富缺陷BN负载的高分散Cu催化乙醇脱氢制乙醛

生物乙醇作为平台分子通过催化转化的方法可以制备烯烃、乙醛、丁醇和芳香化学品等,其中乙醛是生产乙酸、季戊四醇、三氯乙醛、山梨酸等重要化学品的原料.随着乙醛的需求量逐年增加,发展以乙醇直接脱氢生成乙醛的工艺,具有联产氢气、原子经济性高、产物易分离的优点,符合国际绿色低碳发展战略要求,有望替代当前乙烯氧化法生产工艺.乙醇分子比较活泼,催化过程中通常伴随着脱水、羟醛缩合等副反应,导致乙醛的选择性降低.根据文献报道,Cu基催化剂可解离吸附乙醇,选择性断裂C-H键,是有效的乙醇直接脱氢催化剂.常规氧化物负载的铜基催化剂往往存在乙醛选择性低、Cu物种易团聚失活等问题.本文通过球磨方法处理商业六方氮化硼(h-BN),从而得到表面缺陷,使其边缘暴露一定的-OH和-NH₂等极性官能团,进而增强金属与载体的相互作用,抑制Cu物种的团聚,提高Cu基催化剂在乙醇脱氢反应中的稳定性.考察了不同负载量下Cu物种的分散情况,发现当负载量高达5%(5Cu/BNS)时,Cu物种仍然能够保持高分散.5Cu/BNS催化剂在280°C,WHSV=9.6 h^-1反应条件下,催化生成乙醛选择性达到98%,乙醇转化率为82%,且反应50 h后活性保持不变,Cu物种在BNS载体上仍保持高度分散.结合红外光谱和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征,证实BNS表面存在B-OH官能团,增强了Cu物种与载体的相互作用,提高了Cu催化剂在乙醇脱氢反应中的稳定性.通过原位红外实验对反应物在载体上的吸附行为研究,进一步理解5Cu/BNS表现出优异的乙醛选择性的原因.结果表明,乙醛在BNS载体上不发生吸附.从结构化学的角度来说,BNS富π电子,与乙醇的羟基相互作用但是与乙醛的富电子的C=O官能团相互排斥,促进产物乙醛脱附,因此表现出优异的选择性.该方法为设计一种高分散Cu基催化剂提供了新策略,相比于文献报道的催化体系,该催化剂在乙醇脱氢方面表现出更好的催化性能.     

Cu-MFI催化剂上Cuδ+催化乙醇脱氢制乙醛(英文)

作为一种清洁的可再生能源产品,乙醇可用于制造乙醛、丙烯、正丁醇、1,3-丁二烯和芳香烃等高值化学品.对于大多数的乙醇催化转化过程,第一步是乙醇脱氢生成乙醛,因而该反应具有重要的研究意义和应用价值.铜基催化剂因在乙醇脱氢反应中具有高活性和高选择性,受到广泛关注与研究.然而,由于催化剂上铜配位结构较为复杂,价态多变,催化剂的关键活性位点目前仍难以确定.此外,铜的Tamman温度较低,在反应条件下因铜活性位容易烧结或团聚而导致催化剂失活,因此需要进一步提升铜催化剂的稳定性.构筑具有明确结构和高稳定性的铜基催化剂是获得高性能乙醇脱氢反应的关键,也是深入认识该反应中催化剂结构与性能构效关系的前提.本文首先采用蒸氨法制备了一系列的Cu-MFI催化剂,再通过酸处理将催化剂上不稳定的CuO_x物种除去,留下与MFI载体强相互作用的Cu物种.通过优选Cu负载量和优化反应条件,发现在250°C和WHSV=0.64 h^-1的反应条件,在最佳催化剂5%Cu-MFI-de Cu上实现了95%的乙醛选择性和约87%的乙醇转化率,且可稳定运行120 h.系统表征(氢气程序升...     

硅源对蒸氨法制备Cu/SiO2催化剂催化甲醇裂解制氢的影响

采用蒸氨法制备Cu/SiO₂催化剂,分别考察气相二氧化硅（SiO₂-aer）、硅胶（SiO₂-gel）和碱性硅溶胶（SiO₂-sol）对Cu/SiO₂催化剂催化甲醇裂解制氢性能的影响,并采用N₂吸附-脱附、N₂O化学吸附、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法（ICP-AES）、X射线衍射（XRD）、H₂程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等方法对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,硅源对Cu/SiO₂催化剂的活性具有较大影响。以碱性硅溶胶作为硅源制得的Cu/SiO₂-sol催化剂比表面积较大,活性中心粒径较小且分散均匀,这些使得其制氢性能优于其他两种硅源为载体所制备的催化剂。在反应温度280 ℃,反应压力1 MPa,甲醇质量空速0.6 h^-1的条件下,相较于Cu/SiO₂-aer和Cu/SiO₂-gel催化剂,Cu/SiO₂-sol催化剂的甲醇转化率分别提高10％和7％,气相副产物CH₄和CO₂浓度也有所降低,该催化剂上的甲醇转化率和气体收率分别达到98.4%和96.7%。     

镧改性Cu/SiO2催化剂的乙酸甲酯高效加氢催化性能研究

采用蒸氨法制备了镧(La)改性的负载型铜硅(Cu/SiO₂)催化剂,并对其乙酸甲酯(MeOAc)气相加氢制乙醇(EtOH)的催化性能进行了研究。采用N₂吸附-脱附(N₂ adsorption-desorption)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)、氢气程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)、光电子能谱(XPS)和原子发射光谱仪(AES)等手段对催化剂进行了的表征,发现La物种的加入产生了较多的层状硅酸铜,增强了Cu和La物种之间的相互作用。La物种的加入在结构方面提高了催化剂的比表面积,降低了铜物种的粒径,提高了铜物种的分散度;在电子还原调控方面提高了Cu⁺的含量,增强了催化剂吸附酰基和甲氧基的能力。与未改性的Cu/SiO₂催化剂相比,镧改性后Cu/SiO₂催化剂的乙酸甲酯加氢性能得到大幅提升;其中La掺杂量0.5%的Cu/SiO₂     

糠醛气相加氢制备糠醇Cu/SiO2催化剂的失活机理研究

采用共沉淀法制备了Cu/SiO₂催化剂，在固定床反应器上评价其糠醛气相催化加氢制备糠醇的反应性能，并采用XRD、H2-TPR、ICP-OES、XPS、TG、Raman、TEM等手段对使用后的Cu/SiO₂催化剂进行表征，研究其在反应中的失活机理。在常压、反应温度140℃、质量空速2.4 h^-1、氢醛比9.7的条件下，反应5 h内糠醛转化率均高于97%；反应6-21 h，糠醛转化率从96%快速下降到32%，说明Cu/SiO₂催化剂在糠醛加氢反应中快速失活，失活的主要原因是活性组分铜的团聚烧结和催化剂表面上积炭覆盖了反应活性位。     

二氧化硅负载氧化锌催化剂的溶胶-凝胶和浸渍法制备及对仲丁醇分解反应的催化性能

分别采用溶胶-凝胶法和浸渍法制备了ZnO-SiO₂催化剂和ZnO/SiO₂催化剂并进行了表征, 以仲丁醇脱氢为探针反应, 研究了不同制备方法对催化剂表面ZnO物种存在状态及其催化性能的影响. 结果表明, 2种方法均可制备高分散的负载型ZnO催化剂. 在ZnO-SiO₂和ZnO/SiO₂催化剂上, 仲丁醇分别以脱水和脱氢反应为主. 经过分析, 催化剂上ZnO物种的存在状态是影响产物选择性的关键因素, 而2种催化剂表面的粒径、 比表面积和表面酸碱性不是影响该反应选择性的根本原因.     

Cu/SiO2催化剂结构对乙酸甲酯加氢性能的影响

采用尿素水解法制备了Cu/SiO₂催化剂, 探究其用于乙酸甲酯(MA)加氢制取乙醇的催化性能, 并通过N₂物理吸附、X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原(TPR)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征方法分析了催化剂的物理化学特性, 探究了铜负载量和还原温度等对催化剂结构的影响, 以及与催化活性之间的关系. 发现在铜负载量分别为10%、20%和30% (质量分数, w)的催化剂中, 铜负载量为20%的催化剂因具有较多且分散均匀的活性组分而表现出最佳的加氢效果. 接着在铜负载量为20%的催化剂上研究了还原温度(270, 350, 450 ℃)对催化性能的影响, 发现在350 ℃下还原的催化剂活性最高, 在最佳的反应条件下, 乙酸甲酯转化率达到97.8%, 乙醇选择性达到64.9% (理论最大值为66.6%), 主要归属于它具有较高的铜物种分散度, 最合适的Cu⁰/(Cu⁰+Cu⁺)摩尔比例, 同时实现了解离氢气和活化乙酸甲酯的功能.     

玉米秸秆连续氢解制备生物乙醇

目前由纤维素制生物乙醇的工艺主要由生物酶解法实现,但酶解法的效率低且经济性差;此外,生物酶发酵每产生1 mol乙醇的同时副产1 mol CO₂,导致原子经济性低.本文开发了一种通过连续氢解玉米秸秆纤维素转化为高浓度生物乙醇(6.1%)的工艺.首先使用绿色溶剂(80 wt%1,4-丁二醇)在不破坏木质素结构的前提下,提取玉米秸秆中的高纯度纤维素;再在浆态床反应器中通过Ni-WO_x/SiO₂催化剂将10 wt%纤维素水悬浮液转化为多元醇混合物(其中乙二醇占比58%).经过连续进样,纤维素质量浓度累积达30 wt%,乙二醇产物浓度达到17 wt%.随后,多元醇混合物被泵入固定床反应器进行选择性断C?O键反应,在改进的水热稳定Cu催化剂上转化为乙醇(转化率75%,选择性84%).纤维素转化为生物乙醇的过程反应至少包含四步基元步骤.首先,在高温水热环境中纤维素水解为葡萄糖,葡萄糖在WO_x表面经Retro-aldol反应C?C键断裂生成乙醇醛.随后,Ni催化剂将乙醇醛加氢为乙二醇,接着在固定床反应器上,乙二醇在NiAu修饰的Cu⁺/Cu⁰活性位点上选择性断裂C?O键生成乙醇.在乙二醇选择性氢解为乙醇过程中,催化剂Au-Cu-Ni/SiO₂表现出优异的水热稳定性和活性.XRD结果表明,金属Ni的引入有效地减小Cu纳米粒子的尺寸和增加Cu颗粒的分散,HRTEM图像更加直观的验证这一点.H₂-TPR结果发现,Ni的引入使CuO的还原温度提高了20℃,表明金属-载体的相互作用增强.同时发现,催化剂合成过程中氯金酸浸渍在还原后的CuNi/SiO₂催化剂的活性最高.紫外吸收光谱表明,溶液中的Au³⁺与催化剂表面的Cu发生置换反应,而非单纯的附着于催化剂表面.CO-DRIFTS结果表明,在Au修饰过的Cu-Ni/SiO₂表面使得Cu⁺-CO的红外吸收峰降低,主要是由于Au部分覆盖催化剂表面Cu⁺吸附位点造成的.XPS结果表明,Au的引入使得催化剂表面的Cu⁺/Cu⁰不容易被空气氧化,形成更为稳定的(Au-Cu⁺)-Cu⁰活性中心,增强了催化剂Cu活性中心的水热耐受性.本文提供了一条有竞争力的水相转化秸秆为高浓度生物乙醇的途径.     

在仲丁醇脱氢反应中负载型铜催化剂的研究

采用浸渍法制备Cu/SiO₂和Cu-ZnO/SiO₂催化剂.研究了活性物种Cu和助剂ZnO的担载量对催化剂的结构和性能的影响,同时考察该催化剂对仲丁醇脱氢活性和选择性的影响.借助XRD和TPR对催化剂进行了表征,结果表明,高分散的Cu⁰为反应的活性中心,ZnO起到分散和稳定铜物种的作用.铜-锌之间的某种相互作用导致了缩合产物增加.     

Ce添加对Cu-Fe/SiO2催化合成气制低碳醇性能的影响

采用共浸渍法制备了添加不同Ce含量（相对于SiO₂的摩尔分数为0-20%）的Ce-Cu-Fe/SiO₂催化剂,在连续流动微型固定床反应器中考察了其催化CO加氢合成低碳醇反应的性能,并采用X射线衍射（XRD）、低温N₂吸附、程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、CO吸附傅里叶变换红外光谱（CO-FTIR）和CO程序升温脱附（CO-TPD）技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表吸:添加适量的Ce,一方面降低了Cu的晶粒大小,提高了Cu的分散度,进而提高了对CO的吸附能力;另一方面掺入的Ce和Cu之间存在相互作用,提高了CO解离和非解离吸附的能力,从而有利于CH_x的生成和CO的插入反应.上述两方面的共同作用同时提高了Cu-Fe/SiO₃催化剂的活性和醇的选择性.当Ce含量为10%时,在压力为3.0 MPa,温度为250℃,空速为6000 mL·g^-1·h^-1和H₂/CO摩尔比为2的反应条件下,Ce-Cu-Fe/SiO₂催化剂上醇的时空产率达到121.0 g·kg^-1·h^-1,比未添加Ce的Cu-Fe/SiO₂催化剂的时空产率(58.0 g·kg^-1·h^-1)提高了一倍以上.     

Synthesis of Acetoaldehyde,Acetic Acid,and Others by the Dehydrogenation and Oxidation of Ethanol

Following gradual shift of primary resources from fossil towards renewable ones in chemical industry, biomass based ethanol has been attracting growing interests as a fuel to replace gasoline and as a chemical feed stock to replace ethylene. This paper reviews major work reported in the last 10 years for the production of acetaldehyde, acetic acid, and other related compounds from ethanol. At present acetic acid can be industrially produced more economically from methanol than from ethylene, the production of acetic acid from ethanol is not profitable. Acetaldehyde, which is more expensive than ethanol, can be selectively produced in gas phase by dehydrogenation over supported Cu catalysts and by oxidation with O₂ over V and Mo based oxides. It is noteworthy that gold nanoparticles deposited on basic and acidic metal oxides are highly selective to acetaldehyde by oxidation with O₂. Acetic acid can be produced in water solvent over Au catalysts supported on MgAl₂O₄ or on Cu doped NiO, while in gas phase over Mo–V–Nb mixed oxides combined with TiO₂ colloids.     

Selective oxidation of alcohols over Si<Subscript>3</Subscript>N<Subscript>4</Subscript>-supported silver catalysts

Silver-containing catalysts supported on ceramic silicon nitrides and modified with Zr or Al are considered. The catalytic activities of the catalysts in the dehydrogenation and oxidative dehydrogenation of ethanol into acetaldehyde are compared. The introduction of oxygen into the reaction mixture decreases the temperature of 100% ethanol conversion to 270°C and increases the acetaldehyde selectivity to 95% for all of the catalysts. According to temperature-programmed reduction data, the simultaneous presence of Fe and Ag on the catalyst surface enhances the activity of the supported catalysts. It is hypothesized that the Ag/Fe interface plays the key role in the formation of active sites on the catalyst surface.     

Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane‐Catalyzed Acceptorless Dehydrogenation of N‐Heterocycles

Catalytic acceptorless dehydrogenation is an environmentally benign way to desaturate organic compounds. This process is traditionally accomplished with transition‐metal‐based catalysts. Herein, a borane‐catalyzed, metal‐free acceptorless dehydrogenation of saturated N‐heterocycles is disclosed. Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane was identified as a versatile catalyst, which afforded several synthetically important N‐heteroarenes in up to quantitative yield. Specifically, the present metal‐free catalytic system exhibited a uniquely high tolerance toward sulfur functionalities, and demonstrated superior reactivity in the synthesis of benzothiazoles compared to conventional metal‐catalyzed systems. This protocol can thus be regarded as the first example of metal‐free acceptorless dehydrogenation in synthetic organic chemistry.     

Cu/Ni负载型Beta分子筛催化剂的乙醇水蒸气重整制氢催化性能研究

采用等体积浸渍的方式,在全硅Beta分子筛载体上担载Cu、Ni活性组分,制备出一系列xCuyNi-ABZ多功能乙醇水蒸气重整制氢催化剂。通过XRD、TEM、SEM-EDX以及XPS等多种表征手段,研究催化剂的结构特性、活性组分含量等因素对催化性能的影响,依据反应产物分布,揭示其作用机理。结果表明,以Beta分子筛为载体可促使活性组分以纳米颗粒的形式高度分散于载体表面,并且存在较强的载体-金属作用力。与传统SiO_2为载体催化剂相比,2.5Cu2.5Ni-ABZ催化剂具备良好的乙醇水蒸气重整催化性能,当反应温度为450℃,实现100%的乙醇转化率和67.23%的H_2选择性,且副产物CO(4.14%)、CH_4(5.65%)含量相对较低。这可归因于Cu和Ni活性组分间的高效协同作用,Cu具有良好的乙醇脱氢性能,生成反应中间体乙醛;在反应过程中,乙醛的重整和分解是两个受温度影响的竞争反应,Ni组分利用其较强的C-C键断裂能力,随温度的升高,乙醛重整反应占主导作用,生成目标产物H_2。通过对反应后样品分析表明,2.5Cu2.5Ni-ABZ催化剂具备良好的抗烧结和抗积炭催化性能。     

Hydrogen Production by Steam Reforming of Ethanol: A Two Step Process

A two-layer fixed-bed catalytic reactor for hydrogen production by steam reforming of ethanol is proposed. In this reactor ethanol is first converted to acetaldehyde over a Cu-based catalyst and then acetaldehyde is converted to a hydrogen-rich mixture over a Ni-based catalyst. It is shown that the use of such type of reactor prevents coke formation and provides hydrogen yields closed to equilibrium.     

Experimental and DFT studies of the conversion of ethanol and acetic acid on PtSn-based catalysts

Reaction kinetics studies were conducted for the conversions of ethanol and acetic acid over silica-supported Pt and Pt/Sn catalysts at temperatures from 500 to 600 K. Addition of Sn to Pt catalysts inhibits the decomposition of ethanol to CO, CH4, and C2H6, such that PtSn-based catalysts are active for dehydrogenation of ethanol to acetaldehyde. Furthermore, PtSn-based catalysts are selective for the conversion of acetic acid to ethanol, acetaldehyde, and ethyl acetate, whereas Pt catalysts lead mainly to decomposition products such as CH4 and CO. These results are interpreted using density functional theory (DFT) calculations for various adsorbed species and transition states on Pt(111) and Pt3Sn(111) surfaces. The Pt3Sn alloy slab was selected for DFT studies because results from in situ (119)Sn M?ssbauer spectroscopy and CO adsorption microcalorimetry of silica-supported Pt/Sn catalysts indicate that Pt-Sn alloy is the major phase present. Accordingly, results from DFT calculations show that transition-state energies for C-O and C-C bond cleavage in ethanol-derived species increase by 25-60 kJ/mol on Pt3Sn(111) compared to Pt(111), whereas energies of transition states for dehydrogenation reactions increase by only 5-10 kJ/mol. Results from DFT calculations show that transition-state energies for CH3CO-OH bond cleavage increase by only 12 kJ/mol on Pt3Sn(111) compared to Pt(111). The suppression of C-C bond cleavage in ethanol and acetic acid upon addition of Sn to Pt is also confirmed by microcalorimetric and infrared spectroscopic measurements at 300 K of the interactions of ethanol and acetic acid with Pt and PtSn on a silica support that had been silylated to remove silanol groups.     

Effect of TMB/P123 ratios on physicochemical properties of mesocellular foam carbon (MCF-C) as catalyst for ethanol dehydrogenation

The preparation of mesocellular foam carbon catalysts with different ratios of 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene (TMB)/P123 is represented for investigation in catalytic activity via ethanol dehydrogenation to acetaldehyde. The TMB was used as a swelling agent and P123 acted as template-structuring. The physicochemical properties of synthesized catalysts were determined using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), ammonia temperature-programmed desorption (NH₃-TPD), and carbon dioxide temperature-programmed desorption (CO₂-TPD). The evidence suggested that various ratios of TMB/P123 can differently control the mesostructure including the pore size, specific surface area, and pore volume. Particularly, MCF-C 3.5 catalyst (TMB/P123 of 3.5) enhanced the catalytic via ethanol dehydrogenation. Interestingly, effectively controllable pore structure of catalysts is beneficial for the desorption of selective product such as acetaldehyde leading to remarkably increased yield of acetaldehyde. Furthermore, the MCF-C 3.5 evidently exhibited outstanding stability at temperature of 400 °C for 12 h. Thus, it can be reasonably selected the ratio of TMB/P123 as 3.5, which is dominantly facilitated either high diffusion of reactant or high stability without losing of the traditional structure compared with other ratios of TMB/P123.     

Understanding the dehydrogenation mechanism over iron nanoparticles catalysts based on density functional theory

The conversion of chemical feedstock materials into high value-added products accompanied with dehydrogenation is of great value in the chemical industry.However,the catalytic dehydrogenation reaction is inhibited by a limited number of expensive noble metal catalysts and lacks understanding of dehydrogenation mechanism.Here,we report the use of heterogeneous non-noble metal iron nanoparticles(NPs) incorporated mesoporous nitrogen-doped carbon to investigate the dehydrogenation mechanism based on experiment observation and density functional theory(DFT) method.Fe NPs catalyst displays excellent performance in the dehydrogenation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline(THQ)with 100% selectivity and 100% conversion for 10-12 h at room temperature.The calculated adsorption energy implies that THQ prefers to adsorb on Fe NPs as compared with absence of Fe NPs.What is more,the energy barrier of transition state is relatively low,illustrating the dehydrogenation is feasible.This work provides an atomic scale mechanism guidance for the catalytic dehydrogenation reaction and points out the direction for the design of new catalysts.     

二氧化碳加氢制甲醇多相催化剂研究进展

化石燃料的利用为人类社会带来了前所未有的繁荣和发展. 然而, 化石燃料燃烧引起的过量的二氧化碳(CO₂)排放导致全球气候变化和海洋酸化; 而且作为一种有限的资源, 化石燃料的消耗将迫使人们寻找其它碳源以维持可持续的发展. 利用可再生能源获取电能分解水制得的绿色氢气(H₂)与捕集后的CO₂反应制成甲醇, 不仅能有效利用工业废气中多余的CO₂, 还能获取清洁、 可再生的甲醇化学品, 该过程的技术核心是开发高效稳定的CO₂加氢制甲醇催化剂. 本文综合评述了现有研究关注较多的多相催化CO₂加氢制甲醇催化剂的反应机理和构效关系, 总结了目前多相催化CO₂加氢制甲醇催化剂(Cu基催化剂、 贵金属与双金属催化剂、 氧化物催化剂以及其它新型催化剂)的设计与合成方面的研究进展, 最后对该领域所面临的机遇和挑战进行了展望.