CoTiO3微晶水热生长机理及结晶动力学研究

采用水热法以TiCl3和Co(CH3COO)2.4H2O为主要原料制备出CoTiO3微晶。利用X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜对产物进行表征,重点研究了晶体的生长规律及结晶动力学。结果表明水热条件下CoTiO3晶体的生长过程是:水热温度为220℃时,晶核首先析出并沿平面铺展;随着反应时间的延长或水热温度的升高,晶核逐渐长大形成类似六边形的片状晶粒;280℃时晶粒开始沿垂直于片层的方向逐层堆积生长,最终形成菱面体晶粒。结晶动力学研究显示:水热条件下,CoTiO3晶体成核速率及生长速率均随温度升高而增长,其成核活化能和表观生长活化能分别为89.18 kJ.mol-1和50.56 kJ.mol-1。     

纳米掺铁二氧化钛的sol-gel法制备与表征 (Ⅱ)纳米掺铁二氧化钛的微晶特性与晶体生长

本文结合透射电镜分析研究了 sol-gel方法制备的纯二氧化钛和掺铁二氧化钛干凝胶的晶化过程。计算了在不同的煅烧温度下二氧化钛微晶的晶胞参数,晶粒度,畸变等参数的变化关系。应用非晶物质晶化晶核生长速率方程计算的晶粒生长活化能表明晶粒生长分为两个阶段,临界点大约为相变温度。纯的和掺铁的二氧化钛在两个阶段的晶粒生长活化能分别约为 20.8kJ· mol-1,70.9kJ· mol-1和 26.6kJ· mol-1,78.8kJ· mol-1。这个差别可能是由于相变过程首先发生在小晶粒上,导致小晶粒生长较为困难所致。     

升温速率对聚酰胺酸/聚丙烯腈基碳纤维结构的影响

采用聚酰胺酸/聚丙烯腈(PAA/PAN)为原材料制备共混前驱体,经热处理完成PAA的亚胺化和PAN的预氧化,再以一定的升温速率升温至1200℃,得到新型共混基碳纤维,采用SEM、Raman、XRD、EA等方法研究了不同的升温速率对PAA/PAN基碳纤维碳化结构的影响.结果表明,碳纤维表面沿纤维轴方向有少量的沟槽,这是湿法纺丝工艺造成的.1200℃的高温处理使碳元素富集,最终制得碳含量高于92%的碳纤维.随着碳化升温速率的增大,碳收率也在增大,最大碳收率达52.36%.碳纤维的石墨化程度和微晶尺寸随着碳化升温速率的提高均呈现先增大后减小的趋势,当升温速率为8 K/min时,所得纤维的碳化结构最为理想,微晶堆叠厚度达到1.445 nm,g(A_G/A_D)值达到0.52,此条件下,纤维的碳元素含量也达到了94.13%,电阻率最小.     

纳米掺铁二氧化钛的sol-gel法制备与表征 (Ⅱ)纳米掺铁二氧化钛的微晶特性与晶体生长

本文结合透电镜分析研究了sol-gel方法制备的纯二氧化钛和掺铁二氧化钛干凝胶的晶化过程,计算了在不同的煅烧温度下二氧化钛微晶的晶胸参数,晶粒度,畸变等参数的变化关系,应用非晶物质晶化晶核生长速率议程计算的昌粒生长活化能表明晶粒生长分为两个阶段,临界点大约为相变温度,纯的和掺铁的二氧化钛在两个阶段的晶粒生长活化能分别约为20．8kJ.mol^-1,70.9kJ.mol^-1和26．6kJ.mol^-1,78.8kJ.mol^-1.这个差别可能是由于相主过程首先发生在小晶粒上,导致小晶粒生长较为困难所致。     

热解法制备纳米sno2及气敏性能

在不同温度下热解SnC2O4制备出纳米SnO2。利用XRD、红外光谱测试技术研究了SnO2的形貌、结构及晶粒生长过程,对它们的气敏性能进行了研究。结果表明,随着热解温度的不同,获得的颗粒尺寸不同。机理研究显示:650℃以上或650℃以下SnO2颗粒生长的方式不同。当热处理温度<650℃时,晶核生长以表面扩散为主,晶粒生长缓慢;在650℃以上热解时,晶粒以晶界迁移进行粒子生长,生长比较迅速。热解温度对气敏灵敏度影响很大,对响应恢复时间影响不大。热解法合成的SnO2纳米材料具有较好的酒敏性能,650℃热处理所得样品的气敏性能最佳,在灵敏度、响应恢复时间上表现优良。     

聚苯乙烯阳离子交换树脂碳化产物的X射线衍射分析

用X射线衍射法分析了聚苯乙烯阳离子交换树脂碳化产物石墨化度和微观结构参数，结果表明聚苯乙烯阳离子交换树脂在1000℃以下碳化处理的样品，石墨化程度都很低，属于在中低温条件下较难石墨化处理的树脂样品；H型树脂碳化产物的晶面层有着碳化处理温度升高而依次减小，并且（002）晶面层间距减小速度快于（100）晶面；H型树脂在低温碳化处理条件下，主要是在二维平面结构上演变成石墨微晶，只有碳化处理温度较高时，平面结构的石墨微晶才相互调整，形成纵向平行有序的微晶体；树脂掺杂金属离子后，有利于树脂在碳化过程中形成的石墨微晶层片纵向有序排列；掺杂不同金属离子的树脂碳化样品，在结构参数方面都明显不同于未掺杂的H型树脂碳化样品。     

高强高模型碳纤维与高模型碳纤维微观结构分析

利用拉曼光谱(Raman)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、元素分析(EA)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和小角X射线散射(SAXS)表征和分析了高强高模型碳纤维和高模型碳纤维的微观结构和化学组成.结果表明,高强高模型碳纤维的石墨微晶晶粒尺寸细小,组成微晶的石墨片层间距较大,片层间和片层边缘保留了非共轭碳构成的晶体缺陷,石墨化程度较低,微晶间缝隙较小,分布均匀,路径曲折;高模型碳纤维具有更加完善的石墨微晶结构,石墨化程度较高,微晶尺寸更大,组成微晶的石墨层堆砌整齐有序,非碳元素较少,共轭态碳明显增多,但其微晶间裂纹和孔隙结构也较大.高强高模型碳纤维因具有多层次的微观结构和缺陷,相比高模型碳纤维,有更多的应力扩散和能量存储及耗散路径,是其拉伸应变和强度保持的关键所在.     

热解过程中煤焦微晶结构变化及其对煤焦气化反应活性的影响

利用XRD技术考察了热解温度及升温速率对煤焦微晶结构的影响；使用Shi等的方法计算了煤焦微晶结构参数，获取了950℃～1400℃气化炉下煤焦微晶结构的特征及变化规律；结合热重分析得到了热解温度相关参数影响煤焦气化活性的机理。研究表明，热解温度升高，堆垛高度（Lc）明显增大而微晶尺寸（La）变化不大，说明煤焦基本晶格单元主要是进行纵向的接合缩聚，而晶格并没进行明显的内部生长，煤焦的微晶结构随热解温度的提高向有序化发展，但没达到石墨化的程度；慢速热解煤焦的气化反应活性明显低于相同温度下快速热解煤焦，慢速热解中，由于煤焦在高温下停留时间较长，而使煤焦微晶进行结构重整而变得更加有序，芳香单元失去边缘活性位，煤焦气化活性降低。     

气流诱导多晶铁纤维的可控制备及生长机理

仅通过控制Fe(CO)₃的热解温度(T_d),用气流诱导法制备了化学组成与结构可控的多晶铁纤维。研究了热解温度对多晶铁纤维的结构和化学组成的影响规律以及多晶铁纤维的形成机理。结果表明,多晶铁纤维的直径为100～300 nm、长径比为10～40,随热解温度的升高,多晶铁纤维的晶型结构更完整,晶粒尺寸在8～61 nm 内增大,组成多晶铁纤维的纳米晶粒子在600 ℃由颗粒状变为层片状,且在较高和较低的热解温度下易于获得铁元素含量高的多晶铁纤维。多晶铁纤维的形成是由于自发磁化的铁纳米晶粒子在气流的诱导作用下自组装成一维结构。     

高取向度碳纤维原丝制备工艺研究进展

碳纤维原丝的性能好坏在很大程度上决定着碳纤维的最终性能。缺陷少、细旦化、高取向、高纯化等是高性能原丝的基本要求。其中原丝的取向度在很大程度上决定了碳纤维在预氧化、碳化过程中形成的类石墨片层的取向结构，这会影响碳纤维最终的强度和模量，所以制备出高取向的碳纤维原丝具有重大意义。本文聚焦于高取向碳纤维原丝制备工艺，首先分析了高取向原丝的重要性，然后在原丝制备工艺上将纺丝方法以及牵伸工艺对取向度的影响进行总结分析，同时介绍了微积分纳米层叠法和高取向复合纤维原丝的制备工艺，指出优质的初生纤维以及具有稳定化取向排列的原丝是制备高取向碳纤维原丝的关键，以期对提升原丝的取向度进而提升碳纤维性能的研究有所贡献。     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

化学计量中不确定度评定研究进展

测量不确定度是表征合理地赋予被测量之值的分散性的参数。本文针对化学计量不确定度评定基础模型仅适用于线性模型、概率分布为正态分布或缩放位移t分布等局限,介绍了近年来不确定度评定的研究热点:蒙特卡罗方法(Monte Carlo Method,MCM),不确定度评定的来源、评定概念、评估方法及其发展过程,扩大了测量不确定度评定与表示的适用范围。     

微量钙的测定方法研究进展

介绍了1995-2006年期间测定微量和痕量钙的方法,如电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法、原子吸收光谱法以及离子色谱法等的工作原理和特点,并说明了其测定微量钙的应用领域。并对微量钙的测定技术进行了展望(引用文献55篇)。     

Stages of thermal decomposition of sodium oxo-salts of sulphur

Thermal behaviour of sodium oxo-salts of sulphur: Na₂SO₄, Na₂S₂O₇, Na₂S₂O₆, Na₂SO₃, Na₂S₂O₅, Na₂S₂O₄, Na₂S₂O₃, Na₂S₃O₆ and of sulphides Na₂S and Na₂S₂ was studied on heating up to 1000°C. The experiments were performed with anhydrous compounds obtained from commercial products by recrystallisation and dehydration. The stage mechanisms of decomposition of anionic sub-lattices of the salts have been proposed basing on the Górski’s morphological classification of simple species. The thermal stability and the stage decomposition mechanisms were correlated with the structure and the potential chemical properties of the salt anions. The thermal decomposition processes were studied by means of thermal analysis, and the decomposition products were identified by means of X-ray phase analysis.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.