阳离子抗菌聚合物

阳离子抗菌聚合物, 作为一种新型抗菌材料, 具有独特的抗菌机理和高效的抗菌活性, 并且能有效解决细菌耐药性问题, 引起了人们的广泛关注。阳离子抗菌聚合物具有有效的抗菌活性, 其抗菌活性受到亲疏水平衡、分子质量、烷基链长度和阴离子等因素的影响。抗菌活性是评价抗菌剂优劣的重要因素之一, 了解和掌握影响抗菌活性的因素, 对于优化或开发更安全、更高效的阳离子抗菌聚合物具有重大意义。本文总结了通过不同作用方式作用于细菌的多种抗菌策略, 依据影响阳离子抗菌聚合物抗菌活性的因素, 总结包括天然阳离子抗菌聚合物、季铵盐类聚合物、N-卤代胺类聚合物、膦盐和锍盐类聚合物、胍盐类聚合物和抗菌水凝胶的研究进展。最后, 对阳离子抗菌聚合物面临的挑战和未来发展方向进行了讨论。     

新型抗菌高分子及其抗菌策略的研究进展

抗菌高分子具有丰富的分子结构和独特的抗菌机制。同时,对微生物具有低耐药性的倾向。这些特点使新型高分子材料在抗菌领域受到人们越来越多的关注。本文首先分析了细菌产生耐药性的原因及由其带来的严峻医学和社会问题;然后系统梳理并探讨了新型抗菌高分子材料（如树状大分子、嵌段共聚物、壳聚糖及其衍生物和抗菌高分子/纳米复合材料等）的结构特点和抗菌机理;最后展望了未来新型功能高分子在抗菌领域的重点延伸及探索方向。     

抗菌高分子的研究与应用

综述了抗菌高分子制备、性能、应用及其研究进展，着重介绍了抗菌聚合物的制备方法和抗菌机理。     

壳聚糖及其衍生物抗菌机理研究进展

壳聚糖及其衍生物的抗菌活性和优良加工性能,使其成为具有巨大潜力的抗菌材料,可用于食品保鲜、伤口敷料和组织工程等方面。本文综述了近年来在壳聚糖基材料抗菌模型、影响抗菌活性因素及抗菌活性优化方案方面的研究进展,希望对壳聚糖衍生物抗菌材料的制备及优化提供参考。     

模拟天然抗菌多肽高分子抗菌药物的研究进展

由于传统抗生素类药物容易使细菌产生耐药性而成为超级细菌,新型的抗菌药物亟待开发。通过模拟天然抗菌多肽设计合成的高分子抗菌剂,具有很高的抗菌活性和生物选择性,而且由于其合成方法简单,结构易于控制,且可实现大规模工业生产,有望成为代替传统抗生素和抗菌多肽的新一代抗菌药物。本文介绍了天然抗菌多肽的抗菌机理与模拟天然抗菌多肽的...     

抗菌塑料的研究进展简述

介绍了无机、有机和天然生物三类抗菌剂,重点介绍了无机抗菌剂的种类和应用现状;对比了五种常用抗菌塑料制备方法,直接添加法、抗菌母粒法、表面黏合法、层压法和后加工处理法;针对国内外抗菌塑料的检测标准,简单介绍了最常用的评价抗菌性能的两个指标,抗菌率和抑菌环;最后对抗菌塑料的发展做了一些展望。     

反应性高分子抗菌剂的合成及对棉织物的抗菌整理

通过三元共聚将马来酸酐活性基团引入大分子链中,制备了两个系列的反应性高分子抗菌剂poly(DMAEMA-BC/AAm/MAn)和poly(DMAEMA-DB/AAm/MAn),并用FT-IR对合成的反应性高分子抗菌剂进行了结构表征,用酸碱滴定法测定了其酸值,通过平板活菌计数法测定了反应性高分子抗菌剂的抗菌活性,并表征了它们的抗菌活性对抗菌时间与浓度的依赖关系。通过热整理工艺将三元共聚物与棉织物反应,制得抗菌织物。之后,通过改良振荡烧瓶法测定了抗菌整理后棉织物的抗菌效果,并进一步考察了织物抗菌效果的耐洗性。研究结果表明,少量的马来酸酐(单体摩尔比5%)有助于提高共聚单体的反应活性,共聚物中含少量马来酸酐时,抗菌活性增强。用马来酸酐单体摩尔比5～35%的poly(DMAEMA-BC/AAm/MAn)或5～25%的poly(DMAEMA-DB/AAm/MAn)整理的抗菌织物均具有良好的抗菌效果,且前者经过100次水洗,后者经200次水洗后,仍表现良好的抗菌效果。     

有机硅在抗菌整理剂中的应用

有机硅作为最常用的织物后整理剂之一,能赋予织物柔滑弹挺等多种功能。近年来,由于高致病菌的滋生蔓延,织物的抗菌整理受到广泛关注,抗菌整理剂也被认为是最有前途的整理剂之一。本文介绍了有机硅季铵盐、有机硅卤胺以及纳米金属杂化有机硅等抗菌整理剂的制备方法、抗菌效果和应用范围。从三个方面简单讨论了抗菌整理剂的作用机制,即作用于微生物细胞壁、细胞膜,以及破坏或抑制微生物核酸和蛋白质的生物合成。最后,在分析抗菌整理剂现状的基础上,提出了理想抗菌整理剂应具备的特征,并对抗菌整理剂的开发和应用前景进行展望。     

壳聚糖基抗菌水凝胶的应用及研究进展

抗菌生物材料因其能够有效抑制细菌感染而被公认为是重要的抗生素替代品。其中抗菌水凝胶因制备工艺简单,结构多样,具有易负载和可控药物释放性、良好的生物相容性和抗菌性等多种特殊功能而受到越来越多的关注。壳聚糖及其衍生物具有高抗菌性、低毒性、生物相容性和降解性等优点被广泛用作抗菌水凝胶材料。本文根据壳聚糖基抗菌水凝胶的性能和抗菌机理,综述了近年来在固有抗菌水凝胶、光响应性抗菌水凝胶、荧光抗菌水凝胶、负载抗菌药物水凝胶和协同抗菌水凝胶等方面的研究进展,探讨了壳聚糖基抗菌水凝胶目前所面临的挑战,并对其未来发展作了展望。     

有机硅改性纳米银抗菌导尿管的制备

纳米银具备广谱抗菌性、无耐药性、安全和对人体无害的性质。本研究选择了硼氢化钠还原法合成了尺寸为10nm~20nm纳米银,并用r-氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷对纳米银粒子表面进行了有机硅改性。再将经有机硅改性的纳米银粒子涂覆在导尿管内外表面,制备了一种新型纳米银导尿管。通过抗菌实验验证,该方法制备的纳米银导尿管具有显著的抗菌效果。且导尿管抗菌性的时效性研究表明,改性实现了纳米银在导尿管表面的缓慢释放,从而使得导尿管有更为持久的抗菌性。     

Silver nanoparticle‐decorated multiwalled carbon nanotube/pramipexole nanocomposite: Synthesis,characterization and application as an antibacterial agent

This work reports the preparation of multiwalled carbon nanotube/pramipexole/Ag (CNT/pra/Ag) as a novel antibacterial agent, in which pramipexole groups are utilized as linkers to secure Ag nanoparticles to carbon nanotube surfaces without agglomeration. The resulting CNT/pra/Ag sample was characterized by performing transmission and scanning electron microscopy, wavelength‐ and energy‐dispersive X‐ray, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, inductively coupled plasma and Raman measurements. Using this approach, monodisperse spherical Ag nanoparticles in CNT/pra/Ag have narrow size distributions with average diameters of ca 3–8 nm. The antibacterial activity of CNT/pra/Ag was investigated against bacterial species Staphylococcus aureus , methicillin‐resistant S. aureus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli using the paper‐disc diffusion method and by determining the minimal inhibitory concentration. CNT/pra/Ag showed better inhibitory activity towards Gram‐positive bacteria than Gram‐negative bacteria in this study, which indicates its potential as an antibacterial material for laboratory and medical purposes.     

Membrane‐Anchoring Photosensitizer with Aggregation‐Induced Emission Characteristics for Combating Multidrug‐Resistant Bacteria

Traditional photosensitizers (PSs) show reduced singlet oxygen (¹O₂) production and quenched fluorescence upon aggregation in aqueous media, which greatly affect their efficiency in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Meanwhile, non‐targeting PSs generally yield low efficiency in antibacterial performance due to their short lifetimes and small effective working radii. Herein, a water‐dispersible membrane anchor (TBD‐anchor) PS with aggregation‐induced emission is designed and synthesized to generate ¹O₂ on the bacterial membrane. TBD‐anchor showed efficient antibacterial performance towards both Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram‐positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). Over 99.8 % killing efficiency was obtained for methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA) when they were exposed to 0.8 μm of TBD‐anchor at a low white light dose (25 mW cm^?2) for 10 minutes. TBD‐anchor thus shows great promise as an effective antimicrobial agent to combat the menace of multidrug‐resistant bacteria.     

儿茶素-银纳米复合材料的制备及其应用

探索了以植物活性成分儿茶素作为还原剂和保护剂一步水热法合成儿茶素-银纳米复合材料,并进一步测试了纳米复合材料的抑菌活性。 紫外可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)和红外光谱(FTIR)测定证明制备得到了儿茶素包裹的银纳米粒子。 透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)结果显示银纳米粒子的平均粒径为22.7 nm,并具有面心立方晶体结构。 抑菌活性实验结果表明,儿茶素-银纳米复合粒子对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌以及白色念球菌都有很强抑制作用,尤其对白色念球菌的抑制作用最强,其最低抑制浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MBC)分别为19.63和39.26 μg/mL。 儿茶素-银纳米粒子强抑菌活性可归因于其表面银离子的持续释放,有望应用于长效抑菌制剂产品。     

1-芳基-3-(3-(4-氧香豆素基)苯基)硫脲衍生物的合成及抑菌活性

为了筛选出具有较高抑菌活性的含香豆素的硫脲类衍生物,本文以4-羟基香豆素为原料,经氯化、醚化、异硫氰酸化和加成反应合成了一系列1-芳基-3-(3-(4-氧香豆素基)苯基)硫脲衍生物,其结构经红外光谱(IR)、核磁共振谱(NMR)和质谱(MS)等技术手段进行了表征。结果表明,目标化合物对水稻白叶枯菌和柑橘溃疡菌均具有较好的抑制活性。其中化合物4k、4l、4m和4n抑制水稻白叶枯菌活性EC_(50)值分别为137.42、131.05、129.23和117.43 mg/L,优于对照药剂噻菌铜的活性(195.24 mg/L);化合物4k、4l、4m和4n抑制柑橘溃疡菌活性EC_(50)值分别为97.02、94.31、102.28和90.52 mg/L,优于噻菌铜的活性(120.25 mg/L)。     

Evaluation of phase transformation behaviors of zeolite and antibacterial properties against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria

This study deals with the synthesis of zeolite from natural kaolinite using hydrothermal treatment and evaluation of its phase transformation behaviors. The synthesized zeolites were modified with silver ion by using the ion exchange method for the enhancement of antibacterial properties. The characterizations were performed by using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray. Disk diffusion technique (DDT) was used for the evaluation of the antibacterial property of the modified zeolites. This study observed the transformation of kaolinite into amorphous metakaolin after calcination treatment at 900°C and the successful reconstruction of amorphous metakaolin into synthesized crystal zeolite in the presence of sodium hydroxide as an activating agent. It was also found that the zeolite type A was produced at 100°C, while sodalites were produced at 120 and 140°C. DDT analysis revealed that the modified zeolites showed significant antibacterial capability against Escherichia coli ATCC 11229 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. In general, the present study has proven that the zeolites can be synthesized from natural material and can be modified with silver ion to enhance their antibacterial activity.     

Synthesis of n-alkylated quaternary ammonium chitosan and its long-term antibacterial finish for rabbit hair fabric

In this work, n-alkyl chitosan (N-CTS) was obtained by alkylation modification of chitosan with n-butylaldehyde using Schiff alkali method. The etherifying agent 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl triethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC-ethyl) was synthesized from triethylamine and epichlorohydrin. The N-CTS and CHPTAC-ethyl were etherized to finally synthesize n-alkyl quaternary ammonium chitosan (N-CCTS). Scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and ¹³CNMR were used to characterize the surface morphology and chemical structure. Viscosity method and spectrophotometry were used to determine its physical and chemical properties. The etherification reaction mechanism was studied systematically and the influence of reaction conditions on the degree of substitution and solubility of N-CCTS was investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of N-CCTS against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was both 0.15 g/L, which was superior to the MIC value of natural chitosan. N-CCTS was used to finish rabbit hair fabric with citric acid as cross-linking agent and sodium hypophosphite as catalyst. The antibacterial and washing resistance of the product were investigated. After 25 times of washing, the antibacterial rate of N-CCTS against E. coli and S. aureus remained stable at about 90%, and the antibacterial rate was higher than that of N-CTS and natural chitosan, and it was a kind of natural polymer long-acting antibacterial finishing agent for rabbit hair fabric.     

Synthesis and antibacterial activity of surface‐coated catechol‐conjugated polymer with silver nanoparticles on versatile substrate

In the present study, 2‐chloro‐3′,4′‐dihydroxyacetophenone (CCDP), a catechol derivative, was quaternized with poly(propylene oxide)‐g‐poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PPO‐g‐PDMA, PgP) to prepare surface coatings for various substrates. The surfaces of noble metals, oxides, and synthetic polymers were coated by immersion in an aqueous solution of CCDP quaternized with PgP (C‐PgP). The catechol functional groups that remained on the surface were used for deposition of Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the coated surface, to provide a water‐resistant antibacterial polymer with long‐term antimicrobial activity. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed deposition of C‐PgP and AgNPs on the surface coated with the antibacterial polymer. Surface‐immobilized C‐PgP/AgNPs showed outstanding antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram‐positive bacterium, and Escherichia coli, a Gram‐negative bacterium. C‐PgP/AgNPs can be applied to a variety of substrates and can therefore be used as antibacterial materials in various fields. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PMBP缩2-萘胺席夫碱及其铜(Ⅱ)配合物的合成与抑菌活性

合成了1-苯基-3-甲基-4-苯甲酰基-吡唑啉酮-5(PMBP)缩2-萘胺席夫碱(HL)及其铜(Ⅱ)配合物,由元素分析、络合滴定法、质谱和摩尔电导值确定配合物的组成为[CuL2],通过核磁共振氢谱、红外光谱、热重谱和液相色谱-质谱联用技术对配体和配合物的结构进行了表征,同时还对目标化合物的抑菌活性进行了初步考察。结果表明:配体和配合物对受试的4个菌种均有不同程度的抑菌活性,抑菌能力配合物强于配体,呈现浓度效应,在浓度为3.0 mg.mL-1时最大直径可达14.9 mm。     

Antibacterial Activity and Mechanism of Oxidized Bacterial Nanocellulose with Different Carboxyl Content

Oxidized bacterial nanocellulose (OBC) is reported to prevent microbial growth, but its antibacterial characteristics and mechanism are still unclear. Here, the antibacterial mechanism of OBC is explored by detecting and assessing the interaction of OBC with different carboxyl content on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results show that OBC has strong antibacterial activity and antibiofilm activity against S. aureus and E. coli, which is positively correlated with the carboxyl content of OBC. After OBC treatment, the bacteria adhesion is inhibited and the cell membrane is destroyed leading to increased permeability. Further investigation reveals that the concentration of cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) that induced biofilm formation is significantly decreased to 1.81 pmol mg⁻¹ after OBC treatment. In addition, OBC inactivates mature biofilms, with inactivation rates up to 79.3%. This study suggests that OBC has excellent antibacterial and antiadhesion properties, which can increase the cell membrane permeability and inhibit c-di-GMP formation. In addition, OBC also has a strong inactivation effect on mature biofilm, which can be used as an effective antibiofilm agent.     

Dual‐Mode Antibacterial Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy

In this work, dual‐mode antibacterial conjugated polymer nanoparticles (DMCPNs) combined with photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) are designed and explored for efficient killing of ampicillin‐resistant Escherichia coli (Amp^r E. coli). The DMCPNs are self‐assembled into nanoparticles with a size of 50.4 ± 0.6 nm by co‐precipitation method using the photothermal agent poly(diketopyrrolopyrrole‐thienothiophene) (PDPPTT) and the photosensitizer poly[2‐methoxy‐5‐((2‐ethylhexyl)oxy)‐p‐phenylenevinylene] (MEH‐PPV) in the presence of poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride) which makes nanoparticles disperse well in water via hydrophobic interactions. Thus, DMCPNs simultaneously possess photothermal effect and the ability of sensitizing oxygen in the surrounding to generate reactive oxygen species upon the illumination of light, which could easily damage resistant bacteria. Under combined irradiation of near‐infrared light (550 mW cm^?2, 5 min) and white light (65 mW cm^?2, 5 min), DMCPNs with a concentration of 9.6 × 10^?4 µm could reach a 93% inhibition rate against Amp^r E. coli, which is higher than the efficiency treated by PTT or PDT alone. The dual‐mode nanoparticles provide potential for treating pathogenic infections induced by resistant microorganisms in clinic.