浆态床合成二甲醚复合催化剂失活原因探索

在反应温度260 ℃、压力5.0 MPa的条件下,对浆态床反应器中二甲醚合成复合催化剂的失活规律进行了研究.结果表明,Cu基催化剂失活较快是导致浆态床二甲醚合成催化剂不稳定的主要原因.通过分析Cu基催化剂在浆态床反应器和固定床反应器中的活性变化规律,发现在浆态床反应器中不能及时导出反应体系的H2O对催化剂的毒副作用导致了浆态床Cu基催化剂快速失活.对失活催化剂进行的TPR、XRD和SEM-EDS表征结果可以看出,Cu粒子的长大和积炭是Cu基催化剂失活的重要原因,与已有文献报道不同的是并未发现明显的Cu元素流失.     

Cu助剂的加入方式对铁基催化剂F-T合成性能的影响

采用不同的沉淀方式与喷雾干燥成型技术相结合的方法制备了系列微球状FeCuK/SiO2催化剂,结合H2-TPR和M(o)ssbauer谱等表征手段,研究Cu助剂的加入方式对铁基催化剂物相结构、还原和碳化行为以及F-T合成性能的影响.催化剂在浆态床反应器中以接近F-T合成实际工况条件(250℃、1.5 MPa、H2/CO=...     

浆态床合成二甲醚复合催化剂失活原因探索

在反应温度260℃、压力5.0MPa的条件下,对浆态床反应器中二甲醚合成复合催化剂的失活规律进行了研究。结果表明, Cu基催化剂失活较快是导致浆态床二甲醚合成催化剂不稳定的主要原因。通过分析Cu基催化剂在浆态床反应器和固定床反应器中的活性变化规律,发现在浆态床反应器中不能及时导出反应体系的H2O对催化剂的毒副作用导致了浆态床Cu基催化剂快速失活。对失活催化剂进行的TPR、XRD和SEM EDS表征结果可以看出,Cu粒子的长大和积炭是Cu基催化剂失活的重要原因,与已有文献报道不同的是并未发现明显的Cu元素流失。     

一种改进的脱水方式对费托合成铁基催化剂结构性质与催化性能的影响

研究了一种改进的脱水方式对费托(F-T)合成铁基催化剂结构性质与催化性能的影响.在n(H2)/n(CO)=0.67,WHSV=1000 h-1,p=1.5 MPa和t=250 ℃的条件下对催化剂进行了浆态床F-T合成反应性能评价实验,并采用低温N2物理吸附、X射线衍射、原子发射光谱、X射线光电子能谱、氨程序升温脱附、穆斯堡尔谱和高分辨透射电镜等技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,水处理和二次干燥得到的催化剂比表面积增加,颗粒减小,铁氧化物的分散程度增大,其表面的SiO2/Fe比例明显减小;该催化剂F-T合成反应活性有所增加;表面酸性有所增强,导致烃产物选择性向低碳数方向偏移.     

工业固定床Fe-Cu-K催化剂浆态床F-T合成适应性研究

采用连续搅拌釜式反应器,在接近F-T合成实际工况下考察了工业固定床Fe-Cu-K催化剂浆态床F-T合成反应性能，研究反应温度、压力、原料气空速和氢碳摩尔比等操作参数对催化剂反应活性、产物选择性和稳定性的影响，实验总运转时间达2 500 h；同时采用扫描电镜技术（SEM）对催化剂的抗磨损性能进行了研究，结果表明，操作参数对催化剂的活性、选择性和目标产物产率有较大的影响，工业固定床Fe-Cu-K催化剂具有一定的抗磨损性能，F-T合成烃产物分布合理；催化剂具有较高的稳定性，在589 h的稳定条件运行内，催化剂的失活速率为0.23%/d（以CO转化率的降低计）；在整个运行期间CH4选择性维持在较低的水平。     

浆态床FT合成中铁催化剂的穆斯堡尔谱

浆态床ＦＴ合成中铁催化剂的穆斯堡尔谱赵玉龙，李哲（中国科学院山西煤炭化学研究所煤转化国家重点实验室，太原）（中国科学院地质研究所，北京）关键词穆斯堡尔谱，铁催化剂，浆态床ＦＴ合成ＦＴ合成铁系催化剂的穆斯堡尔谱的研究工作已经发表很多，但是浆态操作条件下...     

循环气流床反应器甲醇合成研究

1975年美国Chem Systems Inc公司提出液相法甲醇合成工艺的概念,采用导热性能优良的液体作为热载体,床层温度均匀易控,从而可提高原料气的单程转化率,出口甲醇质量分数可达到15％。传统浆态床反应器相对固定床虽然具有良好的传热性能,温度分布比较均匀,但是浆态床由于液体溶剂的存在以及气体分布不均匀,给传质过程带来了负面影响,增加了体系的复杂性。尽管优化气体分布器结构,可以起到改善传质的效果,但是还是无法明显改善传统浆态床内气液传质性能,反应器内固体沉积团聚严重。循环气流床通过循环泵的强制循环和喷嘴的雾化作用,相比如传统浆态床反应器,具有良好的传质能力、固体悬浮,并且能有效地减少轴向返混,具有相间接触充分、气液比（气固比）调节灵活、催化剂利用率高等特点。本实验研究了空速、循环量、喷嘴个数、催化剂浓度对甲醇合成的影响,为以后反应器的放大优化提供基础数据。     

浆态反应器中铁／活性炭催化剂上还原研究

众所周知，费托合成（Fischer-Tropsch synthesis,FTS)反应是一个有理论与应用价值的研究课题。数十年来，学者们已发现了铁系，钴系和钌系等具有优良FTS反应性能的催化剂体系，铁／活性炭（Fe/Activated Carbon,AC)催化剂是中国科学院大连化学物理研究所八十年代末开发的一类费托合成催化剂，由于活性炭载体发达的孔结构使得该催化剂上FTS反应产物中汽油，柴油选择性高（烃类碳数小于20）和油收率大（C5^ ,112g/m^3 sysgaa)^[1,2]，具有工业放大前景。本文采用1L浆态床反应器，应用不同的还原方法（原位高压还原和反应器外还原）和XRD物相表征手段，了铁／活性炭催化剂在浆态床中的还原与反应问题，得到了一些有用的信息。     

CO和H_2在沉淀铁催化剂上的化学吸附和程序升温脱附

铁催化剂是一种重要的F-T 合成催化剂。本文的目的是通过CO 和H_2在浆态相F-T合成采用的无载体沉淀铁催化剂上的化学吸附和程序升温脱附(TPD)的实验结果,考察钾的加入对催化剂性能的影响。实验采用共沉淀法制备的Fe-Cu(Fe65w%;Cu 0.6w%,其余为平衡氧)和Fe-Cu-K(Fe,Cu 含量同上,K0.1w%,其余为平衡氧)两种催化剂。程序升温脱附实验在装有四极质谱仪的吸附-解吸系统内进行。化学吸附用Chemisorb 2800装置测     

Mn助剂加入方式对铁基催化剂F-T合成性能的影响

采用连续共沉淀与喷雾干燥成型技术相结合的方法制备了系列微球状Fe/Mn/K催化剂,结合H2 DTG、CO TPR、Mossbauer谱等表征手段,研究了Mn助剂的加入方式对铁基催化剂物相结构、还原和碳化行为以及F-T合成性能的影响。催化剂在浆态床反应器中以接近F-T合成实际工况条件 (250℃、1.5MPa、H2/CO=0.67和2.0L /(gcat·h)) 进行评价。结果表明,以共沉淀方式加入Mn助剂具有较强的Fe Mn相互作用,从而抑制了催化剂的还原和碳化,降低了催化剂的活性,提高了催化剂的稳定性。而以部分共沉淀和黏结剂方式加入Mn助剂促进了催化剂的还原和碳化,提高了反应活性加速了催化剂的失活。与共沉淀Mn相比,部分共沉淀和黏结剂Mn提高了重质烃和烯烃的选择性,同时抑制了有机含氧化合物的生成。     

Modeling of Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis in a Slurry Reactor with Water Permeable Membrane

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is an important chemical process for the production of liquid fuels and olefins. In recent years, the abundant availability of natural gas and the increasing demand of olefins, diesel, and waxes have led to a high interest to further develop this process. A mathematical model of a slurry membrane reactor used for syngas polymerization was developed to simulate and compare the maximum yields and operating conditions in the reactor with that in a conventional slurry reactor. The carbon polymerization was studied from a modeling point of view in a slurry reactor with a water permeable membrane and a conventional slurry reactor. Simulation results show that different parameters affect syngas conversion and carbon product distribution, such as the hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio, and the membrane parameters such as membrane permeance.     

SLURRY FISCHER-TROPSCH/ZSM-5 TWO-STAGE PROCESS OF CONVERTING SYNGAS TO GASOLINE Ⅱ. REACTOR-WAX WITHDRAWAL AND LONG-TERM TEST

IotroductionDuetotheuniquefcauresoftheslunyF-TreaCtor.synthesisgaswithH2/COmolarratioaslowas0.6tO0.7canbcdirectlyused,providedthatthcF-Tcatalysthaswaer-gas-shiftreaCtion4ctivity.ThesclowH2/C0ratiogascscangcnerallybeobtainedfrOmtheadVantalcoalgasificaions}'stemswhichhavchighthermalefficicncyandarepoentiallylowercostthancurrentonc.C0nsCquentl}',acombinationofthcseadvanccdcoalgasificaionsystcmsw'iththeFischcr-TroPschlZSM-5two-stwetechnologyconStitUtesanovelandlowercostrouteofconvcrtingco…     

鼓泡浆态床费托合成（FTS）的模拟：数值分析

建立了浆态床反应器模型,该模型考虑了气相、液相的轴向分散及催化剂沿床层的非均匀分布。通过与Ｒｈｅｉｎｐｒｅｕｓｅｎ－Ｋｏｐｐｅｒｓ示范厂文献实验数据的对比,检验了模型的有效性。依据模型,计算分析了反应物、产物的浓度分布,气液两相的Ｈ２／ＣＯ变化及ＦＴＳ与ＷＧＳ对合成气转化的贡献。模拟结果给出了浆态床为何能够利用贫氢合成气的合理解释     

含氮合成气在三相淤浆床－固定床中直接合成二甲醚

在三相淤浆床－固定床反应装置中，研究含氮合成气直接合成二甲醚。使用双功能混合催化剂，粒度为0.15 mm～0.18 mm。在220 ℃～260 ℃、3.0 MPa～7.0 MPa、空速1 000 mL·g-1·h-1时考察了温度、压力及两种反应器中催化剂的装填比例对CO转化率及二甲醚选择性的影响。结果表明，一氧化碳转化率随反应压力的增加而提高，随着温度升高二甲醚的选择性变化不大，CO转化率的升高较明显，因此在催化剂活性适宜的温度范围内，该反应装置可以采用较高的反应温度。当260 ℃、7.0 MPa、三相床与固定床中催化剂比例为1∶1时，CO的转化率可达84.5％，二甲醚的选择性为78.7％。淤浆床－固定床反应装置具有操作稳定性好、CO转化率高的优点。催化剂在该装置中反应370 h活性没有明显下降。     

Influence of the Feed Gas Composition on the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis in Commercial Operations

Key technical challenges relating to the Fischer-Tropsch(F-T)synthesis applied in the commer- cialization of coal/gas-to-liquids(CTL/GTL)technolo- gies have been reviewed.Based on the experiences ac- cumulated from pilot plant,semi-work test and lab re- searches,the influences of the H_2/CO ratio and the CO_2 in the feed gas on the F-T process as well as on CTL/GTL complex in terms of product yields,energy efficiency and carbon utilization efficiency have been studied.Being contrary to the current design schemes for F-T process using the coat derived syngas and the iron-based cata- lyst,it is suggested to feed the F-T synthesis unit with a syngas having a H_2/CO ratio of 0.5 and then adjusting to 1.4 via the recycling process.As a result,the carbon efficiency of the whole plant could be reached to as high as 50%.For the issue of CO_2 addition to the feed gas, it is proved that only a diluting role is played under the current commercial slurry phase F-T process.     

F-T合成沉淀铁系催化剂的原位再生(英文)

Ｆ－Ｔ合成沉淀铁系催化剂在３ ０００小时工业单管模试反应器中进行了三次原位再生试验。用自产的Ｃ６—Ｃ１１馏分油在接近其临界点的条件下对催化剂进行处理,然后用Ｈ２或合成气还原。经过上述再生处理,催化剂床层压降从１．０ ＭＰａ降至０．１ＭＰａ,催化剂反应性能同时得到恢复。还讨论了导致催化剂失活和催化剂床层压降增加的原因。     

Fischer-Tropsch slurry process for small- and medium-scale plants processing associated petroleum gas

The Fischer-Tropsch three-phase synthesis (slurry process) as one of the simplest and most technologically flexible options for processing of associated petroleum gas into motor fuels and products of the basic organic synthesis is described. The process has the following advantages: a high yield of the desired products due to complete conversion of syngas; flexibility of the source syngas composition; simplicity of the equipment manufacturing; operational reliability of the equipment and non-rigid operational conditions; a stable temperature regime in the reactor; the absence of abrasive deterioration; a possibility of continuous replacement and repeated regeneration of the catalyst; and reliable heat removal together with a small area of the cooling surface.     

Effects of pretreatment and reduction on the Co/Al2O3 catalyst for CO hydrogenation

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of preadsorbed CO at different temperatures, calcination temperatures, the combined influence of reduction temperature and time, and pretreatment using hydrogen or syngas as reduction agents on the F-T synthesis （FTS） activity and selectivity of Co/Al2O3 catalyst. The reactivity of the carbon species at higher preadsorption temperature with H2 in TPSR decreased, whereas the carbon-containing species showed higher reactivity over Co/Al2O3 catalyst with low calcination temperature. This agreed well with the order of catalytic activity for F-T synthesis on this catalyst. The catalytic activity of the catalyst varied with reduction temperature and time remarkably. CODEX optimization gave an optimum reduction temperature of 756 K and reduction time of 6.2 h and estimated C5＋ yield perfectly. The pretreatment of Co/Al2O3 catalyst with different reduction agents （hydrogen or syngas） showed important influences on the catalytic performance. A high CO conversion and C5＋ yield were obtained on the catalyst reduced by hydrogen, whereas methane selectivity on the catalyst reduced by syngas was much higher than that on the catalyst reduced by hydrogen.     

Mathematical modeling of a slurry reactor for DME direct synthesis from syngas

In this paper,an axial dispersion mathematical model is developed to simulate a three-phase slurry bubble column reactor for direct synthesis of dimethyl ether(DME) from syngas.This large-scale reactor is modeled using mass and energy balances,catalyst sedimentation andsingle-bubble as well as two-bubbles class flow hydrodynamics.A comparison between the two hydrodynamic models through pilot plantexperimental data from the literature shows that heterogeneous two-bubbles flow model is in better agreement with the experimental data thanhomogeneous single-bubble gas flow model.Also,by investigating the heterogeneous gas flow and axial dispersion model for small bubblesas well as the large bubbles and slurry(i.e.including paraffins and the catalyst) phase,the temperature profile along the reactor is obtained.Acomparison between isothermal and non-isothermal reactors reveals no obvious performance difference between them.The optimum values ofreactor diameter and height were obtained at 7 m and 50 m,respectively.The effects of operating variables on the axial catalyst distribution,DME productivity and CO conversion are also investigated in this research.