纳米纤维素/聚乳酸全绿色纳米复合材料的制备及性能

制备得到纳米纤维素(NC),其为横向尺寸20~40 nm、长度400~2000 nm的纳米丝.对NC进行醋酸酯化疏水改性得到醋酸酯化纳米纤维素(ANC).分别将NC和ANC与聚乳酸(PLA)复合制备纳米复合材料,研究了NC添加量、疏水改性及与PLA的复合方式对PLA力学性能和结晶性能的影响规律.结果表明,采用溶液浇铸法制备纳米复合膜时,ANC在PLA基体中的分散性优于NC,但是对于复合膜拉伸性能的改善不明显.DSC等温结晶结果表明,ANC可以提高PLA的结晶度和结晶速率;采用熔融复合法制备的NC/PLA纳米复合材料,不仅保持了PLA的高强度、高模量和较高的热稳定性,而且显著改善了其韧性,当NC添加量为3.5%(质量分数)时,断裂伸长率比纯PLA提高了12.1倍.     

聚乳酸/纳米SiO_2复合材料的熔融和冷结晶行为

采用熔融共混法制备了聚乳酸(PLLA)/纳米SiO2复合材料;利用透射电镜观察了复合材料的微观形貌;利用差示扫描量热仪测定了该复合材料的熔融行为和非等温冷结晶行为;利用Jeziorny法和Mo法研究了PLLA及其复合材料的非等温冷结晶动力学.结果表明,纳米SiO2在PLLA基体中具有良好的分散性和异相成核作用,使得PLLA基体的结晶峰向低温方向移动;复合体系的熔融温度和熔融焓的变化与SiO2的加入量密切相关.采用Jeziorny法和Mo法均可以很好地处理复合材料的非等温冷结晶过程.     

聚苯乙烯嵌段对左旋聚乳酸/聚苯乙烯-b-右旋聚乳酸立构复合晶结晶行为的调控

聚乳酸较差的耐热性和较慢的结晶速率限制了其应用范围的扩展,左旋聚乳酸(PLLA)和右旋聚乳酸(PDLA)共混后形成的立构复合晶(SC)能够促进PLA均质晶(HC)的成核并提高其热稳定性,在改性PLA方面有着巨大应用前景.本研究通过可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合(RAFT)和开环聚合(ROP)法,制备了一系列不同聚苯乙烯(PS)分子量的PS-b-PDLA嵌段共聚物,并将其与PLLA共混,探究了嵌段共聚物及共混物的组成与结晶性能之间的关系.研究结果表明,分子运动性较差的PS嵌段的引入使共混物的结晶更加困难,而低分子量的PS嵌段由于抑制了均质晶(HC)的形成,反而有利于大量立构复合晶(SC)的形成,进而提高了共混物的结晶速率.     

PLA/PBS/DCP反应共混体系的结晶行为研究

通过熔融共混法制备了一系列聚乳酸(PLA)/聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)物理共混试样及PLA/PBS/过氧化二异丙苯(DCP)反应共混试样,采用示差扫描量热分析(DSC)法研究了物理共混试样结晶行为及反应共混试样的特殊结晶行为.结果发现,PLA与PBS的物理共混并未改善PLA的结晶性,而PLA/PBS/DCP反应共混时生成的交联/支化结构可起到异相成核作用,从而明显改善了反应共混体系的结晶性能,且随着DCP含量的增加,共混体系中两相结晶行为出现交替变化.     

聚乳酸/可分散性纳米二氧化硅复合材料等温结晶行为研究

采用超声辅助、熔融共混的方法,用可分散的纳米二氧化硅颗粒(DNS)对聚乳酸(PLA)进行改性处理,利用差示扫描量热法(DSC)、X射线粉末衍射分析(XRD)、FTIR等测试手段研究了DNS对PLA等温熔融结晶和等温冷结晶行为的影响,并且对测得数据用Avarmi方程进行处理,研究其等温结晶动力学.结果表明:DNS使PLA的等温熔融结晶和等温冷结晶的半结晶时间t_(1/2)减小、结晶速率提高,Avarmi指数n变化不大,说明DNS没有改变PLA结晶的成核机理.     

接枝聚乳酸/塑化淀粉共混物的制备与性能研究

为提高聚乳酸(PLA)/淀粉共混物界面作用和降低成本,引入甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)接枝聚乳酸和塑化淀粉(TPS),通过挤出和注射成型制备接枝聚乳酸/塑化淀粉共混物(PLA-g-GMA/TPS)。红外光谱分析证实,GMA成功接枝到PLA分子链上。对共混物的力学性能、热机械性能、微观形貌、热性能及亲水性等进行了系统研究,结果表明,选择GMA用量为6%(接枝率为1.51%)和TPS用量为10%时的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率及弹性模量最佳,分别为42.6MPa、8.9%及260MPa。FE-SEM观察结果表明,低含量TPS中颗粒被基体包覆或嵌入,界面平整,界面结合力强。DMA和DSC结果显示,不同质量配比的PLA-g-6%GMA/TPS共混物的Tg、储存模量、结晶度、结晶温度及熔融温度仅在小范围内发生变化。吸水率和接触角结果表明,低含量TPS的共混物吸水率和接触角变化幅度均小于高含量TPS体系。     

脂肪族聚碳酸酯(PPC)与聚乳酸(PLA)共混型生物降解材料的热学性能、力学性能和生物降解性研究

通过溶液浇铸法制备了脂肪族聚碳酸酯与聚乳酸的共混物(PPC/PLA).采用示差热分析(DSC)和热重分析(TG)研究了材料的热性能.采用拉伸力学试验研究了共混物的力学性能.通过土壤悬浊拟环境培养降解实验法和扫描电子显微镜分析(SEM)对共混材料的生物降解性能进行了研究.实验结果表明,随着PPC含量的增加,共混物的拉伸强度和杨氏模量降低,而生物降解速率却显著提高.但是,在一定的降解时间内,某些比例共混物的降解速率比100%PPC还要快.综合分析表明,PPC/PLA是力学性能和降解性能可以互补的共混体系.     

PAA对PLA流变性能和热性能的影响

通过熔融共混法制备了一系列的PLA/PAA共混物,考察了PLA/PAA共混体系的流变行为和热性能(结晶行为和热降解行为).FTIR测试结果证实PLA与PAA分子链之间形成了氢键网络.动态剪切流变测试和DSC测试均表明共混体系的流变行为和冷结晶行为会随着PAA含量的改变而改变,这可能是由于PLA与PAA的氢键作用受到PAA含量的影响.另外,DSC测试证实共混体系中的氢键网络还会受到试样热历史的影响.当PAA含量较低(低于5 wt%)时,PLA/PAA共混体系中PAA与PLA熔体两相的相分离不严重,使得PAA与PLA分子链能够较大限度地接触而形成较强的氢键作用,因而可以明显减缓增塑作用对黏度降低的影响.     

苹果酸基脂肪共聚酯反应性共混制备超韧聚乳酸共混物

通过反应性共混使聚乳酸(PLA)与增韧剂原位生成接枝共聚物,可增强界面相互作用,有效提高不相容共混物的韧性.本研究将聚(癸二酸/苹果酸-co-丁二醇/丙二醇)酯(PBSePM)在六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(HDI)作用下与PLA反应性共混制备了PLA/PBSePM共混物.重点研究了HDI对PLA/PBSePM共混物的力学性能、...     

聚乳酸/矿物填料复合材料的示差扫描量热研究

通过熔融共混法制备了一系列聚乳酸(PLA)/矿物填料复合材料.采用示差扫描量热(DSC)研究了含有碳酸钙(CaCO3)、蒙脱土(MMT)和凹凸棒土(AT)的聚乳酸复合材料在不同热历程中的结晶和熔融行为.研究发现,MMT和AT对PLA的慢速降温结晶无明显影响,而碳酸钙在慢速降温过程中能够有效促进PLA结晶;在2.5 K/min的降温速率下,结晶热焓随碳酸钙含量增加而增加;填料种类和含量会对复合材料升温过程的冷结晶和熔融产生较大影响,低含量矿物填料主要对PLA的冷结晶起成核作用,其中MMT成核效果最好.较高含量下不同填料会对PLA晶体形态产生影响,从而得到多样的DSC曲线变化.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

化学计量中不确定度评定研究进展

测量不确定度是表征合理地赋予被测量之值的分散性的参数。本文针对化学计量不确定度评定基础模型仅适用于线性模型、概率分布为正态分布或缩放位移t分布等局限,介绍了近年来不确定度评定的研究热点:蒙特卡罗方法(Monte Carlo Method,MCM),不确定度评定的来源、评定概念、评估方法及其发展过程,扩大了测量不确定度评定与表示的适用范围。     

微量钙的测定方法研究进展

介绍了1995-2006年期间测定微量和痕量钙的方法,如电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法、原子吸收光谱法以及离子色谱法等的工作原理和特点,并说明了其测定微量钙的应用领域。并对微量钙的测定技术进行了展望(引用文献55篇)。