模板技术制备单块介孔分子筛

模板技术与溶胶-凝胶过程结合是合成介孔分子筛的有效方法. 模板通常采用表面活性剂在一定条件下自组装形成超分子结构, 在不同条件下, 此超分子结构具有不同聚集形态, 合成出的介孔分子筛也具有不同的孔道排列方式 [1~4]. 溶胶-凝胶过程是通过硅源体的水解缩合并缓慢蒸发除去溶剂实现的. 此过程及产物受体系的pH值影响很大. 在碱性体系中制备的介孔材料通常为粉末状, 不利于实际应用, 因此人们更加重视合成具有规则外形的介孔材料 [5]. 目前报道大多是在酸性体系中制备不同形状的介孔材料 [6~12]. 有关合成单块介孔分子筛的报道较少 [13]. 最近, 王策等 [14,15]改进了通常的溶胶-凝胶过程, 预先将溶胶中的有机溶剂通过萃取加以除去, 然后实现凝胶过程. 结果表明, 采用改进的溶胶-凝胶技术能显著地加快凝胶过程, 从而制备出任意形状和尺寸的氧化物单块, 并有无裂纹、透明性好等特点. 所以, 采用改进的溶胶-凝胶技术能高效地制备出高质量的氧化物单块.      

水玻璃为原料在开放体系中快速合成介孔材料MCM-41

自从 M41 S系列硅基介孔分子筛被人工合成以来[1,2 ] ,有关分子筛的合成、性能、形成机理、结构和应用等方面的研究报道不断出现[3～ 5] .目前 ,由有机 -无机离子经分子水平的自组装结合而产生介孔材料的合成机理主要归结于在合成过程中表面活性剂的模板效应 ,如液晶模板机理[1,2 ] 、棒状自组装模型[6 ] 、电荷匹配机理[7] 、层状折皱模型[8] 和使用非离子表面活性剂合成介孔材料等效应[9] .本文以水玻璃作为硅源 ,以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵 (CTAB)阳离子表面活性剂为模板剂 ,在温和条件下 ,采用开放体系合成出具有 MCM-4 1结构特点的介…     

苯及苯磺酸基官能化的中孔分子筛的合成及催化应用

近年来 ,通过对介孔分子筛 (如 MCM,HMS,MSU-X)结构及组成的化学“裁剪”,制备具有特定结构和表面性质的催化材料成为该领域的研究热点之一 [1～ 5] .许多文献报道了 MCM-4 1的有机官能化中孔材料的制备技术 [5～ 8] ,并将其应用于有机合成反应 ,取得了较好的结果 [7,8] .其中 MSU-X介孔分子筛结构具有三维排列“Worm-like”孔道特征 ,有利于物料传输 ;相对于 MCM-4 1分子筛在合成方面具有以中性表面活性剂作模板剂且模板剂容易去除等诸多优点[9] .本文采用非离子表面活性剂 C11— 15H2 3— 31(CH2 CH2 O) 9H(AEO9)为模板剂 ,…     

三头季铵盐表面活性剂导向合成新型立方相介孔二氧化硅

介孔分子筛因具有大而均一的孔道、高比表面积及相对良好的热稳定性而在精细化学品催化剂[1,2 ] 、生物大分子分离 [3] 和功能材料的主体 [4 ] 等领域有十分广阔的应用前景 .自 1 992年 Mobil公司合成 M41 S[5,6 ] 系列介孔材料以来 ,HMS[7] ,MSU[8] 和 SBA[9～ 12 ] 系列以及 FDU- 1 [13] 等不同结构的介孔分子筛材料相继被合成 .立方相介孔分子筛因具有三维网状结构和可通性较高的孔道而在反应中不易堵塞 ,相对于一维孔道结构的六角相 MCM- 41和 SBA- 1 5 ,其应用前途更加广阔 .迄今 ,人们已经合成了 MCM- 48[14～ 16 ]( Ia3d) …     

有机凝胶自组装模板法制备纳米材料

利用溶胶一凝胶聚合过程人工模拟生物矿化进程的技术,已经融人无机材料和超分子有机化学的研究领域.小分子有机凝胶因子在溶剂中发牛自组装,形成多种形态的有机凝胶超分子结构,以其为模板,经过溶胶一凝胶过程,可以诱导转录形成各种形态的纳米材料.本文介绍了利用有机凝胶因子自组装结构为模板制备形态可控无机材料的研究进展及模板结构诱导转录的两种可能机制.     

以一种新型Gemini表面活性剂作为介孔模板剂通过转晶过程合成介孔ZSM-5分子筛

将一种新型Gemini表面活性剂,丙撑基双(十八烷基二甲基氯化铵)[C18H37(CH3)2–N+–(CH2)3–N+–(CH3)2C18H37]Cl2(C18-3-18),作为介孔模板剂用于水热法合成介孔ZSM-5分子筛.结果表明,在130 oC低温晶化即可高效合成介孔ZSM-5分子刷.C18-3-18的加入量可影响到所合成介孔ZSM-5分子筛的相对结晶度和织构性质,它的形成遵从一个转晶过程.在合成初期,凝胶中介孔模板剂C18-3-18的使用导向了介孔材料的生成;随后在TPABr的模板作用下,介孔材料慢慢转晶生成具有MFI结构的介孔ZSM-5;然后所合成的介孔ZSM-5晶粒进一步长大并聚集形成块状颗粒,同时产生晶间介孔.C18-3-18作为介孔导向剂不仅可用于合成介孔ZSM-5分子筛,也可用于其它介孔分子筛的合成中.     

磺化聚苯乙烯有序孔水凝胶的制备及其模板效应

有序大孔聚苯乙烯材料通过胶体晶模板技术合成, 再经过磺化处理制备得到有序大孔水凝胶体系. 研究了其化学组成和形态. 以溶胶/凝胶制备有序无机材料如二氧化钛对凝胶进行复型, 证明了有序大孔凝胶的形态特征, 同时显示了有序大孔水凝胶作为新型模板制备形态可控的介观尺度有序无机材料的潜力.     

非表面活性剂模板法合成甲基丙烯酰氧丙基修饰的有机/无机杂化中孔材料

1992年具六角规则孔道及窄孔径分布的ＭＣＭ 41中孔分子筛合成的报道[1,2 ] 激起了中孔材料的研究热潮 .近 3年来 ,用巯基[3 ,4 ] ,苯基[5] ,氨丙基[6] ,烯丙基[7] 和乙烯基[8] 等有机基团修饰的有机 无机杂化中孔材料的研究倍受瞩目 .这些杂化中孔材料兼有无机相的光学特性、热稳定性和有机相的韧性、反应性 ,可以进一步功能化应用于催化、金属离子提取[9] 及涂料[10 ] 等领域 .1 998年 ,Ｗｅｉ等[11] 首次采用葡萄糖、麦芽糖等非表面活性剂有机分子为模板 (或成孔剂 ) ,通过溶胶 凝胶过程合成出高比表面积、孔径可调且孔径分布窄的二氧化…     

溶胶-凝胶法构筑介孔二氧化硅纳微结构

基于硅酸脂水解/缩合的溶胶-凝胶法是目前制备SiO₂胶体最为常用的化学方法. 在溶胶-凝胶反应过程中, 引入介孔导向剂(通常是表面活性剂)可以得到具有介孔结构的SiO₂胶体. 通过对硅酸脂在多相体系界面水解/缩合过程的调控, 可以构筑具有不同纳微结构的介孔SiO₂材料, 为拓展介孔SiO₂材料的应用领域提供了新机遇, 同时也丰富了对溶胶-凝胶法的理解和认识. 本文综述了利用溶胶-凝胶法构筑介孔SiO₂纳微结构的最新研究进展, 并介绍了其在生物医药、 催化、 吸附分离等领域的应用前景, 最后对这一领域所面临的问题和未来发展方向进行了总结和展望.     

介孔分子筛的酸性和水热稳定性

介孔分子筛材料在催化、吸附与分离以及化学组装制备先进材料和分子器件等方面具有潜在的应用价值.但是,由于介孔分子筛材料较低的水热稳定性和较弱的酸性,极大地影响了其在催化研究中的广泛应用.本文系统地综述了最近几年在提高介孔分子筛酸性和水热稳定性的研究工作.其中包括:(1)将超酸组份负载于介孔分子筛的孔道中以达到提高介孔分子筛材料的酸强度的目的;(2)通过在合成介孔分子筛的过程中加入无机盐和有机胺等助剂或采用合适的后处理方法以提高介孔分子筛的水热稳定性;(3)通过新型模板剂来合成具有较高水热稳定性的介孔分子筛材料;(4)利用具有沸石分子筛基本结构单元的沸石分子筛导向剂与表面活性剂自组装来合成具有强酸中心和高温水热稳定的介孔分子筛材料.     

Preparation, characterization and analytical application of a hybrid organic-inorganic silica-based monolith

In the present study, a mercapto groups-incorporated hybrid silica-based monolith, which consists of a continuous porous silica backbone, was successfully synthesized by sol-gel technology. The hybrid silica monolith was characterized by various techniques, such as elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy, diffused infrared spectroscopy and low temperature nitrogen desorption/adsorption measurements. The results showed that the monolith contains high sulfur content (up to 3.05%) with a hierarchical porous structure (throughpores and mesopores) and large specific surface area (467 m(2)/g). Due to the favorable chemical reactivity of mercapto pendant moieties, the hybrid monolith can be facilely derivatized to yield various functional groups. In this study, they were oxidized by hydrogen peroxide (30%, w/w) to produce sulfonic acid groups, which exhibited excellent cation-exchange capability. The application of this material is demonstrated by in-tube microextraction of anaesthetics followed by capillary electrophoretic separation. The monolith can be effectively applied to purify and enrich the target analytes in human urine.     

One‐pot synthesis of a new high vinyl content hybrid silica monolith dedicated to nanoliquid chromatography

A new vinyltrimethoxysilane‐based hybrid silica monolith was developed and used as a reversed‐phase capillary column. The synthesis of this rich vinyl hybrid macroporous monolith, by cocondensation of vinyltrimethoxysilane with tetramethoxysilane, was investigated using an unconventional (formamide, nitric acid) porogen/catalyst system. A macroporous hybrid silica monolith with 80% in mass of vinyltrimethoxysilane in the feeding silane solution was obtained and compared to a more conventional low vinyl content hybrid monolith with only of 20% vinyltrimethoxysilane. Monoliths were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, ²⁹Si nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and N₂ adsorption–desorption. About 80% of the vinyl precursor was incorporated in the final materials, leading to 15.9 and 61.5% of Si atoms bonded to vinyl groups for 20% vinyltrimethoxysilane and 80% vinyltrimethoxysilane, respectively. The 80% vinyltrimethoxysilane monolith presents a lower surface area than 20% vinyltrimethoxysilane (159 versus 551 m²/g), which is nevertheless compensated by a higher vinyl surface density. Chromatographic properties were evaluated in reversed‐phase mode. Plots of ln(k) versus percentage of organic modifier were used to assess the reversed‐phase mechanism. Its high content of organic groups leads to high retention properties. Column efficiencies of 170 000 plates/m were measured for this 80% vinyltrimethoxysilane hybrid silica monolith. Long capillary monolithic columns (90 cm) were successfully synthesized (N = 120 000).     

Synthesis of a three-dimensional cubic mesoporous silica monolith employing an organic additive through an evaporation-induced self-assembly process

We demonstrate a robust approach to the synthesis of a 3D cubic Im3m mesoporous silica monolith from SiO2/cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB)/1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene (TIPB) sols having molar compositions of 1SiO2/0.0017HCl/5.2H2O/10EtOH/0.10CTAB/0.1-0.5TIPB by the evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) process. The addition of TIPB is aimed at altering the micelle geometry to spheroid from rodlike in the gel state; the change in micelle geometry leads to the formation of a 3D cage-type cubic mesostructure in the monolith. The synthesized materials exhibit BET surface areas of 800-1000 m(2)/g, a BJH pore diameter of 2.9-4.3 nm, and a pore volume of 0.7-1.0 cm(3)/g, demonstrating ultrahigh porosity of the 3D cubic mesostructure.     

双模板法制备介孔／大孔复合孔结构硅胶独石

采用双模板法,向正硅酸甲酯的水解体系中同时引入聚乙二醇和三嵌段共聚物,成功制备出具有双连续大孔、同时孔壁中分布着有序介孔的复合孔结构硅胶独石材料. 产物的比表面积高达880 m2/g, 大孔孔径为0.2～5 μm, 介孔高度集中地分布在 5 nm. 结合物理吸附、扫描电镜、粉末X射线衍射和透射电镜等表征手段,发现合成条件如原料组成、反应温度和pH值等对反应体系中凝胶化转变和相分离发生的相对速度有重要影响,进而影响产物复合孔结构的生成. 此外,通过对合成条件的优化,一方面增强了无机骨架的强度,另一方面降低了湿凝胶干燥过程中的毛细管压力降,有效缓和了凝胶结构在干燥过程中的开裂和变形,使复合孔结构硅胶独石在厘米尺度内具有良好的整体性能.     

p-tert-Butylcalix[8]arene-bonded silica monoliths for liquid chromatography

Monolithic silica columns have inspired considerable research interests in the separation science because of their unique properties in permeability, mass transfer, efficiency and throughput. In this paper, a chemically p-tert-butylcalix[8]arene-bonded silica monolith was prepared as the promising candidate for versatile LC separations. Micrometer-sized macropores and nanometer-sized mesopores in this derivatized silica monolith reduce the diffusion path length and provide both low backpressure and high column efficiencies, leading to high-speed and high-throughput separations. Since p-tert-butylcalix[8]arene possesses a pi-donors cavity composed of benzene rings while polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, anthraquinones, phenol regio isomers and fullerenes are pi-systems with appreciable electron affinity, they may have a chance to get involved in forming host-guest inclusion complexes through non-covalent interactions, e.g. hydrophobic and pi-pi interactions. Compared with RP-18e, the prepared calixarene-bonded monolith exhibited better selectivity to molecules which contains more pi-electrons and more condensed cyclic moieties. The column efficiency was about 22,000 plates/m. The calixarene-bonded monolith also showed its good performances in separation of fullerenes and dihydropyridines, indicating a promising approach for purification of fullerenes with high purity from the carbon soot.     

Octyl-functionalized hybrid silica monolithic column for reversed-phase capillary electrochromatography

Hybrid silica monolithic stationary phase functionalized with octyl groups was synthesized by a two-step acid/base-catalyzed hydrolysis/co-condensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and n-octyltriethoxysilane (C(8)-TEOS). The influences of determining factors in the sol-gel process such as the monomer ratio and water content on the monolith formation were systematically investigated. An increase in the TEOS/C(8)-TEOS ratio in the polymerization mixture shifted the pore size distribution towards smaller pore diameter with larger pore volume. The optimal TEOS/C(8)-TEOS volume ratio was found to be 90/50, under which condition the median pore diameter of the monolith was around 1.0 microm with pore volume of 3.25 cm(3)/g. The chromatographic characteristics of the monolithic column prepared with the optimized fabrication condition were studied. Some aromatic compounds including alkylbenzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phenols were successfully separated on the octyl-functionalized silica monolithic column with high column efficiency up to 180,000 plates/m.     

Development of an affinity silica monolith containing alpha1-acid glycoprotein for chiral separations

An affinity monolith based on silica and containing immobilized alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (AGP) was developed and evaluated in terms of its binding, efficiency and selectivity in chiral separations. The results were compared with data obtained for the same protein when used as a chiral stationary phase with HPLC-grade silica particles or monoliths based on a copolymer of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA). The surface coverage of AGP in the silica monolith was 18% higher than that obtained with silica particles and 61% higher than that measured for a GMA/EDMA monolith. The higher surface area of the silica monolith gave materials that contained 1.5- to 3.6-times more immobilized protein per unit volume when compared to silica particles or a GMA/EDMA monolith. The retention, efficiency and resolving power of the AGP silica monolith were evaluated by injecting two chiral analytes onto this column (i.e., R/S-warfarin and R/S-propranolol). In each case, the AGP silica monolith gave higher retention plus better resolution and efficiency than AGP columns containing silica particles or a GMA/EDMA monolith. The AGP silica monolith also gave lower back pressures and separation impedances than these other materials. It was concluded that silica monoliths can be valuable alternatives to silica particles or GMA/EDMA monoliths when used with AGP as a chiral stationary phase.     

Improved sulfoalkylbetaine‐based organic‐silica hybrid monolith for high efficient hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography of polar compounds

A novel sulfoalkylbetaine‐based zwitterionic organic‐silica hybrid monolith was synthesized by using 3‐dimethyl‐(3‐(N‐methacrylamido) propyl) ammonium propane sulfonate (DMMPPS, neutral sulfoalkyl‐betaine monomer). The added amount of zwitterionic monomer was significantly increased when DMMPPS was used instead of the conventionally used acidic sulfoalkyl‐betaine monomer, that is, the N,N‐dimethyl‐N‐ methacryloxyethyl‐N‐(3‐sulfopropyl) ammonium betaine, and this led to a significantly improved hydrophilicity of the monolith. The DMMPPS‐based organic‐silica hybrid monolith exhibited good mechanical stability and excellent separation performance. About ～20 μm plate height (corresponding to column efficiency of ～50 000 plates/m) was obtained for nucleoside at the linear velocity of 1 mm/s. The proposed monolithic column was successfully applied to separate purines/pyrimidines, nucleotides, and tryptic digest of bovine hemoglobin in a nano‐HILIC mode, and the results demonstrated that such monolith has the potential for separation of a variety of hydrophilic substances.     

Dipyridyl‐immobilized ionic liquid type hybrid silica monolith for hydrophilic interaction electrochromatography

A pyridinium‐based immobilized ionic liquid type multifunctional hybrid silica monolith was prepared by the in situ polymerization of 3‐chloropropyl‐silica matrix and 4,4′‐dipyridyl for hydrophilic interaction CEC. The obtained hybrid monolith possessed of high stable skeletal microstructures with obviously hydrophilic retention mechanism under ACN content >50% in the mobile phase. Strong and stable anodic EOF could be observed under a broad pH range from pH 3.0 to 9.0. Due to the immobilized dipyridyl groups bonded to the silica matrix surface, the resulting hydrophilic hybrid monolith possessed multiple separation interactions including hydrogen bond, π–π, and anion exchange. Excellent separations of various polar analytes including electroneutral phenols, charged acid nucleotides, and basic analytes were successfully achieved. The highest column efficiencies up to 120 000, 164 000, and 106 000 plates/m were obtained for nucleotides, nucleic acid bases, and nucleosides and nicotines, respectively. These results demonstrated that the dipyridyl‐immobilized ionic liquid functionalized hybrid monolith possessed highly mechanical stability and good chromatographic performance for hydrophilic interaction electrochromatography.     

基于硅胶整体材料研磨颗粒的多功能聚乙二醇键合固定相的制备及其在高效液相色谱多模式分离中的应用

研究通过对溶胶-凝胶法制备的硅胶整体材料进行研磨、浮选、假晶相转换和水热处理，最终获得了粒径为2~5 μm、孔径为20~60 nm的硅胶颗粒。利用部分含氟的阴离子表面活性剂Capstone FS-66和常用的阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）组成的双胶束模板体系对硅胶基质进行假晶相转换处理；再采用碳酸钠溶液水热处理的方式，进一步扩大孔径。用扫描电镜（SEM）和N₂吸附-解吸等温线测量对扩孔处理前后的硅胶整体材料研磨颗粒进行表征，结果清楚地显示了处理前后的形貌变化和差异。随后将含有长链聚乙二醇（PEG）的硅烷键合到扩孔后的硅胶颗粒表面，分别利用元素分析、红外光谱以及热重分析对固定相进行表征，并对固定相进行色谱性能评价。对键合固定相的元素分析和热重分析数据进行分析表明，硅胶表面键合PEG的含量约为8%。研究揭示了利用假晶相转换法与碳酸钠溶液水热处理和长链PEG硅烷修饰的硅胶整体材料颗粒在尺寸排阻色谱分离蛋白质方面的良好分离效果。同时进一步的高效液相色谱评价结果表明，该键合固定相还可用于疏水作用色谱模式分离核糖核酸酶A和溶菌酶，以及可用于亲水作用色谱模式分离吡啶甲酸、左旋多巴、三聚氰胺和邻苯二酚等极性比较强的化合物。研究显示了PEG键合固定相具有多功能性，及其在多模式高效液相色谱分离中的应用潜力。