端基改性碳纳米管膜分离Li+/Mg2+的分子动力学模拟

通过向"扶手椅"型(10,10)碳纳米管一端添加不同数量的COO-和NH+3修饰基团建立连续的碳纳米管膜模型,利用分子动力学模拟的方法研究了80 MPa水压力下Li+和Mg2+在膜中的通量和密度分布并计算了两种离子进入修饰碳纳米管的平均力势。结果表明,恰当的修饰基团添加使(10,10)碳纳米管能够有效分离Li+和Mg2+。带电基团与离子间静电作用力所产生的束缚和排斥作用使离子在纳米管内通量下降,Mg2+在修饰纳米管中的通量均为0,添加8个COO-以及4个NH+3基团均能完全阻挡两离子通过,在添加1个COO-和1个NH+3基团的情况下,Li+通量达到最大,具有最佳分离效果。因此,添加特定带电修饰基团可有效改善较大直径碳纳米管膜对Li+和Mg2+的分离性能,修饰基团电荷性质和数量对分离效果影响很大。     

协同萃取液膜体系从Li+、Na+、K+混合溶液中提取Li+

从卤水、海水中提取Li是目前较为活跃的研究课题。用液膜法从Li~+、Na~+、K~+混合溶液中分离Li~+的报道很少。协同效应在乳状液型液膜中的应用还未见报道。本文采用噻吩甲酰三氟丙酮(HTTA)和磷酸三丁酯(TBP)作为混合载体的液膜体系,快速、高效地从Li~+、Na~+、K~+的混合溶液中分离、浓缩Li~+,为从卤水、海水中提取Li~+提供了重要的依据。     

Ni2+和Cd2+跨人红细胞膜的比较研究

以往对金属离子跨红细胞膜转运多集中在体内的宏量金属离子, 如Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+及某些必需的重金属元素Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+等[1～3], 对其它重金属离子的跨膜转运研究较少. 我们曾研究了具有不同电荷的Co(Ⅲ)配合物的红细胞摄入动力学及机理[4]. 在此基础上进一步选择离子电荷数相同, 但电子组态不同的两个金属离子Ni2+和Cd2+为研究对象. Ni2+为d8组态, 动力学上是惰性的, 为体内必需的微量元素; 而Cd2+为d10组态, 动力学上是活性的, 却为有毒重金属, 本研究比较了它们跨人红细胞膜传递的动力学以及其与人红细胞作用的差异性.     

金属离子Na+ , Li+ , Mg2+与硫酸根离子形成的无水缔合物种的从头算量子化学研究

计算并讨论了Na+, Li+和Mg2+ 3种离子与SO42-离子形成离子缔合物的结构以及阳离子的结合对ν1-SO42-频率的影响. 结果表明, 在缔合物结构方面, 阳离子数目越少, 离子间斥力越小, 越容易形成阳离子与硫酸根间距离更短, 结合更紧密的双齿缔合结构; 而当阳离子数目增加时, 特别是当具有2个正电荷的Mg2+离子数目较多时, 离子间的斥力使多离子团簇不稳定, 易形成阳离子与硫酸根间距离更长的单齿缔合结构. 有2种阳离子作用可影响ν1-SO42-频率, 一种是极化作用, 可使ν1-SO42-频率红移; 另一种是成键作用, 可使ν1-SO42-频率蓝移. 当金属离子数目≤2时, 阳离子的极化作用占主导地位, 第一个阳离子能使ν1-SO42-频率发生红移, 而当阳离子数目增多时, 不同方向结合的其它阳离子可以削弱第一个阳离子的极化作用, 因此导致多离子团簇中ν1-SO42-频率红移的减小. 当阳离子数目≥3时, 极化作用影响减小, 成键作用占据主导地位, 导致ν1-SO42-频率更大蓝移的单齿缔合结构取代双齿结构, 并使多离子团簇中的ν1-SO42-频率继续发生蓝移.     

H2S/N2混合物在碳纳米管中吸附分离的分子模拟

采用巨正则Monte Carlo(GCMC)方法讨论了不同温度、压力及管径下,碳纳米管对H2S/N2混合物(主体相体积比为1∶99)的吸附分离选择性.结果表明,随着碳纳米管管径的增大,H2S的吸附选择性先增加后减小;而(11,0)碳纳米管(管径为0.86 nm)对H2S的选择性最高,这种选择性与管径的关系是由几何效应和能量效应共同决定的.针对(11,0)碳纳米管讨论了温度和压力对H2S吸附量和选择性的影响.模拟结果表明,随着温度上升,H2S的吸附量和选择性都呈先增加后减小的趋势;随着压力增加,H2S的吸附量和选择性都有所下降.本文模拟结果可为含硫气体混合物的吸附分离提供一定参考.     

尖晶石型LiMn2O4晶体结构及锂离子筛H+/Li+交换性质研究

采用密度泛函理论平面波超软赝势和广义梯度近似法对尖晶石型LiMn2O4及其锂离子筛HMn2O4的晶体结构和性质进行了从头计算。PW91泛函最为有效,Li+被H+取代后HMn2O4晶胞收缩,点阵常数从LiMn2O4的0.823 nm减小至0.799 nm,其XRD峰也相应向高角度方向明显位移。经同种格点原子的XRD分析表明,Mn、O两元素对XRD方式和强度起着决定作用。其中Li呈+1价完全离子化,可被H+彻底交换,H与周围O在等电子密度图中呈现电子云相互连接,只带有0.42个正电荷。价轨道分态密度表明,Mn-O之间强的共价键合主要归因于Mn-d和O-p在费米能级下-7.3~-1.6 eV间的轨道重叠,形成了有利于H+/Li+交换的骨架空穴隧道。阵点和空穴多面体的体积遵守如下顺序:V8a>V48f>V8b、V16c>V16d、V16c>V48f。Li+最易迁移至邻近的16c位置,碱金属离子的交换受到离子半径和作用能大小的限制。     

离子通过碳纳米管的拉伸分子动力学模拟

采用拉伸分子动力学模拟研究了Na⁺, K⁺和Cl^－通过(6,6), (7,7), (8,8), (9,9)和(10,10)碳纳米管的过程, 利用伞形取样法计算了离子通过碳管的平均力势能, 并对离子在管中和本体相中的水化作了比较. 结果表明, 离子通过管径较窄的碳管时, 在入口处遇到较大的阻力, 从出口进入本体相较容易|而通过管径相对较宽的碳管则几乎无阻碍. 离子通过碳管的能垒随管径的增大而降低, 不同离子的能垒各不相同, 表明碳管具有固有的离子选择性|离子通过碳管时, 不仅其配位数改变了, 而且配位层中水分子的取向也有所改变, 这两者共同决定了离子进入碳管时的去水化能, 进而影响离子通过碳管的能垒和碳管的离子选择性. 本工作将有助于理解离子通道蛋白中疏水区域的功能作用, 并可以为基于碳纳米管的纳流控系统的设计提供指导.     

Li2Sr0.995-xSiO4:0.005Eu2+,xLa3+荧光粉的晶体结构与发光特性

采用高温固相反应法在还原气氛下制备了Li2Sr0.995-x SiO4:0.005Eu2+,xLa3+荧光粉。利用X射线衍射仪、荧光光谱仪和紫外可见分光光度计对样品的晶体结构、激发光谱、发射光谱与荧光衰减寿命以及漫反射光谱进行测试分析。实验结果表明:所制得的样品为单一相的Li2SrSiO4晶体结构化合物。Li2Sr0.995-x SiO4:0.005Eu2+,xLa3+荧光粉的激发光谱均呈现出宽激发带,其中最强的激发峰位于408 nm左右。在此波长激发下可得到峰值位于570 nm左右的宽波段单峰发射光谱,其对应于Eu2+离子4f65d1→4f7电子跃迁。La3+掺杂Li2SrSiO4:Eu2+荧光粉基质产生了晶格缺陷[2La·Sr·V″Sr],其可以吸收光能并将能量传递给发光中心离子Eu2+,进而增强Li2Sr0.995SiO4:0.005Eu2+荧光粉的发光强度。漫反射光谱和荧光衰减寿命测试结果也证实La3+掺杂能够增加Eu2+的激发态吸收能量,延长发光中心Eu2+离子荧光衰减寿命。     

Li2MnSiO4/CNTs复合正极材料的合成与电化学性能

采用水热辅助溶胶-凝胶工艺,通过原位复合的方法合成了锂离子电池用Li2MnSiO4/CNTs复合正极材料.分析了复合正极材料的形貌和组成特征,并对每摩尔分别复合5,10,20和30 g碳纳米管(CNTs)及未复合CNTs的样品进行了电化学性能测试.结果显示,所合成的Li2MnSiO4颗粒尺寸分布均匀,粒径在100 nm左右,易团聚.但随着CNTs复合量的增加,团聚现象逐渐改善.合成的Li2MnSiO4材料结晶度良好,属于正交晶系Pmn21空间群.电化学测试结果表明,每摩尔复合20 g CNTs的样品电化学性能最佳,在10 mA/g电流密度下,首周放电容量为150 mA.h/g,循环20周后仍保持在80 mA.h/g;CNTs的原位复合可提高Li2MnSiO4材料的导电性能,并改善其电化学性能.     

五元交互体系Li+,Na+,K+//CO32-,Cl--H2O在298.15K的相平衡研究

针对西藏扎布耶盐湖卤水组成,采用等温溶解平衡法研究了五元交互体系Li+,Na+,K+//CO32-,Cl--H2O于298.15K时的相平衡,并绘制了相图(空间立体图和Li2CO3饱和的投影图).结果表明,该五元体系相图含有7个结晶区、13条单变量线和4个无变量点.7个结晶区由6个单盐结晶区和1个复盐结晶区组成,分别为LiCl·H2O,NaCl,KCl,Li2CO3,K2CO3·3/2H2O,Na2CO3·10H2O和NaKCO3·6H2O,没有形成固溶体和天然碱(Na2CO3·NaHCO3·2H2O).4个无变量点标记成K1,K2,K3和K4,所对应的平衡固相盐分别是:Li2CO3+NaKCO3·6H2O+Na2CO3·10H2O+KCl,Li2CO3+NaKCO3·6H2O+K2CO3·3/2H2O+KCl,Li2CO3+NaCl+KCl+LiCl·H2O和Li2CO3+NaCl+Na2CO3·10H2O+KCl.     

Fluid structure and transport properties of water inside carbon nanotubes

The fluid structure and transport properties of water confined in single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with different diameters have been investigated by molecular-dynamics simulation. The effects of CNT diameter, density of water, and temperature on the molecular distributions and transport behaviors of water were analyzed. It is interesting that the water molecules ordered in helix inside the (10, 10) CNT, and the layered distribution was clearly observed. It was found that the axial and radial diffusivities in CNTs were much lower than that of the bulk, and it ever decreased as the diameter of CNT decreases. The axial thermal conductivity and shear viscosity in CNTs are obviously larger than that of the bulk and those in the radial direction, they increase sharply as the diameter of CNT decreases, which is clearly in contrast to the diffusivity. The inner space of CNT and the interactions between water molecules and the confining walls play a key role in the structure and transport properties of water confined in the CNTs.     

纳米受限下溶质水化结构的分子模拟

利用分子动力学模拟研究了五种不同种类的溶质分子(K+, Mg2+, Cl-, K-和K0)在直径为0.60-1.28 nm的纳米碳管内的水化结构. 模拟结果揭示了单电荷溶质、双电荷溶质和中性溶质在受限条件下具有不同的水化行为. 单价溶质的配位数只有在直径不大于0.73 nm的纳米碳管内才会明显减少. 和带有电荷的溶质不同, 中性溶质的配位数对纳米碳管直径的改变非常敏感, 并且随着管径的减小而迅速减少. 模拟结果还表明带单价正电荷的溶质(K+)第一配位层水分子的取向结构会随着纳米碳管直径的改变发生变化, 而其他溶质配位层取向结构在本文所涉及的纳米碳管内都几乎和体相中一致. 在直径大于1.0 nm的纳米碳管中, K+的配位层取向结构有序度随着管径的减小而单调下降, 但是在直径小于1.0 nm的纳米碳管中, 随着碳管管径的减小而迅速上升. 在两个最窄的纳米碳管内, 其结构有度甚至高于体相. 双电荷溶质的水化结构在本文所研究的碳管直径范围内和体相完全一致, 即使在直径只有0.6 nm的碳管内也无任何改变.     

金属离子Na+,Li+及Mg2+与C1O4-和NO3-形成的无水离子缔合物种的从头算量子化学研究

采用量子化学计算方法在B3 LYP/6-311++G**水平下对Na+,Li+和Mg2+与ClO4-和NO3-形成的离子缔合物种的结构以及v1-频率进行了研究,并将结果与SO42-和上述3种阳离子形成的物种进行了对比.在缔合物种结构方面,当阳离子数目≤2时,与SO42-体系相似,ClO4-和NO3-主要与阳离子形成双齿缔合结构,而当阳离子数目＞2时,特别是具有2个正电荷的Mg2+离子数目较多时,由于阳离子间的斥力更大,与阳离 子结合能力较弱的ClO4-和NO3-较难与其形成稳定的离子团簇,而在SO42-体系中,则易形成单齿缔合结构.在v1-频率的变化趋势方面,3种阴离子形成的缔合物种大体相同,说明无水离子团簇的频率变化主要受阳离子性质和缔合结构影响.虽然阴离子性质也有部分影响,但不占主要地位.     

土壤颗粒表面电场作用下固-液界面Mg2+-K+与Ca2+-K+交换动力学的比较研究

通过恒流法研究了不同表面电场作用下Mg2+、Ca2+吸附动力学. 结果发现: (1)实验初期阶段是强静电力作用下的零级动力学过程和一定反应时间后的弱静电力作用下的一级动力学过程, 且零级速率过程和一级速率过程之间存在明显的转折点; (2)不同电解质构成中Ca2+的吸附速率明显快于Mg2+的, 平衡吸附量也大于Mg2+的, 且Ca2+在土壤颗粒表面的覆盖度比Mg2+在土壤颗粒表面的覆盖度高; (3)离子的相对有效电荷系数与土壤颗粒表面电场作用的不同是各体系中Ca2+、Mg2+吸附动力学有差别的根本原因; (4)根据离子吸附的理论模型可以分别计算出速率系数、平衡吸附量、离子在土壤颗粒表面的覆盖度以及固定液的体积, 这些参数可以定量评估土壤颗粒表面电场对离子吸附动力学的影响.     

Effects of size constraint on water filling process in nanotube

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and the potential of mean force (PMF) analysis are used to investigate the structural properties of water molecules near the end of nanotube for the whole process from the initial water filling up to the configuration stabilization inside the carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Numerical simulations showed that when a small-sized nanotube is immersed into the water bath, the size constraint will induce a prevailing orientation for the water molecule to diffuse into the tube and this effect can persist approximately 3.3 angstroms from the end of CNT. As the structure within the CNTs stabilizes, the ambient structural properties can indirectly reflect their corresponding properties inside the nanotube. Our results also showed that there exists a close correlation between the PMF analysis and the results of MD simulations, and the properties at nanometer scale are closely related to the size-constraint effect.     

Steered molecular dynamics studies of the potential of mean force of a Na+ or K+ ion in a cyclic peptide nanotube

Potential of mean force (PMF) profiles of a single Na+ or K+ ion passing through a cyclic peptide nanotube, cyclo[-(D-Ala-Glu-D-Ala-Gln)2-], in water are calculated to provide insight into ion transport and to understand the conductance difference between these two ions. The PMF profiles are obtained by performing steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations that are based on the Jarzynski equality. The computed PMF profiles for both ions show barriers of around 2.4 kcal/mol at the channel entrances and exits and energy wells in the middle of the tube. The energy barriers, so-called dielectric energy barriers, arise due to the desolvation of water molecules when ions move across the nanotube, and the energy wells appear as a result of attractive interactions between the cations and negatively charged carbonyl oxygens on the backbone of the tube. We find more and deeper energy wells in the PMF profile for Na+ than for K+, which suggests that Na+ ions have a longer residence time inside the nanotube and that permeation of Na+ ions is reduced compared to K+ ions. Calculations of the radial distribution functions (RDF) between the ions and oxygens in the water molecules and in carbonyl groups on the tube and an investigation of the orientations of the carbonyl groups show that, in contrast with the dynamic carbonyl groups observed in the selectivity filter of the KcsA ion channel, the carbonyl groups in the cyclic peptide nanotube are relatively rigid, with only slight reorientation of the carbonyl groups as the cations pass through. The rigidity of the carbonyl groups in the cyclic peptide nanotube can be attributed to their role in hydrogen bonding, which is responsible for the tube structure. Comparison of the PMF profiles with the electrostatic energy profiles calculated from the Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) equation, a dielectric continuum model, reveals that the dielectric continuum model breaks down in the confined region within the tube that governs ion transport.     

Molecular simulation study of temperature effect on ionic hydration in carbon nanotubes

Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to investigate the hydration of Li(+), Na(+), K(+), F(-), and Cl(-) inside the carbon nanotubes at temperatures ranging from 298 to 683 K. The structural characteristics of the coordination shells of ions are studied, including the ion-oxygen radial distribution functions, the coordination numbers, and the orientation distributions of the water molecules. Simulation results show that the first coordination shells of the five ions still exist in the nanoscale confinement. Nevertheless, the first coordination shell structures of cations change more significantly than those of anions because of the preferential orientation of the water molecules induced by the carbon nanotube. The first coordination shells of cations are considerably less ordered in the nanotube than in the bulk solution, whereas the change of the first coordination shell structures of the anions is minor. Furthermore, the confinement induces the anomalous behavior of the coordination shells of the ions with temperature. The first coordination shell of K(+) are found to be more ordered as the temperature increases only in the carbon nanotube with the effective diameter of 1.0 nm, implying the enhancement of the ionic hydration with temperature. This is contrary to that in the bulk solution. The coordination shells of the other four ions do not have such behavior in the carbon nanotube with the effective diameter ranging from 0.73 to 1.00 nm. The easier distortion of the coordination shell of K(+) and the match of the shell size and the nanotube size may play roles in this phenomenon. The exchange of water molecules in the first coordination shells of the ions with the solution and the ion diffusion along the axial direction of the nanotube are also investigated. The mobility of the ions and the stability of the coordination shells are greatly affected by the temperature in the nanotube as in the bulk solutions. These results help to understand the biological and chemical processes at the high temperature.     

DNA mediated assembly of single walled carbon nanotubes: role of DNA linkers and annealing

With the high demand for nanoelectronic devices, extensive research has focused on the use of single walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) due to their high electron carrier mobility, large tensile strength, and single nanometer dimensions. Despite their promise, however, their applicability has been greatly hindered by the inherent difficulties of both separating nanotubes of different chiralities and diameters and positioning them from metallic tubes and positioning them in a precise location on a surface. In recent years, single stranded DNA (ssDNA) has been identified as a potential solution for both of these problems since DNA can be used to both separate the different types of CNTs as well as direct their organization. We demonstrate here the first principles on how to guide CNT assembly directly on surfaces from solution by specific DNA hybridization. It was found that the specific DNA sequence used to disperse the carbon nanotubes greatly influences the adsorption and specificity of nanotube binding to the surface. Furthermore, we demonstrate here that thermal annealing can correct misaligned tubes or incorrect binding. These studies provide an excellent foundation for employing two-dimensional DNA templates for CNT organization for nanoelectronic logic and memory based applications. Furthermore, using a single biomaterial to both sort and place CNTs in minimal steps would greatly help the throughput, manufacturability, and cost of such devices.