甲烷氯代反应条件的系统化探究与教学实施策略的优化

甲烷氯代反应是高中化学教学中成功率较低的实验。系统探索了温度、光照条件、反应物比例对该反应过程和结果的影响,研究发现,阳光或高压汞灯照射是反应快速进行的必要条件,温度在25 ℃以上能加快反应进行,甲烷与氯气体积比为1:3能提高氯代反应的程度。在进行甲烷氯代反应的实验教学中,应基于以上该反应条件的探究结果制定符合具体情况要求的优化实施策略。     

1,1,1-三氟-2-甲基-2-丙醇合成工艺研究

以氯甲烷(2)为原料制备甲基氯化镁格氏试剂;以三氯化镓为催化剂,甲基氯化镁与1,1,1-三氟丙酮(3)反应,经水解制得1,1,1-三氟-2-甲基-2-丙醇(1).产物结构经1 H-NMR、13 C-NMR、19 F-NMR及MS表征;通过单因素、正交实验和放大重复性实验确定了最佳反应条件:溶剂为正丁醚、格氏试剂浓度3 ...     

三(4-硝基苯基)甲醇及其氯化物的合成与表征

以三苯甲烷为原料,经硝化、氧化和氯化三步反应合成了三(4-硝基苯基)甲烷(TNPM),三(4-硝基苯基)甲醇(TNPMO)和三(4-硝基苯基)氯甲烷(TNPMCl)等一系列三芳基甲烷类化合物.三苯甲烷经混酸硝化制备TNPM;然后经CrO3/冰醋酸氧化生成TNPMO,最后与乙酰氯反应得到TNPMCl.各步产物的结构经核磁共振与红外光谱进行了表征.     

高分子造纸助剂的设计及作用机理研究Ⅱ.用XPS解析N-氯代聚丙烯酰胺与水和醇的反应

用X 射线光电子能谱仪 (XPS)对聚丙烯酰胺的部分N 氯代衍生物 (简称N 氯代聚丙烯酰胺 )与水、1 丙醇的反应产物进行了表征 .实验结果表明 ,在弱碱性水溶液中N 氯代聚丙烯酰胺 (N Cl PAM)的N 氯代酰胺基的 93%转化成—CONHCONH—结构 ,而在 1 丙醇水溶液中 ,91 8%的N 氯代酰胺基转化为—CONHCONH—和—NHCOO—结构 ,二者比例为 78 0∶13 8.可以推论N Cl PAM在中性造纸条件下 ,可通过自身结合形成网络结构或与纤维羟基反应形成共价键 ,从而达到增强纸的干、湿强度效果     

铁(Ⅲ)催化氯代炔烃水化反应合成α-氯代甲基酮类化合物

研究了Fe(Ⅲ)催化氯代炔烃水化生成α-氯代甲基酮化合物的反应, 考察了催化剂的种类、 酸的种类、 反应温度以及溶剂对反应的影响.结果表明, 采用FeCl₃·6H₂O(摩尔分数5%)和甲基磺酸(摩尔分数20%), 在1,2-二氯乙烷溶剂中, 氯代炔烃于80 ℃进行水化反应3 h, 可以高产率得到α-氯代甲基酮产物. 所得化合物的结构采用IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR及MS等方法进行了表征. 该水化反应合成方法简单、 条件温和且收率良好, 为合成α-氯代甲基酮提供了一种简便途径.     

SAPO-34分子筛中多甲基苯分子与卤代甲烷偕甲基化反应的密度泛函理论研究

利用周期性密度泛函理论研究了SAPO-34分子筛催化转化卤代甲烷制取低碳烯烃反应的碳池主要成分多甲基苯分子的偕甲基化反应。氯甲烷和溴甲烷分子在SAPO-34分子筛内的吸附能分别是–18和–22 kJ/mol,由于氯和溴原子相似的电负性,氯甲烷和溴甲烷分子的吸附能并未被精确区分。以氯甲烷和溴甲烷为甲基化试剂,得到了几种多甲基苯分子的偕甲基化反应能及能垒,结果表明,六甲基苯分子(HMB)的偕甲基化反应为放热反应,而其余甲基苯分子的偕甲基化反应为吸热反应。对于上述两种甲基化试剂,体积最大的HMB均表现出最低的偕甲基化反应能垒,这可能是由于分子筛骨架与多甲基苯分子之间的静电相互作用增强了HMB的反应活性所致。     

SAPO-34分子筛中多甲基苯分子与卤代甲烷偕甲基化反应的密度泛函理论研究（英文）

利用周期性密度泛函理论研究了SAPO-34分子筛催化转化卤代甲烷制取低碳烯烃反应的碳池主要成分多甲基苯分子的偕甲基化反应.氯甲烷和溴甲烷分子在SAPO-34分子筛内的吸附能分别是–18和–22 kJ/mol,由于氯和溴原子相似的电负性,氯甲烷和溴甲烷分子的吸附能并未被精确区分.以氯甲烷和溴甲烷为甲基化试剂,得到了几种多甲基苯分子的偕甲基化反应能及能垒,结果表明,六甲基苯分子(HMB)的偕甲基化反应为放热反应,而其余甲基苯分子的偕甲基化反应为吸热反应.对于上述两种甲基化试剂,体积最大的HMB均表现出最低的偕甲基化反应能垒,这可能是由于分子筛骨架与多甲基苯分子之间的静电相互作用增强了HMB的反应活性所致.     

4,4′-联苯二甲酸合成工艺研究

以医药中间体合成过程中产生的副产物4,4′-二甲基联苯为原料,经氯代反应生成4,4′-双(三氯甲基)联苯,然后水解制得4,4′-联苯二甲酸;对氯代反应的历程进行了探讨,并通过正交实验考察了反应参数对4,4′-联苯二甲酸收率的影响,得到了优化工艺条件,优化工艺条件下的验证实验表明:反应总收率达到93.40%,纯度达99.20%。采用IR、~1HNMR对产物的结构进行表征,通过HPLC对生成的4,4′-联苯二甲酸的纯度进行测定。该合成工艺具有环境友好、工艺操作简单、转化率及收率高、经济性好等优点,适合工业化大规模生产。     

铁(Ⅲ)催化氯代炔烃水化反应合成α-氯代甲基酮类化合物

研究了Fe(Ⅲ)催化氯代炔烃水化生成α-氯代甲基酮化合物的反应,考察了催化剂的种类、酸的种类、反应温度以及溶剂对反应的影响.结果表明,采用Fe Cl3·6H2O(摩尔分数5%)和甲基磺酸(摩尔分数20%),在1,2-二氯乙烷溶剂中,氯代炔烃于80℃进行水化反应3 h,可以高产率得到α-氯代甲基酮产物.所得化合物的结构采用IR,1H NMR,13C NMR及MS等方法进行了表征.该水化反应合成方法简单、条件温和且收率良好,为合成α-氯代甲基酮提供了一种简便途径.     

C_（60）与某些有机小分子的气相离子－分子反应

Ｃ_（６０）与某些有机小分子的气相离子－分子反应中国科学院长春应化所刘淑莹教授等发现气相Ｃ６。在化学电离质谱中分别与３种氯代甲烷和４种氯代乙烷的分子离子及其碎片离子发生气相离子－分子反应，观察到Ｃ。０的几十种气相加合离子（其中大多数为含氯原子的）。通?..     

氯化聚乙烯弹性体的固相法合成

讨论了以固相法合成氯化聚乙烯（ＣＰＥ）弹性体的过程．实验结果表明，以固相氯化反应所得的ＣＰＥ，其大分子链上Ｃｌ取代基的分布比水相悬浮法更均匀．氯化过程的温度直接影响氯化速度及分子结构，如残留结晶、氯分布等．而聚乙烯颗粒表面与内部的氯化程度取决于氯化速度．大分子链上Ｃｌ取代基对邻近基团的氯化起阻碍作用     

Methyl chloride production from methane over lanthanum-based catalysts

The mechanism of selective production of methyl chloride by a reaction of methane, hydrogen chloride, and oxygen over lanthanum-based catalysts was studied. The results suggest that methane activation proceeds through oxidation-reduction reactions on the surface of catalysts with an irreducible metal-lanthanum, which is significantly different from known mechanisms for oxidative chlorination. Activity and spectroscopic measurements show that lanthanum oxychloride (LaOCl), lanthanum trichloride (LaCl3), and lanthanum phases with an intermediate extent of chlorination are all active for this reaction. The catalyst is stable with no noticeable deactivation after three weeks of testing. Kinetic measurements suggest that methane activation proceeds on the surface of the catalyst. Flow and pulse experiments indicate that the presence of hydrogen chloride is not required for activity, and its role appears to be limited to maintaining the extent of catalyst chlorination. In contrast, the presence of gas-phase oxygen is essential for catalytic activity. Density-functional theory calculations suggest that oxygen can activate surface chlorine species by adsorbing dissociatively and forming OCl surface species, which can serve as an active site for methane activation. The proposed mechanism, thus, involves changing of the formal oxidation state of surface chlorine from -1 to +1 without any changes in the oxidation state of the underlying metal.     

天然胶乳氯化反应历程研究

采用红外光谱和化学分析方法 ,对天然胶乳的氯化反应进行了跟踪分析 ,其反应历程应与溶液法工艺氯化历程相似 :1)取代氯化和环化 ,由Cl+ 进攻天然橡胶分子 ,产生的最初取代 ,伴随环化 ,导致二个异戊二烯单元中一个CC双键转化为C—C单键 ;2 )加成 消除 ,伴随C—C基团的转移 ;3)纯粹取代 .但胶乳法在第三步“纯粹取代”的同时 ,生成了一定量的叔碳C—Cl键 ;红外光谱还跟踪纪录了胶乳法CNR中ClCCO和ClC—COOH基团的生成 ,此二点为胶乳法CNR和溶液法CNR结构上最大的不同之处 ,也是导致胶乳法CNR稳定性差于溶液法CNR的主要因素 .从1 3C NMR对胶乳法CNR分析得出样品中含有的伯、仲、叔碳C—Cl键的比例 ,结合IR光谱和裂解色谱 质谱分析 ,得出胶乳法CNR氯化反应的历程 ,氯原子的取代与加成顺序 ;并由结果分析可知 ,胶乳法CNR的结构不如溶液法CNR规整 ,其主要原因为氯化起始阶段有HOCl加成、生成了较多的叔碳C—Cl键以及氯化后期有一定量的ClCCO和ClC—COOH基团生成 .此外 ,还得出结论 :胶乳法制备CNR的氯化反应在所有的NR分子上均匀发生 .     

Kinetics of the gas-phase thermal chlorination of methane

Based on information concerning the rate constants of elementary steps corrected with consideration for experimental data obtained under laboratory, pilot-plant, and industrial conditions, the kinetics of the gas-phase process of thermal chlorination of methane was considered. The form of the rate equation of the process depends on the mode of chain termination. Of four possible variants, cross termination with the participation of a chlorine atom and a hydrocarbon radical and quadratic-law termination on hydrocarbon radicals are significant under industrial conditions. The fractions of the participation of either of these variants at various degrees of chlorine conversion were determined. Rate equations were found to describe the chlorination of methane, methyl chloride, methylene chloride, and chloroform with cross and quadratic-law chain terminations. The overall kinetic order of these equations with respect to reactants was 1.5. Combined equations that imply the simultaneous occurrence of cross and quadratic-law chain terminations were proposed.     

饮用水新型含氮消毒副产物卤乙酰胺稳定性研究

饮用水氯化消毒工艺向氯胺消毒工艺的转变, 降低了三卤甲烷(THM)和卤乙酸(HAA)等消毒副产物(DBP)的浓度, 但增加了毒性更强的含氮消毒副产物(N-DBP)含量, 卤乙酰胺(HAcAm)便是其中的代表. 本研究结合线性自由能关系(LFER)理论, 考察了HAcAm在不同pH条件下的水解特性, 以及不同氯投加量条件下的氯化特性, 并探讨了HAcAm的水解和氯化反应路径. 结果表明, 在较强的酸性条件下(pH＝4)二氯乙酰胺(DCAcAm)将发生水解反应, pH＝5时DCAcAm较为稳定, 三氯乙酰胺(TCAcAm)在酸性条件下未产生明显的水解现象; 碱性环境中TCAcAm和DCAcAm皆发生明显水解反应, 反应符合一级动力学, 保存DCAcAm和TCAcAm水样时需调pH至5左右. 氯化消毒会产生较高浓度的THM和HAA, 但可能会缩减毒性更强的HAcAm等N-DBP在饮用水中的含量. pH＝10时TCAcAm水解后快速生成三氯乙酸(TCAA); 而对于氯化反应, TCAcAm与HOCl反应生成较为稳定的中间产物Cl-N-TCAcAm, 当HOCl浓度较高时, Cl-N-TCAcAm进一步与HOCl反应生成TCAA.     

Preparation and structure of chlorinated poly(vinyl flouride)

The low-temperature chlorination of poly(vinyl fluoride) (PVF) proceeds readily in CCl₄ suspension. The rate of chlorination is high initially, but the reaction slows down considerably when the chlorine content of the polymer reaches 40–50%. At long reaction times, polymers containing 62% chlorine (1.88 chlorine atoms per monomer unit) can be obtained. As the degree of chlorination increases, the solubility of PVF in organic solvents increases. Polymer crystallinity and polymer softening point decrease with chlorination. Polymers containing 40% chlorine appear to be completely amorphous by x-ray analysis. In this respect, PVF differs from poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), where chlorination increases the softening point, and it resembles polyethylene where both crystallinity and softening point decrease with chlorination. ¹⁹F NMR analysis of the polymers indicates that up to a degree of chlorination of 1 chlorine atom per monomer unit, 50% of the substitution occurs on the α-carbon of the PVF molecule. This result is very different from the predominant β-chlorination of PVC reported by several workers. The chemical selectivity observed in the chlorination of PVF is in quantitative agreement with the results of free-radical chlorination of organic compounds and can be rationalized by considering the size and the electronic properties of the fluorine atom. The results of ¹H NMR analysis are also in support of a polymer structure where the chlorine atoms are distributed between α- and β-carbons. Based on a comparison of the ¹⁹F and ¹H NMR data, the average composition of chlorinated PVF at the 1 chlorine atom per monomer unit level can be represented as: C₂₀₀H₂₀₀F₁₀₀Cl₁₀₀ = (CH₂)₆₃(CHF)₅₀(CHCl)₂₄(CClF)₅₀-(CCl₂)₁₃.     

Radiochemical determination of low unsaturations in polyisobutene. Stoichiometry of the reaction between chlorine and branched double bonds

In a previous paper, the radiochemical determination of low unsaturation in polyisobutene was effected by reacting radiochlorine with the double bonds. The reaction is one of substitution rather than addition, and the derivation of true unsaturation values required an assumption to be made regarding the number of chlorine atoms (one or two) incorporated per double bond. In this paper the assumption is tested by examining the stoichiometry of the chlorination of suitable model compounds of known or measurable unsaturation under the experimental conditions used previously. It is found that reaction leads to a monochloro product rather than the dichloro product previously assumed. Conclusions regarding the chain termination process in isobutene polymerization are re-examined in the light of this result.     

Synthesis, Properties, and Reactions of 5-Substituted Derivatives of 2,3-Diphenylquinoxaline [1]

Catalytic hydrogenation of 5-nitro-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline led to the corresponding amine which, in turn, afforded products of nucleophilic substitution on reaction with alkoxymethylene derivatives. Thermal cyclization of selected alkoxymethylene derivatives yielded substituted pyridoquinoxalines. The conditions for successful hydrolysis of ester, decarboxylation of the acid, following chlorination of pyridone and reductive removal of the chlorine atom from it to produce parental heterocycle 2,3-diphenyl-pyrido[2,3-f]quinoxaline were found. All of the tested products of the nucleophilic substitution showed no antibacterial activity.     

Chlorinated polyethylene. II. Chlorine distribution on the polymer chains

The nature of substitution in a slurry-phase chlorination of high-density polyethylene was studied using NMR and IR spectroscopy. The ratios of γ (or greater) methylenes were obtained from the NMR at different chlorine levels and compared with the theoretically predicted values based on a statistical treatment for substitution polymers. The results indicted that, unlike chlorosulfonated polyethylene, chlorinated polyethylene shows a hindered-type substitution. Molecular weight of the parent polyethylene, the degree of chlorination and the degree of residual crystallinity of the samples have no bearing on the type of substitution.     

Fused-s-triazino heterocycles. XI. Displacement reactions of 7,9-dichloro-2,5-bis(trichloromethyl)-1,3,4,6,9b-pentaazaphenalene

The preparation of 7,9-dichloro-2,5-bis(trichloromethyl)-1,3,4,6,9b-pentaazaphenalene ( 1e ) by the chlorination of 2-trichloromethyl-5-methyl-1,3,4,6,9b-pentaazaphenalene ( 1a ) using molecular chlorine is described. Displacement of one or both trichloromethyl groups of 1e by a variety of nucleophiles led to the corresponding 7,9-dichloro-2,5-bis-substituted or 7,9-dichloro mixed 2,5-disubstituted derivatives. The reaction of 1a with N-chlorosuccinimide proved not to be a useful route to 1e but instead led primarily to substitution of positions 7 and/or 9 by chlorine.