萘在贵金属Pd、Pt及Pd-Pt催化剂上的加氢活性及耐硫性能

采用等体积浸渍法制备了SiO2-Al2O3负载的Pd、Pt单金属催化剂及Pd/Pt摩尔比分别为1∶1、1∶4、4∶1的双金属催化剂(Pd1Pt1、Pd1Pt4、Pd4Pt1),对其进行X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、CO化学吸附和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征,并详细考察了各催化剂的萘加氢活性和耐硫性能.结果表明,在实验考察范围内,Pd4Pt1催化剂上的萘转化率最高可达98.2%,全饱和产物十氢萘选择性最高可达93.6%,十氢萘反/顺生成率之比最高可达7.8,均高于单金属Pd(97.5%,59.1%,4.3)和Pt(96.8%,39.9%,2.9)催化剂的值.萘在三种催化剂上的加氢速率顺序为vPd4Pt1vPdvPt.添加二苯并噻吩(DBT)后Pd4Pt1上的萘转化率和十氢萘选择性仍然最高,十氢萘反/顺比在Pt催化剂上不受影响,在Pd4Pt1催化剂上稍有降低,而在Pd催化剂上降低明显.在三种不同Pd/Pt摩尔比的双金属催化剂中,Pd4Pt1催化剂上的萘转化率和十氢萘选择性在添加DBT前后都是最佳的.     

溶剂化金属原子浸渍法制备纳米粒子Pd/γ-Al2O3低温CO氧化催化剂

用溶剂化金属原子浸渍法制备了不同钯含量的高分散Pd/γ-Al2O3催化剂,XRD和化学吸收测定结果表明,随着钯含量的增加,钯颗粒度增大,但直径都在2.0～6.0nm范围内.XPS研究表明,钯处于金属态.Pd/γ-Al2O3在较低温度下就显示出CO氧化催化活性,在453K时CO的转化率都可达到1∞%,随着钯粒度减小,催化活性升高,钯颗粒度为2.1nm的Pd/γ-Al2O3催化剂活性最高     

多环芳烃在贵金属催化剂上竞争加氢反应的研究

采用水蒸汽脱铝获得了超稳Y载体, 并用离子交换法制备了金属含量约为0.8 wt%的双贵金属催化剂. 用NH₃程序升温脱附、X射线衍射、N₂吸附-脱附等方法表征了载体和催化剂. 以萘、蒽、芘加氢为模型反应, 在高压反应釜中研究了催化剂的加氢活性以及它们之间竞争加氢的反应. 结果表明, 催化剂具有深度加氢的能力. 萘与蒽竞争加氢的结果表明, 蒽的加氢活性高于萘加氢活性, 并且蒽抑制萘加氢, 萘抑制了八氢蒽向全氢蒽的转化. 说明对于分子动力学直径相当的混合体系中, 多环物质抑制少环物质的加氢. 分子动力学直径不同的萘与芘加氢结果表明, 萘的转化率始终高于芘的转化率, 并且单和混合体系中萘和芘的转化率变化程度不大, 说明分子能否扩散进入分子筛孔道内也是影响加氢活性的重要因素.     

载体对钯催化剂催化苯酚加氢制环己酮性能的影响

分别以MgO,-γAl2O3和镁铝水滑石(HT)为载体,PdCl2为活性金属前驱体,采用等体积浸渍法制得Pd质量分数为0.5%的Pd/MgO,Pd/Al2O3和Pd/HT催化剂,考察了它们对苯酚加氢制环己酮的催化活性和选择性.采用X射线衍射、N2吸附、H2程序升温脱附、CO2程序升温脱附和X射线光电子能谱等手段对这些催化剂进行了表征,并与催化活性和选择性关联.实验结果表明,载体的平均孔径越大,催化剂的表面Pd含量越高,催化剂表面的碱中心越多,则越有利于氢和苯酚在催化剂表面的吸附,从而提高苯酚的转化率和环己酮选择性.在反应温度为130℃,H2与苯酚摩尔比为4,LHSV为0.19 h-1的条件下,0.5%Pd/HT催化剂上苯酚的转化率可达90%,环己酮的选择性可达97%以上.     

溶剂化金属原子浸渍法制备纳米粒子Pd/γ-Al2O3低温CO氧化催化剂

用溶剂化金属原子浸渍法制备了不同钯含量的高分散Pd/γ-Al2O3催化剂,XRD和化学吸收测定结果表明,随着钯含量的增加,钯颗粒度增大,但直径都在2.0～6.0nm范围内.XPS研究表明,钯处于金属态.Pd/γ-Al2O3在较低温度下就显示出CO氧化催化活性,在453K时CO的转化率都可达到1∞%,随着钯粒度减小,催化活性升高,钯颗粒度为2.1nm的Pd/γ-Al2O3催化剂活性最高     

壳聚糖负载Pd催化剂的制备和在苯乙酮手性加氢中的作用

将天然手性高分子聚合物壳聚糖(CS)负载到SiO2上制得CS-SiO2载体，通过配位反应将Pd链接到该载体上，制得多相Pd-CS-SiO2手性加氢催化剂．以苯乙酮不对称氢转移加氢为模型反应，在空气氛围中研究了Pd-CS-SiO2的催化反应性能，考察了Pd的负载量、碱助剂、反应温度、反应时间等对反应转化率、选择性和对映选择性等的影响．结果表明，Pd-CS-SiO2催化剂具有较好的催化活性和选择性．使用强碱NaOH为助催化剂时，可提高氢转移加氢反应的速率和转化率；高的Pd负载量有利于苯乙酮转化率的提高，降低Pd的负载量有利于提高产物的对映选择性；提高反应温度有利于提高催化剂的反应活性，降低反应温度有利于提高产物的对映选择性．在30℃反应24h，产物R-1-苯乙醇的对映体过量值可达13．7％．     

MCM-41负载钴催化H_2O_2氧化四氢萘合成α-四氢萘酮

比较了醋酸溶液中过渡金属(Fe、Co、Ni、Ce、Cu、La、Zr或Cr)掺杂MCM-41催化过氧化氢氧化四氢萘合成α-四氢萘酮的转化率和选择性,发现其中Co/MCM-41的催化活性最好。探讨了Co/MCM-41作催化剂时反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量等对四氢萘氧化的转化率和形成四氢萘酮选择性的影响,确定了较优的反应条件:m(四氢萘)∶m(催化剂)=12.5∶1;反应温度T=383 K,反应时间8 h。四氢萘的转化率达94.7%,α-四氢萘酮的选择性达到70.3%。在反应体系中,Co/MCM-41是一种固体非均相催化剂。催化剂Co/MCM-41可回收重复使用3次,催化活性基本不变。     

含氨基酸侧链的有机硅高分子催化剂 ⅩⅤ.γ-(L-酪氨酰胺基)丙基硅氧烷钯催化剂的合成加氢活性及其结构表征

本文报导了四种不同N/Pd摩尔比的聚γ-(L-酪氨酰胺基)丙基硅氧烷钯催化剂的合成及其催化加氢活性,这类催化剂与聚γ-((L-酷氨酸)丙基硅氧烷钯催化剂相比较,虽然均具有类似的N→Pd配位的活性中心组成,但它们对底物的加氢活性则明显不同,前者对丙烯腈、丙烯酸、环己烯和1-癸烯的催化活性比后者高,对苯乙烯则相反。N/Pd摩尔比、反应温度、溶剂以及体系的pH值对催化活性的影响,两者的情况大致相同,标题催化剂对衣康酸的催化加氢,产物的光学纯度为30％。     

钯/石墨烯催化苯醌加氢制备氢醌

采用微波辅助加热还原法合成了钯/石墨烯(Pd/G)、钯/活性炭(Pd/AC)、钯/石墨(Pd/Graphite)和钯/二氧化硅(Pd/SiO2),并使用透射电子显微镜观测了钯的形貌及在载体上的分散性.将负载型钯催化剂用于苯醌加氢反应,结果显示,Pd/G催化剂的活性最高,苯醌的转化率达到99%,氢醌的选择性为100%,并且循环7次后催化剂仍保持着较高的转化率和选择性。结构表征表明,石墨烯担载的钯纳米粒子的粒径约为5nm,无明显团聚.实验进一步考察了反应溶剂(甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、正丙醇、异丙醇、正丁醇)对Pd/G催化苯醌加氢反应的影响,结果表明该反应对溶剂较为敏感,其中甲醇和丙酮较适宜作为反应溶剂.当以甲醇作为溶剂时,苯醌的转化率为98%,氢醌选择性为99%;以丙酮为溶剂时,苯醌转化率为98%,氢醌选择性为90%.研究工作表明,作为载体,石墨烯对钯催化剂的催化效果起着稳定和增强作用.     

HY/MCM-41/γ-Al2O3负载的硫化态Ni-Mo-P催化剂上萘的加氢

 采用水热法合成了不同SiO2/Al2O3比的MCM-41介孔分子筛. 并分别以HY/MCM-41/γ-Al2O3, HY/γ-Al2O3和γ-Al2O3为载体,用浸渍法制备了Mo-Ni-P催化剂. 以萘为模型化合物,考察了硫化态Mo-Ni-P催化剂的加氢活性. 结果表明,不同载体负载的催化剂催化活性均随着活性组分负载量的增大而提高,其中掺杂大比表面MCM-41的HY/MCM-41/γ-Al2O3所负载的催化剂催化活性提高幅度最大. 由于MCM-41与HY分子筛在酸性和孔结构上存在互补性,因而催化剂对萘加氢存在协同作用. 提出了萘加氢的反应机理,认为反应网络包括两个平行路径: 一是萘加氢生成四氢萘后发生异构化或开环反应; 二是萘加氢生成四氢萘后进一步加氢生成十氢萘,继而发生异构化或开环反应.     

金属有机骨架材料MIL-53(Al)负载纳米Pd颗粒：一种CO氧化的活性催化剂

通过等体积浸渍法制备了金属有机骨架材料MIL-53(Al) (MIL：Materials of Institut Lavoisier)负载纳米Pd催化剂. 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对催化剂的结构进行了表征. 催化剂在反应前后XRD衍射峰保持不变,说明载体MIL-53(Al)具有良好的稳定性. 采用TEM对催化剂进行表征,结果表明,MIL-53(Al)的多孔晶体结构有助于形成高度分散的纳米Pd颗粒,样品2.7% (w) Pd/MIL-53 中Pd颗粒的平均粒径为2.21 nm. 该催化剂在CO氧化反应中表现出较高的催化活性,115 ℃达到完全转化. 同时催化剂可循环使用,多次反应后催化活性和催化剂结构都保持稳定.     

一步液滴法合成酸性和孔道属性可调的硅铝酸盐载体及其Pd基催化剂的性能研究

通过一步液滴法在不同的反应溶剂体系下制备了一系列无定形硅铝酸盐载体, 并进一步制备出Pd基负载型多孔催化材料, 探究了反应溶剂极性和反应物Si/Al比对载体材料和催化剂的影响, 实现了通过一步液滴法调控硅铝酸盐酸性和孔道属性. 结果表明, 在极性较小的反应溶剂体系中制得了富含介孔的无定形硅铝酸盐载体材料, 并且通过改变Si/Al比可实现载体材料的酸性、 比表面积及孔道尺寸的调控, 比表面积和总酸量分别达到349.6 m²/g和1.389 mmol/g. 由于该载体材料高的比表面积及丰富的介孔孔道, 所制得的Pd基负载型多孔催化材料的Pd金属分散性达到了63.17%, 在硝基苯加氢反应中实现了99.75%的转化率和94.62%的选择性, 在苯甲醇氧化反应中表现出40.61%的转化率及38.09%的选择性, 远远优于利用商用载体合成的 Pd/Al₂O₃催化材料. 这种简单有效的合成方法使得按照目标催化反应的类型来设计高效催化剂成为可能.     

One-pot synthesis of VO x /Al 2 O 3 as efficient catalysts for propane dehydrogenation

Vanadium oxides, as highly efficiently catalysts, are widely applied in various catalytic reactions, such as the dehydrogenation of light alkanes and epoxidation of alkenes. In this paper, a series of VO _x /Al ₂ O ₃ catalysts were fabricated by the 1-pot method for catalytic propane dehydrogenation. The results indicated that the VO _x /Al ₂ O ₃ catalysts with loading of 10 wt.% vanadium exhibited optimized catalytic performance. The as-prepared catalysts were characterized by N ₂ adsorption-desorption, XRD, TEM, H ₂ -TPR, and XPS to explore the texture properties, morphology, and electronic environment of vanadium. In addition, several vanadium catalysts were also prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) method to compare their catalytic performance with the 1-pot synthesized catalysts. The catalysts synthesized by the 1-pot method exhibited higher selectivity of propylene and longer catalyst lifetime at high propane conversion when compared to the counterpart synthesized by the IWI method.     

Ammoxidation of 3-picoline to nicotinonitrile using silica-supported VCrO catalysts

A series of vanadium–chromium oxide (VCrO) catalysts supported on silica was prepared by wetness impregnation method with different Cr/V molar ratios from 0.2 to 1.0. These catalysts were characterized by XRD, TG, temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH₃-TPD), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy, and their catalytic activity was evaluated in the ammoxidation of 3-picoline (3-PIC) to nicotinonitrile (NN). The results of XRD, TG, Raman, and XPS confirmed that the active components on the silica surface were mainly amorphous V₂O₅ and CrVO₄. The results of NH₃-TPD showed that acidity of the catalysts decreased with the increase of Cr/V ratio. Catalytic results revealed that acidity of the catalysts was closely related to the catalytic performance. Low acidity gave low conversion of 3-PIC and high NN selectivity. Furthermore, the conversion of 3-PIC increased with rise in reaction temperature, and the selectivity of NN was slightly influenced by the 3-PIC conversion. Therefore, among the catalysts (Cr/V ratio was 0.2, 0.4, 0.6) tested, Cr/V-0.6 catalyst retained the lowest acidity and exhibited the highest selectivity and yield of NN in the ammoxidation of 3-PIC.     

Palladium supported on chitosan as a recyclable and selective catalyst for the synthesis of 2-phenyl ethanol

Two different chitosan supported palladium based catalysts were prepared, wherein dispersed palladium nanoparticles were obtained via chemical reduction supported on chitosan (Pd/CTS) and amine functionalized modified chitosan (Pd/AFCTS). The catalytic activity of the Pd-based catalysts, Pd/CTS and Pd/AFCTS, were assessed in the hydrogenation of styrene oxide to 2-phenyl ethanol. Both Pd-based catalysts enhanced the formation of the desired 2-phenyl ethanol in contrast to a conventional Pd/C catalyst without the assistance of inorganic or organic base. A considerable influence on the conversion and selectivity was observed in the case of Pd/AFCTS, consisting of palladium nanoparticles stabilized and dispersed on amine-functionalized chitosan matrix, affording complete conversion of styrene oxide with 98% selectivity to 2-phenyl ethanol. The catalyst Pd/AFCTS has also been recycled without significant loss of activity and selectivity.     

无配体Pd/LDH-F催化剂在Heck和Suzuki反应中的应用

 以氟离子插层的水滑石LDH-F为载体,用逐滴浸渍法制备了新型Pd/LDH-F催化剂,并用其催化溴代芳烃的Heck和Suzuki偶联反应. 用X射线衍射表征了催化剂的晶相,以等离子体发射光谱测定了溶剂中钯的流失量. 结果表明,对于Heck反应,在无配体存在和低钯用量(Pd/溴代芳烃摩尔比为0.001)的情况下, Pd/LDH-F的催化性能优于其它载体负载的Pd催化剂,显示出很高的催化活性和选择性. 在140 ℃和12 h的条件下, Pd/LDH-F催化溴苯与苯乙烯Heck反应产物的收率可达86％, 反应后催化剂经过分离,可循环使用四次其催化活性基本不变. 在DMF/水摩尔比为0.5的混合溶剂中,在室温和3 h 的条件下, Pd/LDH-F (Pd/溴代芳烃摩尔比为0.005)催化溴苯与苯基硼酸盐的Suzuki反应中,目标产物收率为99%.     

负载铂催化剂中沸石载体酸性对甲烷两步转化的影响

考察了具有相同金属分散度的Pt/NaY、Pt/HNaY、 Pt/HY、Pt/NaBeta和Pt/HBeta催化剂中沸石载体的酸性对在低温下（≤250 ℃）甲烷两步等温转化反应以及由甲烷解离吸附产生的表面碳物种分布的影响。由甲烷等温两步转化生成的C2+烃类产物的总量随着载体酸性的增加而明显增加；C2～C6产物的分布也发生了变化。由表面碳物种的程序升温加氢结果表明，在各种催化剂上碳物种的形式是相似的，其总量和具有活性的Cα物种的量均因载体酸性增加而增加，反应性也增大。这种因沸石载体酸性变化而引起的载体效应是由金属和载体的相互作用造成负载在酸性载体上铂粒子的贫电子性而引起，即由金属粒子电子性质的变化而引起的催化性质的变化。     

Influence of the ZSM-5 Support Acidity on the Catalytic Performance of Pd/ZSM-5 in Lean Methane Oxidation

Although zeolites are characterized by their special acidic properties, there is still no clear consensus on the effect of zeolite support acidity on the catalytic activity of supported Pd catalyst in methane oxidation. Herein, a series of Pd/H-ZSM-5 and Pd/Silicalite-1 catalysts was prepared by the deposition-precipitation method and used in lean methane oxidation. The effect of ZSM-5 support acidity on the catalytic performance of Pd/ZSM-5 was investigated. The results indicate that with the decrease of Si/Al ratio(x), viz., the increase of acid sites in H-ZSM-5(x), the catalytic activity of Pd/H-ZSM-5(x) increases substantially; the activity of various catalysts in the lean methane oxidation decreases in the order of Pd/H-ZSM-5(28)>Pd/H-ZSM-5(48)>Pd/H-ZSM-5(88)>Pd/H-ZSM-5(204)>Pd/Silicalite-1. Furthermore, various characterization measures reveal that the catalytic activity of Pd/H-ZSM-5(x) in lean methane oxidation is mainly related to the Lewis acid sites in the H-ZSM-5 support, whereas less relevant to the Brønsted acid sites. The abundant Lewis acid sites in H-ZSM-5 are capable to enhance the interaction between the Pd species and H-ZSM-5 support, which can inhibit the agglomeration of Pd particles and improve the dispersion of Pd species, and thus boost the catalytic activity of Pd/H-ZSM-5 in methane oxidation.     

载体和担载酸对乙烯直接氧化合成乙酸反应的影响

 在固定床流动反应器上研究了Pd－酸／载体体系催化乙烯直接氧\r\n化合成乙酸的反应，并对载体相同但担载酸强度不同的催化剂的催化活\r\n性进行了比较．结果表明，担载酸的强度明显影响催化剂的活性，酸强\r\n度越大其催化活性越高．用NH3－TPD和异丙醇脱水探针反应表征了二氧\r\n化硅、活性碳和酸性白土三种载体担载的Pd－H4SiW12催化剂的酸性，\r\n并测试了三种催化剂的催化活性．结果表明，载体通过影响担载酸的强\r\n度而影响催化剂的活性，载体上的强酸中心越多，催化剂的活性越高．\r\n测定了二氧化硅、活性碳和酸性白土三种载体担载的Pd－H4SiW12催化\r\n剂上Pd的分散度，并与其催化活性相关联．结果表明，决定乙烯直接氧\r\n化生成乙酸反应活性的主要因素是催化剂的酸强度而不是Pd的分散度．     

Influence of the thermal treatment conditions and composition of bimetallic catalysts Fe—Pd/SiO2 on the catalytic properties in phenylacetylene hydrogenation

The supported bimetallic Fe—Pd/SiO₂ catalysts with the different Fe (0.025—8 mass.%) and Pd (0.05—3.2 mass.%) loadings were synthesized by the incipient wetness impregnation of support. The samples were heat-treated under different conditions (calcination in air at 240—350 °C or reduction in an H₂ flow at 400 °C). The X-ray phase analysis revealed the formation of Pd⁰, α-Fe₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄ phases after calcination of the samples at 240—260 °C. The reduction of the calcined Fe—Pd samples in an H₂ flow at 400 °C enables the formation of Fe⁰ nanoparticles of size 17—20 nm. The synthesized catalytic systems were studied in the selective hydrogenation of phenylacetylene at room temperature and atmospheric pressure in a solvent (ethanol, propanol). The catalytic properties of the Fe—Pd catalysts depend on the nature of solvent, catalyst composition, and thermal treatment conditions. The application of the Fe—Pd bimetallic catalysts with a low Pd loading of 0.05—0.1 mass.% made it possible to reach the high activity and selectivity to styrene (91%) at the complete conversion of phenylacetylene.