端基改性碳纳米管膜分离Li+/Mg2+的分子动力学模拟

通过向"扶手椅"型(10,10)碳纳米管一端添加不同数量的COO-和NH+3修饰基团建立连续的碳纳米管膜模型,利用分子动力学模拟的方法研究了80 MPa水压力下Li+和Mg2+在膜中的通量和密度分布并计算了两种离子进入修饰碳纳米管的平均力势。结果表明,恰当的修饰基团添加使(10,10)碳纳米管能够有效分离Li+和Mg2+。带电基团与离子间静电作用力所产生的束缚和排斥作用使离子在纳米管内通量下降,Mg2+在修饰纳米管中的通量均为0,添加8个COO-以及4个NH+3基团均能完全阻挡两离子通过,在添加1个COO-和1个NH+3基团的情况下,Li+通量达到最大,具有最佳分离效果。因此,添加特定带电修饰基团可有效改善较大直径碳纳米管膜对Li+和Mg2+的分离性能,修饰基团电荷性质和数量对分离效果影响很大。     

反渗透过程中双壁碳纳米管通水阻盐性能的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟方法, 探究了非常规双壁碳纳米管(DWCNT)在反渗透过程中, 不同内外管间距对管道内水分子与盐离子运动行为的影响. 本文采用0.5 mol·L^-1氯化钠水溶液模拟海水, 内管始终采用CNT(8,8)型, 并对盐水层施加恒力模拟反渗透压. 重点考察盐离子数量分布与通水情况, 计算水分子平均力势, 并分析水分子氢键寿命与偶极矩分布. 结果表明, 管间距不仅影响上述各项性质, 还会改变盐离子与水分子在碳管中的渗透特性. 模拟结果显示, 小尺寸DWCNT可以有效实现盐水分离但水通量较小, 大尺寸DWCNT的水容量较大但阻盐效率不高, 而中尺寸DWCNT (即: 管间距为0.815 nm)则具有最佳的通水阻盐性能. 本文试图从分子层面揭示了DWCNT通水阻盐机理, 并为人们设计新型海水淡化渗透膜提供理论指导.     

正渗透过程中纳米碳管膜的盐水通道行为

以纳米碳管(CNT)仿生构筑正渗透(FO)膜, 采用分子动力学模拟的方法考察水和盐在由CNT(6,6)、CNT(7,7)、CNT(8,8)、CNT(9,9)、CNT(10,10)、CNT(11,11)等不同尺寸纳米碳管构筑膜中, 于2.5、3.75、5.0mol·L^-1等不同汲取液浓度下的传递行为. 纳秒级的模拟得到水分子在不同尺寸纳米碳管膜内的分布, 水通量的变化以及盐截留等情况. 模拟结果表明, 由CNT(8,8)构筑的正渗透膜表现出优异的通水阻盐性能.     

CVD法制备Sn掺杂MFI分子筛膜及其对乙醇/水体系的分离性能

采用化学气相沉积(CVD)法对MFI分子筛膜进行Sn掺杂, 制备了一种Sn-MFI分子筛膜, 并研究了其渗透汽化分离乙醇/水体系的性能. XRD, ²⁹Si NMR, UV-Vis及分离实验结果表明, 采用CVD法在将Sn引入MFI膜时, 膜层结构基本得到保持, Sn可以进入分子筛骨架, 有效地减少了膜表面的硅羟基缺陷, 提高了膜分离乙醇/水体系时的稳定性. 在SnCl₄用量为3 mL、 修饰时间为1 h时, 所得到的Sn-MFI分子筛膜的渗透汽化分离性能最佳, 并可在60 ℃下分离5%(质量分数)乙醇/水混合物时保持良好的稳定性. 在经过连续50 h渗透气化分离后, 其渗透通量仅从1.52 kg·m^-2·h^-1下降至1.38 kg·m^-2·h^-1, 分离因子从18下降至16.     

碳纳米管膜分离Li+/Mg2+的分子动力学模拟

采用"扶手椅"型碳纳米管建立了连续的碳纳米管膜模型,利用分子动力学模拟方法研究了Li+和Mg2+在膜中的传导行为.模拟研究了不同管径的碳纳米管CNTs(7,7),(8,8),(9,9),(10,10),(11,11)对Li+和Mg2+的通透性,检测了两种离子进入管内时的平均力势,探索了两种离子在碳纳米管内的径向、轴向密度分布,观测了个别离子在管内的运动轨迹.结果表明,模拟中CNTs(9,9)用于有效分离Li+和Mg2+的效果较好.管径不同,导致Li+和Mg2+通量不同,平均力势(PMF)差值不同,同时离子的轨迹和径向、轴向密度分布也有所差异.总之,碳纳米管是一种可将Li+和Mg2+分离的潜在材料.     

基于ITO电极的细胞色素c吸附层的直接电化学

采用未经修饰的铟锡氧化物(ITO)工作电极直接探测到了细胞色素c(Cytc)吸附层的氧化还原峰,并得出了Cytc的表面浓度,随着溶液浓度从2μmo·lL-1增大到10μmo·lL-1,Cytc的表面浓度相应地从0.35×10-12mo·lcm-2增大到1.53×10-12mo·lcm-2.实验获得的表面浓度倒数与溶液浓度倒数的准线性关系说明Cytc在ITO表面的吸附基本满足Langmuir等温吸附理论.对Cytc溶液的循环伏安测试结果表明参与电极反应的Cytc包括游离分子和吸附分子,前者的贡献大于后者,电极反应主要受扩散控制并呈准可逆过程.根据Nicholson方法估算得到反应物的标准异相速率常数的平均值为1.65×10-3cm·s-1.实验结果显示在室温下放置1h后Cytc吸附层电化学活性部分丧失,在80℃下放置1h后吸附层完全失活.失活的Cytc吸附层对铁氰化钾溶液在Au电极上的电极反应具有明显的阻碍作用.     

电荷修饰对碳纳米管水分子填充过程的影响

利用分子动力学模拟和伞形抽样技术,研究了微流体化水分子在碳纳米管中的输运过程．模拟结果显示,碳纳米管管端的正电荷修饰可以降低其内部水柱的生长速度,而负电荷修饰则加快水柱的生长．在不同的电荷修饰条件下,通过统计碳纳米管内水柱的生长过程可以得到自由能曲线,利用这些自由能曲线可以合理地解释碳纳米管内水柱生长的动力学过程．     

聚芳酰胺-多壁碳纳米管混合物固定漆酶电极的电化学行为

以聚芳酰胺-多壁碳纳米管混合物为载体,利用漆酶表面氨基与聚芳酰胺主链端羧基的共价偶联以及碳纳米管与漆酶间的疏水作用,构筑了具有较高稳定性和电催化活性的漆酶修饰电极.并对该固酶修饰电极的固酶量、酶活力、电化学行为及其电催化氧还原的性能进行了表征.对漆酶分子具有亲和力的聚芳酰胺芳环结构及聚芳酰胺端羧基与漆酶表面氨基的共价偶联避免了漆酶的脱落和变性.而碳纳米管与聚芳酰胺的混合使得该三维修饰电极具有良好的电子导电性,并成功地实现了漆酶的氧化还原活性位与电极之间的直接电荷转移,这一点可由在0.73和0.38V附近观察到漆酶的T1和T2(漆酶的T1,T2铜活性位的形式电位分别为0.78和0.39V(vsNHE))铜活性位的两对氧化还原峰确认.漆酶的担载量为56.0mg·g-1,具有电化学活性的漆酶占总担载漆酶量的68%.在pH=4.4磷酸盐缓冲溶液中,该修饰电极上氧气还原的起始电位为0.55V,其对氧气的米氏常数KM为55.8μmo·lL-1,对氧气的检测限为0.57μmo·lL-1.在4℃下保存两个月后能实现直接电荷转移的漆酶量仅下降了14%左右而氧还原超电势提高了约50mV.结果表明该修饰电极有望用作酶基生物燃料电池的阴极和电流型氧气传感器.     

碳纳米管修饰电极离子色谱电化学法测定盐酸麻黄碱

采用阴离子交换分离,碳纳米管修饰电极安培检测离子色谱电化学法测定盐酸麻黄碱.在优化条件下,用碳酸钠溶液和甲醇溶液混合溶液为淋洗液,用碳纳米管修饰玻碳电极,在0.8 V电位处进行直流安培检测.结果发现在碳纳米管修饰玻碳电极后盐酸麻黄碱的电流响应值比未修饰前大大增加,方法的灵敏度比未修饰电极提高了10倍,用未修饰电极测定的检出限为2.4 μg·L-1,用修饰电极测定的检出限为0.2 μg·L-1,样品加标回收率为103.6%..     

碳纳米管对聚偏氟乙烯膜的共混改性研究

用相转化法制备了聚偏氟乙烯/碳纳米管共混膜,研究了共混膜的表面结构、水通量、孔隙率、接触角和机械性能。结果显示碳纳米管的加入提高了聚偏氟乙烯膜的亲水性和水通量,当聚偏氟乙烯浓度为10wt.%,碳纳米管含量为1.5wt.%时,共混膜的水通量和孔隙率最高,从243 L/m2·h和86.2%提高到365 L/m2·h和91.4%;接触角也由82°减小为67°;同时,共混膜的机械性能也得到显著提高。     

In situ study of diffusion and interaction of water and mono- or divalent anions in a positively charged membrane using two-dimensional correlation FT-IR/attenuated total reflection spectroscopy

Two-dimensional (2D) correlation analysis based on time-resolved FT-IR/attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy has been used to study the diffusion behavior of water and mono- or divalent anions in the positively charged membranes of different charge density. In 2D FT-IR/ATR spectra, the splitting of the water delta(OH) bending band in the spectral range 1700-1500 cm-1 indicates that there are three different states of water in the positively charged membrane, that is, the water molecules forming strong or weak hydrogen bonds with hydrophilic groups of the membrane and water molecularly dispersed with weaker hydrogen bonds. The wavenumber difference of the delta(OH) band in the low- and high-charge-density membrane indicates that water molecules form much stronger hydrogen bonds with hydrophilic groups in the high-charge-density membrane. The sequential order of the three water bands intensity changes shows that, in the process of water diffusion into the high-charge-density membrane, the hydrogen-bonding interaction between hydrophilic groups of the membrane and water molecules takes place gradually due to the highly cross-linked network structure of the membrane; in the process of water diffusion into the low-charge-density membrane, the strong hydrogen-bonding interaction between hydrophilic groups of the membrane and water molecules takes place instantaneously and this type of water easily diffuses due to the weak interactions between the water molecules and the membrane polymer. Furthermore, the diffusion processes of the electrolyte solution such as NaAc and Na2SO4 aqueous solutions in the positively charged membrane have also been examined.     

Effect of tip functionalization on transport through vertically oriented carbon nanotube membranes

Ionic flux through a composite membrane structure, containing vertically aligned carbon nanotubes crossing a polystyrene matrix film, was studied as a function of chemical end groups at the entrance to carbon nanotubes' (CNTs) cores. Plasma oxidation during the membrane fabrication process introduced carboxylic acid groups on the CNTs' tips that were modified using carbodiimide mediated coupling between the carboxylic acid and an accessible amine groups of the functional molecule. Functionalization molecules included straight chain alkanes, anionically charged dye molecules, and an aliphatic amine elongated by polypeptide spacers. Functionalization was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy, and areal functional density was estimated by transmission electron microscopy studies of thiol terminated sites decorated by nanocrystalline gold. The transport through the membrane of two different sized but equally charged molecules (ruthenium bipyridine [Ru-(bipy)3(2+)] and methyl viologen [MV2+]) was quantified in a U-tube permeation cell by UV-vis spectroscopy. Relative selectivity of the permeates varied from 1.7 to 3.6 as a function of tip-functionalization chemistry. Anionic charged functional groups sharply increased the flux of the cationic permeates. This effect was reduced at higher solution ionic strength consistent with shorter Debye screening length. The observed selectivities were consistent with a hindered diffusion model with functionalization at the CNT tip and not along the length of the CNT core.     

Diffusion of electrolytes of different natures through the cation-exchange membrane

Diffusion of different electrolytes through a negatively charged (cation-exchange) membrane into distilled water has been studied. It has been established theoretically (with no regard to the presence of diffusion layers) that the integral diffusion permeability coefficient of an electrolyte depends on the diffusion coefficients and the ratio between the charge numbers of a cation–anion pair, the ratio between the density of charges fixed in the membrane and electrolyte concentration, and the averaged coefficient of equilibrium distribution of cation?anion ion pairs in the membrane matrix. It has been found that, when co-ions have a higher mobility, the dependence of diffusion permeability on electrolyte concentration passes through a maximum. Derived equations have been compared with experimental dependences of the diffusion permeability of an MC-40 membrane with respect to different solutions of inorganic 1: 1 and 2: 1 electrolytes. The developed method has been shown to be applicable for describing diffusion of any electrolytes (including asymmetric ones) through arbitrary uniformly charged membranes.     

Influence of the electric field on a bio-mimetic film supported on a gold electrode

A model biological membrane was formed by fusion of mixed cholesterol and DMPC (dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine) phospholipid vesicles onto a gold-coated quartz support. The gold surface was charged and the influence of the charge at the solid support on the structure and integrity of the phospholipid bilayer was investigated using the specular reflection of neutrons and electrochemical measurements. When the surface charge density is close to zero, the lipid vesicles fuse directly on the surface to form a bilayer with a small number of defects and hence low water content. When the support's surface is negatively charged the film swells and incorporates water due to the field driven poration of the membrane. When the charge density is more negative then -8 microC cm(-2) the bilayer is detached from the metal surface. However, it remains in close proximity to the metal electrode, suspended on a thin cushion of water. The film thicknesses, calculated from neutron reflectivity, have allowed us to determine the tilt angle of the lipid molecules as a function of the support's charge density. The lipid molecules are tilted 55 degrees from the surface normal at zero charge density but become significantly more perpendicular (30 degrees tilt angle) at charge densities more negative than -8 microC cm(-2). The tilt angle measurements are in very good agreement with previous IR studies. This paper describes the highlights of a more in-depth study which is fully described in [1].     

静电位阻模型在纳滤膜跨膜电位解析中的应用

采用静电位阻模型对纳滤膜的跨膜电位进行了理论解析, 考察了溶液体积通量密度、原料液浓度、阴阳离子扩散系数比、膜孔半径和膜体积电荷密度对KCl(1-1型电解质)和MgCl2(2-1型电解质)中的纳滤膜跨膜电位的影响. 研究结果表明, 随着通量密度的增大, KCl和MgCl₂的跨膜电位线性程度增强; 两种电解质的跨膜电位均随着原料液浓度和膜孔半径的增大而下降; 在不同的考察范围内, 阴阳离子扩散系数比对1-1型和2-1型电解质的跨膜电位的影响差别较大; KCl的跨膜电位随着膜体积电荷密度的变化关于零点呈现出对称性, 而MgCl₂的跨膜电位零点则出现在膜体积电荷密度为负的条件下.     

硫酸溶液中电化学改性石墨电极对Fe3+/Fe2+的电催化性能与准电容特性

通过循环伏安(CV)、恒电流充放电和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)等测试方法,研究了电化学改性石墨电极对硫酸溶液中Fe3+/Fe2+的电催化性能与准电容特性.结果表明:由于电化学改性石墨电极表面存在大量的含氧活性官能团,使其对Fe3+/Fe2+的氧化还原反应具有极高的电催化性能,并具有可逆反应过程特征.在含有0.5mo·lL-1Fe3++0.5mo·lL-1Fe2+的2.0mo·lL-1H2SO4溶液中,其表观面积比电容是不含铁离子硫酸溶液的1.808倍,达到2.157F·cm-2;同时,铁离子浓度的增大也能够进一步提高其电容量.Fe3+/Fe2+电对的加入增加了充放电时间,有效提高了电化学电容器(EC)的电容存储容量和高功率特性.电化学阻抗谱测试同样证实体系具有明显的电容特性.因此,可以利用电化学改性石墨电极表面的含氧活性官能团和溶液中Fe3+/Fe2+的氧化还原特性来共同储存和释放能量.     

Diffusion of ions in unsaturated porous materials

In a salinity gradient, the diffusion of ions through the connected porosity of a porous and charged material is influenced by the charged nature of the interface between the pore water and the solid. This influence is exerted through the generation of a macroscopic electrical field termed the diffusion or membrane potential. This electrical field depends on the excess of counterions located in the pore space counterbalancing the charge density of the surface of the solid. In unsaturated porous materials, we have to consider (1) the effect of the charged nature of the air/water interface, (2) the increase of the counterion density as the counterions are packed in a smaller volume when the saturation of the nonwetting phase (air) increases, and (3) the influence of the water saturation upon the tortuosity of the water phase. The volume average of the Nernst-Planck equation is used to determine the constitutive equations for the coupled diffusion flux and current density of a multicomponent electrolyte in unsaturated conditions. We assume that water is the wetting phase for the solid phase. We neglect the electro-osmotic flow in the coupled constitutive equations and the deformation of the medium (the medium is assumed to be both isotropic and rigid). This model explains well the observed tendency of strong decreases of the apparent diffusion coefficient of ions with the decrease of the saturation of the water phase under steady-state conditions. This decrease is mainly due to the influence of the saturation upon the tortuosity of the water phase.     

Contribution of convection,diffusion and migration to electrolyte transport through nanofiltration membranes

Transport mechanisms through nanofiltration membranes are investigated in terms of contribution of convection, diffusion and migration to electrolyte transport. A Donnan steric pore model, based on the application of the extended Nernst-Planck equation and the assumption of a Donnan equilibrium at both membrane-solution interfaces, is used. The study is focused on the transport of symmetrical electrolytes (with symmetric or asymmetric diffusion coefficients). The influence of effective membrane charge density, permeate volume flux, pore radius and effective membrane thickness to porosity ratio on the contribution of the different transport mechanisms is investigated. Convection appears to be the dominant mechanism involved in electrolyte transport at low membrane charge and/or high permeate volume flux and effective membrane thickness to porosity ratio. Transport is mainly governed by diffusion when the membrane is strongly charged, particularly at low permeate volume flux and effective membrane thickness to porosity ratio. Electromigration is likely to be the dominant mechanism involved in electrolyte transport only if the diffusion coefficient of coions is greater than that of counterions.     

Negatively charged poly(vinylidene fluoride) microfiltration membranes by sulfonation

Negatively charged PVDF microfiltration membranes were prepared using direct sulfonation with chlorosulfonic acid. The effect of sulfonation on the surface chemical properties, morphology, pore size distribution, hydrophilicity, water uptake, pure water flux, fouling and rejection were investigated. As the sulfonation reaction time was furthered, the degree of sulfonation and ion-exchange capacity increased and the membranes became more hydrophilic due to introduction of sulfonyl groups to the membrane surface. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the composition of sulfonyl group with respect to sulfur concentration increased with time. From the SEM and porosity measurements, both the untreated and treated membranes did not reveal a substantial change in its morphology. The pure water flux increased significantly having a decreasing intrinsic resistance trend with degree of sulfonation. Both fouling phenomena and rejection were enhanced, with fouling of charged poly(styrene sulfonic acid) molecules on the surface-modified membrane decreased and rejection values increased with increasing degree of sulfonation mainly due to the effective electrostatic repulsion between the negatively charged PSSA and the negatively charged membrane.