence in sediment. A summary is given of the regulatory status of tributyltin in some countries, and recommendations are made for further research.     

Photoelectric effects on chlorophyll fluorescence of photosystem II in vivo. Kinetics in the absence and presence of valinomycin

Fluorescence induction curves (F(t)) in low intensity 1s light pulses have been measured in leaf discs in the presence and absence of valinomycin (VMC). Addition of VMC causes: (i) no effect on the initial fluorescence level Fo and the initial (O-J) phase of F(t) in the 0.01-1 ms time range. (ii) An approximately 10% decrease in the maximal fluorescence Fm in the light reached at the P level in the O-J-I-P induction curve. (iii) Nearly twofold increase in the rate and extent of the F(t) rise in the J-I phase in the 1-50 ms time range. (iv) A 60-70% decrease in the rise (I-P phase) in the 50-1000 ms time range with no appreciable effect, if at all, on the rate. System analysis of F(t) in terms of rate constants of electron transfer at donor and acceptor sides have been done using the Three State Trapping Model (TSTM). This reveals that VMC causes: (i) no, or very little effect on rate constants of e-transfer reactions powered by PSII. (ii) A manifold lower rate constant of radical pair recombination (k(-1)) in the light as compared to that in the control. The low rate constant of radical pair recombination in the reaction center (RC) in the presence of VMC is reflected by a substantial increase in the nonzero trapping efficiency in RCs in which the primary quinone acceptor (Q(A)) is reduced (semi-open centers). This causes an increase in their rate of closure and in the overall trapping efficiency. Data suggest evidence that membrane chaotropic agents like VMC abolish the stimulation of the rate constant of radical pair recombination by light. This light stimulation that becomes apparent as an increase in Fo has been documented before [Biophys. J. 79 (2000) 26]. It has been ascribed to effects of (changes in) local electric fields in the vicinity of the RC. The decrease of the I-P phase is attributed to a decrease in the photoelectric trans-thylakoid potential in the presence of VMC. Such effects have been hypothesized and illustrated.     

Sources and Accumulation of Butyltin Compounds in Ganges River Dolphin,Platanista gangetica

Concentrations of butyltin compounds (mono-, di-, and tri-butyltin) were determined in dolphin ( Platanista gangetica ), fish, invertebrates and sediment collected from the River Ganges, India, in order to understand the contamination levels, sources, and potential for biomagnification in freshwater food chains. Total butyltin concentration in dolphin tissues was up to 2000 ng g⁻¹ wet wt, which was about 5–10 times higher than in their diet. The concentrations in fish and benthic invertebrates, including polychaetes, were 3–10 times greater than in sediment. The biomagnification factor for butyltins in river dolphin from its food was in the range 0.2–7.5. Butyltin concentrations in Ganges river organisms were higher than those reported for several persistent organochlorine compounds. Discharge of untreated domestic sewage was one of the major sources of butyltin residues in Ganges river biota. High concentrations of butyltin compounds in freshwater food chains suggest the need to assess their toxic effects in aquatic organisms and to regulate their use. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.