氮自由基启动的1,n-烯炔环化反应

C–N键广泛存在于药物、天然产物和功能材料中,而氮中心自由基在C–N键的构建中起到关键作用.但是,与广泛使用的碳中心自由基相比,氮中心自由基由于缺乏实用简便的产生方法而尚未得到充分研究.因此,发展高效的氮中心自由基引发反应迫在眉睫.在过去的几年里,得益于可信赖且可控制的自由基化学的兴起,可以通过热分解、氧化剂促进、金属盐催化或电催化来产生氮中心自由基.1,n-烯炔环化不仅可以一步反应同时构建形成两个或多个新的化学键,而且可以高选择性引入各种外部官能团,被认为是构建复杂环状化合物必不可少的方法.传统上,通过贵金属(例如Au、Pd、Rh、Ru等)和/或引发剂介导/催化来实现1,n-烯炔环化反应.1985年,Curran和他的同事报道了具有里程碑意义的工作,该方法通过碘代烯炔类化合物的分子内自由基串联环化反应实现了(±)-hirsutene的简洁全合成.受该工作的启发,并伴随着现代合成技术的发展,自由基启动的1,n-烯炔环化由于反应条件温和、具有较高的官能团兼容性、原子利用率高、通常不使用化学计量的金属催化剂和/或有毒引发剂,因而受到化学家们越来越多的关注.在此背景下,化学工作者已经开发了多种氮中心自由基启动的1,n-烯炔类化合物环化反应的方法.然而,据我们所知,目前还没有专门针对该主题的综述,因此本文及时进行总结分析.迄今为止,氮中心自由基启动的1,n-烯炔环化反应大概分为三种途径:(1)氮中心自由基选择性的与1,n-烯炔的C=C键进行加成反应,然后通过分子内环化以生成烯基自由基中间体,最后借助进一步环化反应、氢原子攫取或自由基偶联以得到最终产物;(2)涉及到氮中心自由基与1,n-烯炔的C≡C键的选择性加成反应、分子内环化及氧化脱氢;(3)借助分子内原位生成的氮中心自由基来启动的,随后经过两次分子内环化、单电子转移氧化及脱氢反应转化为最终产物.本文将依据氮中心自由基的类型,分为硝基自由基、叠氮自由基和酰胺自由基进行讨论,并将重点放在生成氮中心自由基的方法及其环化模式、相关反应机理以及存在的挑战上.     

Wen‐Ting Wei a,*, Qiang Li a,b, Ming‐Zhong Zhang c,Wei‐Min He d,#

C–N键广泛存在于药物、天然产物和功能材料中,而氮中心自由基在C–N键的构建中起到关键作用.但是,与广泛使用的碳中心自由基相比,氮中心自由基由于缺乏实用简便的产生方法而尚未得到充分研究.因此,发展高效的氮中心自由基引发反应迫在眉睫.在过去的几年里,得益于可信赖且可控制的自由基化学的兴起,可以通过热分解、氧化剂促进、金属盐催化或电催化来产生氮中心自由基.1,n-烯炔环化不仅可以一步反应同时构建形成两个或多个新的化学键,而且可以高选择性引入各种外部官能团,被认为是构建复杂环状化合物必不可少的方法.传统上,通过贵金属(例如Au、Pd、Rh、Ru等)和/或引发剂介导/催化来实现1,n-烯炔环化反应.1985年, Curran和他的同事报道了具有里程碑意义的工作,该方法通过碘代烯炔类化合物的分子内自由基串联环化反应实现了(±)-hirsutene的简洁全合成.受该工作的启发,并伴随着现代合成技术的发展,自由基启动的1,n-烯炔环化由于反应条件温和、具有较高的官能团兼容性、原子利用率高、通常不使用化学计量的金属催化剂和/或有毒引发剂,因而受到化学家们越来越多的关注.在此背景下,化学工作者已经开发了多种氮中心自由基启动的1,n-烯炔类化合物环化反应的方法.然而,据我们所知,目前还没有专门针对该主题的综述,因此本文及时进行总结分析.迄今为止,氮中心自由基启动的1,n-烯炔环化反应大概分为三种途径:(1)氮中心自由基选择性的与1,n-烯炔的C=C键进行加成反应,然后通过分子内环化以生成烯基自由基中间体,最后借助进一步环化反应、氢原子攫取或自由基偶联以得到最终产物;(2)涉及到氮中心自由基与1,n-烯炔的C≡C键的选择性加成反应、分子内环化及氧化脱氢;(3)借助分子内原位生成的氮中心自由基来启动的,随后经过两次分子内环化、单电子转移氧化及脱氢反应转化为最终产物.本文将依据氮中心自由基的类型,分为硝基自由基、叠氮自由基和酰胺自由基进行讨论,并将重点放在生成氮中心自由基的方法及其环化模式、相关反应机理以及存在的挑战上.     

可见光诱导的烯炔和多氟烷基卤环化合成含氟异喹啉酮

发展了一种可见光诱导的1,7-烯炔与全氟烷基卤串联原子转移自由基加成(ATRA)/环化合成含氟2,4-二氢异喹啉-2(1H)-酮的反应。以多氟烷基碘或溴为自由基前体,面式-三( 2-苯基吡啶)合铱(摩尔分数1%)为光敏剂,在5 W蓝光发光二极管(LED)照射下,多种苯桥联1,7-烯炔顺利发生串联(ATRA)/环化反应,以中等到优秀(62%~84%)的产率合成了一系列多氟化异喹啉酮衍生物。 此合成方法反应条件温和、清洁、高效且底物适用范围广,为具有潜在药用价值的多氟化2,4-二氢异喹啉-2(1H)-酮的合成提供新的途径。     

可见光诱导烯烃环化合成二氟烷基化异喹啉二酮

发展了一种可见光诱导的活泼烯烃串联自由基环化合成含氟异喹啉二酮的反应。 在可见光诱导下,多种N-烷基-N-甲基丙烯酰基苯甲酰胺与二氟溴乙酸乙酯发生自由基串联环化反应,以66%~75%的产率合成了一系列具有潜在生理活性的二氟烷基化异喹啉二酮。 此研究为合成具有潜在药用价值的氟取代异喹啉二酮提供了一条高效、条件温和的途径。     

可见光诱导烯烃串联加成环化合成多氟烷基化异喹啉二酮

发展了一种可见光诱导的活泼烯烃与全氟碘代烷串联加成环化合成多氟异喹啉二酮的反应。 在可见光诱导下,多种N-丙烯酰基-N-丁基苯甲酰胺衍生物与全氟碘代烷发生自由基串联加成环化反应,以54%~80%的产率合成了一系列的多氟取代异喹啉二酮衍生物。 为具有潜在药用价值的多氟取代异喹啉二酮合成提供了一条高效、条件温和、绿色的新途径。     

氢自由基引发的1,2-炔基迁移

报道了一类新颖的Fe(III)介导的形式上的非活性烯烃的氢炔化反应. 该反应利用Fe(acac)₃与苯硅烷反应能原位产生氢自由基的特性实现了氢自由基诱导的1,4-烯炔的分子内1,2-炔基迁移, 合成了一系列α-炔酮类化合物, 产率中等到良好. 基于实验结果及文献报道, 提出了可能的反应机理, 其涉及氢自由基加成、3-exo-dig环化(反鲍德温规则)和 C—C键的断裂重组等. 此外, 该反应具有良好的官能团兼容性, 如雌酮衍生的1,4-烯炔也能成功参与该反应.     

铜催化苯甲酰胺与烷基偶氮试剂环化合成含α-取代季碳中心异喹啉二酮

发展了一种苯甲酰胺自由基自由基环化制备α-官能化叔烷基取代的异喹啉二酮的新反应。此环化反应以偶氮试剂为α-取代叔烷基自由基源物质,利用碘化亚铜/空气体系催化N-烷基-N-甲基丙烯酰基苯甲酰胺发生环化,经过串联自由基加成/环化/碳-碳键形成过程,一步构建了三重碳-碳键,以41%~71%的产率合成了一系列异喹啉二酮及其衍生物。特别值得提出得是,此研究发展了一种新型α-官能叔烷基自由基源物质,发现了一种同时引入两个α-官能叔烷基片段的串联新反应。反应底物适应范围广,反应高效,催化体系廉价实用,为具有潜在药用价值的含α-取代季碳中心的异喹啉二酮及衍生物的合成提供了一条廉价、简单、快捷的新途径。     

可见光诱导邻烯基甲酰苯胺环化合成2-喹啉酮

使用廉价易得的邻烯基甲酰苯胺在可见光的诱导下发生自由基环化反应, 以良好至优秀的产率合成了15种2-喹啉酮衍生物. 该方法简单高效、 条件温和、 产率较高, 具有优异的官能团兼容性, 不仅拓展了邻烯基甲酰苯胺参与的新型有机反应, 也为光催化合成喹啉酮类化合物提供了一条新途径.     

石松属生物碱Sieboldine A的全合成研究进展

简要介绍了石松属生物碱Sieboldine A的分离、生物活性及结构特征,综述了目前国内外对于Sieboldine A的全合成研究进展,详细论述了各个实验组在引入羟胺缩醛结构及构建cis-6/5稠环体系所采取的不同策略,并介绍了一价金催化的串联烯炔环化反应、路易斯酸催化的semipinacol重排和二碘化钐引发的自由基Pinacol偶联反应在Sieboldine A全合成中的应用。     

光诱导电子转移反应在有机合成中的应用

对近十年来报道的在有机合成中有重要意义的光诱导电子转移反应做了简要的总结. 包括六个部分: (1)光诱导电子转移(PET)反应的基本原理, (2) PET诱导的自由基离子裂解和去保护基反应, (3) PET诱导的加成和环加成反应, (4) PET诱导的环化反应和串联环化反应, (5)不对称PET反应, (6)微反应器中的PET反应.     

Recent advances in radical-mediated [2+2+m] annulation of 1,n-enynes

1,n-Enynes are a versatile class of unsaturated hydrocarbons that found broad applications in the synthetic community of natural products, biologically active structures and functional materials. Typical methods for the transformations of 1,n-enynes include the radical-mediated [2+2+m] annulation reaction as they are particularly efficient accesses to functionalized polycyclic compounds. We herein highlighted recent process in the radical-mediated [2+2+m] annulation of 1,n-enynes, including [2+2+1] and[2+2+2] modes, for the construction of five-to six-membered-ring-fused polycyclic scaffolds. Meanwhile, the mechanisms for these transformations were described.     

Cobalt(I)-mediated cycloisomerization of enynes: mechanistic insights

[CpCo(CO)2] catalyzes the cycloisomerization of 1,n-enynes to afford selectively five- and six-membered ring systems in high yields. The factors governing the cyclization have been explored and we have discovered that the reaction associates two different, but complementary, reactivities of the cobalt(I) complexes. By a judicious choice of the substitution of the enyne, it was also possible to isolate a cyclobutene that arises from a cobaltcyclopentene     

Synthesis of functionalized alpha,alpha-disubstituted beta-alkynyl esters from allenoates through an alkynylenolate intermediate

Highly substituted alpha,alpha-disubstituted beta-alkynyl esters are readily prepared from allenyl esters and either alkyl halide, acid chloride, or alkyl chloroformate, mediated by an amide base. This highly efficient and mild process tolerates various functional groups and provides alpha,alpha-disubstituted beta-alkynyl esters in good to excellent yields. This method is especially suitable for the synthesis of 1,n-enynes or 1,n-diynes (n > 4). Electrophilic cyclization of 1,5-enyne gives a highly functionalized gamma-iodolactone, whereas its platinum-catalyzed cycloisomerization affords 1,3-cyclohexadiene.     

Studies on the Radical Cyclization of 3‐Oxopropanenitriles and Alkenes with Cerium(IV) Ammonium Nitrate in Ether Solvents

The radical cyclization of 3‐oxopropanenitriles 1a – 1e and alkenes 2a – 2g with cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) in ether solvents was investigated (Tables 1 and 2). In the optimization study, 1,3‐dioxolane, 1,4‐dioxane, 1,2‐dimethoxyethane, Et₂O, and THF were used as ether‐based solvents, and the latter was found to be the most effective solvent in radical cyclizations mediated by cerium(IV). This system (cerium(IV)/THF) was applied to cyclizations of various 3‐oxopropanenitriles and 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds with alkenes resulting in the formation of 4,5‐dihydrofurans in high yields (Table 2 and Scheme 2). The results of the cerium(IV)/THF radical cyclization were compared with those obtained with manganese(III) acetate/AcOH; the cerium(IV)/THF system turned out to be much more efficient.     

Regiochemistry in aryl radical cyclization onto methylenecycloalkanes

Bu(3)SnH-mediated aryl radical cyclization onto methylenecycloalkanes having a phenylthio, an ester, or a nitrile group at the terminus of the alkenic bond provides exclusively exo cyclization products. The results are in sharp contrast to those reported for nonsubstituted methylenecycloalkanes, which give exclusively endo cyclization products. Formation of endo cyclization products has been suggested to be a result of a consecutive 5-exo cyclization of an aryl radical and neophyl rearrangement. The exo-selective aryl radical cyclization offers a new method for synthesizing fused aromatic compounds containing a benzylic quaternary carbon atom.     

Radical Cyclization of 1,n-Enynes and 1,n-Dienes for the Synthesis of 2-Pyrrolidone

2-Pyrrolidones have aroused enormous interest as a useful structural moiety in drug discovery; however, not only does their syntheses suffer from low selectivity and yield, but also it requires high catalyst loadings. The radical cyclization of 1,n-enynes and 1,n-dienes has demonstrated to be an attractive method for the synthesis of 2-pyrrolidones due to its mild reaction conditions, fewer steps, higher atom economy, excellent functional group compatibility, and high regioselectivity. Furthermore, radical receptors with unsaturated bonds (i. e. 1,n-enynes and 1,n-dienes) play a crucial role in realizing radical cyclization because of the ability to selectively introduce one or more radical sources. In this review, we discuss representative examples of methods involving the radical cyclization of 1,n-enynes and 1,n-dienes published in the last five years and discuss each prominent reaction design and mechanism, providing favorable tools for the synthesis of valuable 2-pyrrolidone for a variety of applications.     

烯烃的自由基环化反应研究进展

综述了近年来烯烃自由基环化反应的研究进展，主要包括通过烯烃的自由基环 化反应合成内酯、内酯胺及一些含杂原子的环状化合物，同时对烯烃自由基环化反 应新进展－－超临界二氧化碳流体作为反应介质也作了阐述。     

Alkyl radical cyclization to vinylogous carbonates for the stereoselective synthesis of unsymmetrical dioxa-cage compounds: effect of conformation on the rate of cyclization versus reduction

An efficient strategy for the stereoselective construction of unsymmetrical dioxa-cage compounds containing ether linkages employing a 6-exo-trig alkyl radical cyclization to vinylogous carbonates is developed. The radical precursors are prepared from the diols obtained from the Diels-Alder adducts via iodoetherification followed by addition of the alcohol to the ethyl propiolate. The geometrical constrains play important role in deciding the outcome of the reaction as cyclization versus simple reduction. Formation of the mono-oxa-cage compounds via a 5-exo-trig intramolecular alkyl radical cyclization to olefin is also described. The dioxa-cages could also be assembled employing a tandem oxymercuration reduction-radical cyclization to vinylogous carbonates protocol with equal efficiency and with reduced number of steps.     

6-Endo-dig versus 5-exo-dig: Exploring Radical Cyclization Preference with First-, Second-, and Third-row Linkers using High-level Quantum Chemical Methods

As an expansion upon Baldwin rules, the cyclization reactions of hex-5-yn-1-yl radical systems with different first-, second-, and third-row linkers are explored at the CCSD(T) level via means of the SMD(benzene)-G4(MP2) thermochemical protocol. Unlike C, O, and N linkers, systems with B, Si, P, S, Ge, As, and Se linkers are shown to favor 6-endo-dig cyclization. This offers fundamental insights into the rational synthetic design of cyclic compounds. A thorough analysis of stereoelectronic effects, cyclization barriers, and intrinsic barriers illustrates that structural changes alter the cyclization preference by mainly impacting 5-exo-dig reaction barriers. Based on the high-level computational modeling, we proceed to develop a new tool for cyclization preference prediction from the correlation between cyclization barriers and radical structural parameters (e. g., linker bond length and bond angle). A strong correlation is found between the radical attack trajectory angle and the reaction barrier heights, i. e., cyclization preference. Finally, the influence of stereoelectronic effects on the two radical cyclization pathways is further investigated in stereoisomers of hypervalent silicon system, which provides novel insight into cyclization control.