o/o 型单核铁(Ⅲ)卟啉二聚体模拟细胞色素P450酶催化环己烷羟化的反应性能研究

合成和表征了一系列以柔韧烷氧链相连的o/o型单核铁卟啉二聚体. 利用X-光电子能谱(XPS)研究了卟啉二聚体中由自由卟啉环向铁卟啉环发生的分子内电子转移. 考察了在以分子氧为氧源还原剂存在的温和条件下, 该类配合物模拟细胞色素P450酶对环己烷羟化反应的催化性能. 结果表明, 该系列o/o型单核铁卟啉二聚体的催化性能明显优于相应的铁卟啉单体FeTPPCl. 随着烷氧链的增长, 催化活性次序为: C2>C4>C6>C8>C10. 该次序与单核铁卟啉二聚体的特定构象引起的立体位阻和分子内电子转移密切相关.     

铁-卟啉氧化还原酶体系催化机理的新解

铁-卟啉体系是生物体内众多重要氧化还原酶的活性中心。卟啉作为大环共轭配体,与中心铁原子的配位情况较小分子配合物复杂。其氧化还原反应的机理研究表明该过程中存在许多带正电荷或自由基的铁氧复合物中间体,这些中间体的空间结构和其中心铁原子的氧化态变化情况难以用经典的价键理论或价层电子对互斥理论等进行解释,且核心中间体的形成机理因不同酶而异。基于对其结构与氧化还原机理的分析,对几个相关问题提出一些较为简便的理解。以期对生物无机化学、配位化学、生物有机化学与酶学的教学和科研有所帮助。     

过氧化物模拟酶催化荧光反应性能的研究——FeTMPvP-HVA-H_2O_2体系

本文研究了moso-四(N-甲基-3-吡啶基)卟啉和铁的络合物作为辣根过氧化物酶的模拟酶催化过氧化氢氧化高香草酸的荧光反应的性能。拟订了用模拟酶催化测定H_2O_2和葡萄糖的荧光测定方法。其检出下限分别为1.1×10~(-7)mol/LH_2O_2和0.2μgml~(-1)葡萄糖。对血清中葡萄糖的含量进行了测定,结果令人满意。通过动力学研究,比较了该模拟酶与辣根过氧化物酶及其它模拟酶催化活性的相对大小。     

尾式甘氨酸四苯基卟啉锌与吡啶类化合物轴配反应光谱和热力学

取代四苯基卟啉锌配合物与咪唑类和吡啶类等含氮化合物轴向配位反应的研究在模拟生物体中锌酶的作用机理方面具有重要意义。在现有的文献中 ,人们的研究主要集中在四苯基卟啉的苯环上连有如卤素、甲氧基、甲基等较小取代基的卟啉锌上[1～3] ,对于结构不对称且苯环上连有氨基酸的四苯基卟啉锌与含氮化合物轴向配位反应的研究尚不多见。有关尾式氨基酸四苯基卟啉锌配合物的合成和性质我们进行过较系统的研究[4～6] 。本文以 5 ( 4 甘氨酸丁氧苯基 ) 1 0 ,1 5 ,2 0 三苯基卟啉锌 (ＺｎＰ)为锌酶的模型化合物 ,用热力学方法研究了它与吡啶 (…     

细胞色素P-450铁卟啉模拟酶的快速混合停流吸收谱

采用快速混合停流技术 ,在实际反应条件下 ,考察了不同铁卟啉配合物FeⅢ(Por.)Cl(Por.=TPP、TMOPP和TFPP)与单氧给体过氧苯甲酸m CPBA构建的模拟酶体系中催化活性物种的生成及催化烯烃环氧化过程 .在氧给体m CPBA作用下 ,FeⅢ(TPP)Cl和FeⅢ(TMOPP)Cl均生成了四价铁氧卟啉配合物 ,具有较高的催化环氧化活性 ,但存在严重的氧化分解 ;而FeⅢ(TFPP)Cl则生成了一种较稳定的中间体 ,以致催化活性较低 ,但当溶液中含有一定量的甲醇时 ,催化活性将出现大幅度的提高 .     

肽链长度对La3＋与微过氧化物酶相互作用的影响

为了了解稀土元素与酶相互作用的化学机理, 用紫外-可见(UV-Vis)吸收光谱技术和电化学方法研究了La^3＋与过氧化物酶(POD)的模型化合物, 微过氧化物酶-8 (MP-8)或微过氧化物酶-11 (MP-11)的相互作用机理. La^3＋优先与MP-8或MP-11分子中血红素卟啉环上的2个丙酸基团的羰基氧发生键合作用, 使它们的聚集程度降低, 卟啉环的非平面性增加. 由于MP-8分子聚集的倾向要小于MP-11, La^3＋使MP-8聚集程度的降低和卟啉环非平面性增加的程度要大于MP-11. 由于MP-11的肽链较长而能形成螺旋状构象, 使肽链上的羰基基团被包埋在肽链的疏水基团中, 因此, La^3＋与MP-11中肽链上的羰基氧基本上不能发生键合作用. 而MP-8的肽链较短, 不能形成螺旋状结构, La^3＋也能与肽链上的羰基氧发生键合作用.     

肽链长度对La3＋与微过氧化物酶相互作用的影响

为了了解稀土元素与酶相互作用的化学机理, 用紫外-可见(UV-Vis)吸收光谱技术和电化学方法研究了La^3＋与过氧化物酶(POD)的模型化合物, 微过氧化物酶-8 (MP-8)或微过氧化物酶-11 (MP-11)的相互作用机理. La^3＋优先与MP-8或MP-11分子中血红素卟啉环上的2个丙酸基团的羰基氧发生键合作用, 使它们的聚集程度降低, 卟啉环的非平面性增加. 由于MP-8分子聚集的倾向要小于MP-11, La^3＋使MP-8聚集程度的降低和卟啉环非平面性增加的程度要大于MP-11. 由于MP-11的肽链较长而能形成螺旋状构象, 使肽链上的羰基基团被包埋在肽链的疏水基团中, 因此, La^3＋与MP-11中肽链上的羰基氧基本上不能发生键合作用. 而MP-8的肽链较短, 不能形成螺旋状结构, La^3＋也能与肽链上的羰基氧发生键合作用.     

包合铁卟啉的环糊精聚合物作为过氧化物朊酶模型物的研究

将β-环糊精交联聚合物（β-CDP）包合铁卟啉（FeTPPS4）形成的固相超分子作为过氧化物朊酶的模拟物，考察影响超分子包合物形成的各种因素，研究了固相超分子催化苯酚一过氧化氢的反应机理，测定了固相超分子的稳定常数，探讨了各种底物对固相超分子酶的模拟物的影响．实现了过氧化氢对4-氨基安替比林一对氯苯酚的催化显色反应，并应用于过氧化氢的酶法分析．     

H2S键合金属(II)咪唑卟啉配合物的结构、光谱和反应活性

选取8个典型的二价金属咪唑卟啉MP(M=Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Ni, Fe, Co, Mn; P代表咪唑卟啉)与H₂S(L)形成轴向金属配合物(L-MP; L-MP^*-L, P^*代表卟啉), 应用轨道和自旋概念密度泛函工具, 在优化构型的基础上, 通过自然键轨道(NBO)方法和前线轨道能级研究了它们的分子结构、光谱性质和反应活性. 模拟结果揭示L-MP和L-MP^*-L结构、光谱及其反应活性不同于其前体MP. MP排斥钙而选择镁; L对MP的结构影响较少, 与咪唑铁卟啉(FeP)能形成最稳定的单轴配合物(L-FeP), 其电子吸收光谱较前体FeP有显著的变化; 铁的亲核Fukui轨道指数值(f_Fe⁺)大于其他原子的Fukui指数, 且发生符号改变. 铁体系的自旋极化Fukui密度图也支持以上结论. 在这些典型的赤道键合配合物中, 金属M与N(S)原子之间的二级微扰相互作用能、自然电荷以及概念密度泛函指数等存在一系列线性关系. 以上结果可为理解内源性H₂S与血管性物质的相互作用机理提供启示.     

包合铁卟啉的环糊精聚合作物作为过氧化物朊酶模型物的研究

将β－环糊精交联聚合物（β－ＣＤＰ）包合铁卟啉（ＦｅＴＰＰＳ４）形成的固相超分子过氧化物朊酶的模拟物，考察了影响超分子包事物形成的各种因素，研究了固相超分子催化苯酚－过氧化氢的反应机理，测定了固相超分子的稳定常数，探讨了各处底物对固相超分子酶的模拟物的影响。实现了过氧化氢对４－氨基安替比林－对氯苯酚的催化显色反应，并应用于过氧化氢的酶法分析。     

Intermolecular C−H Amidation of (Hetero)arenes to Produce Amides through Rhodium‐Catalyzed Carbonylation of Nitrene Intermediates

Amide bond formation is one of the most important reactions in organic chemistry because of the widespread presence of amides in pharmaceuticals and biologically active compounds. Existing methods for amides synthesis are reaching their inherent limits. Described herein is a novel rhodium‐catalyzed three‐component reaction to synthesize amides from organic azides, carbon monoxide, and (hetero)arenes via nitrene‐intermediates and direct C?H functionalization. Notably, the reaction proceeds in an intermolecular fashion with N₂ as the only by‐product, and either directing groups nor additives are required. The computational and mechanistic studies show that the amides are formed via a key Rh‐nitrene intermediate.     

碘甲烷在碳酸二甲酯直接合成中的作用

Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is an environmentally friendly compound and a substitutive intermediate for highly toxic phosgene or dimethyl sulfate in carbonylation and methylation reactions as well as a promising octane booster. The common methods for its preparation are the oxidative carbonylation of methanol catalyzed by a variety of transition metal ions and the transesterification of ethylene carbonate or propene carbonate with methanol[1]. The direct synthesis of DMC from carbon dioxide and methanol is a challenging route in which the most abundant carbon resources and a main greenhouse gas is used as feedstock. A new method for the direct synthesis of DMC catalyzed by the methoxide of main group metal has attracted more and more attention since it was reported[2～6] . However the lower conversion of the reaction has become the main obstacle for its application. In this letter, an efficient promoter for the direct synthesis of DMC is reported.     

模拟细胞色素P-450和仿生氧化反应研究III. 有关用TPPFe(III)Cl及TPPMn(III)Cl催化的环己烷充氧化反应机理的初步探讨

本文研究了ArIO充氧化环己烷的反应体系。在TPPFe(III)Cl及TPPMn(III)Cl催化下进行了动态UV-Vis谱和ESR分析,提出了二种催化体系可能由二种不同递氧中间体的反应机理。     

Gold‐Catalyzed Formal C−C Bond Insertion Reaction of 2‐Aryl‐2‐diazoesters with 1,3‐Diketones

The transition‐metal‐catalyzed formal C−C bond insertion reaction of diazo compounds with monocarbonyl compounds is well established, but the related reaction of 1,3‐diketones instead gives C−H bond insertion products. Herein, we report a protocol for a gold‐catalyzed formal C−C bond insertion reaction of 2‐aryl‐2‐diazoesters with 1,3‐diketones, which provides efficient access to polycarbonyl compounds with an all‐carbon quaternary center. The aryl ester moiety plays a crucial role in the unusual chemoselectivity, and the addition of a Brønsted acid to the reaction mixture improves the yield of the C−C bond insertion product. A reaction mechanism involving cyclopropanation of a gold carbenoid with an enolate and ring‐opening of the resulting donor–acceptor‐type cyclopropane intermediate is proposed. This mechanism differs from that of the traditional Lewis‐acid‐catalyzed C−C bond insertion reaction of diazo compounds with monocarbonyl compounds, which involves a rearrangement of a zwitterion intermediate as a key step.     

Gold‐Catalyzed Annulations of 2‐Alkynyl Benzaldehydes with Vinyl Ethers: Synthesis of Dihydronaphthalene,Isochromene, and Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane Derivatives

With the suitable selection of a gold catalyst as well as the appropriate control of the reaction conditions, various new gold‐catalyzed cyclizations of 2‐alkynyl benzaldehyde with acyclic or cyclic vinyl ethers have been developed. Acetal‐tethered dihydronaphthalene and isochromenes were obtained from the reactions of 2‐alkynyl benzaldehydes with acyclic vinyl ethers under mild conditions. And, more interestingly, the gold‐catalyzed reactions of 2‐alkynyl benzaldehyde with a cyclic vinyl ether afforded the bicyclo[2.2.2]octane derivative involving two molecules of cyclic vinyl ethers. These products contain interesting substructures that have been found in many biologically active molecules and natural products. In addition, a gold‐catalyzed homo‐dimerization of 2‐phenylethynyl benzaldehyde 1 a was observed when the reaction was carried out in the absence of vinyl ether, affording a set of separable diastereomeric products. Plausible mechanisms for these transformations are discussed; a gold‐containing benzopyrylium was regarded as the crucial intermediate by which a number of these new transformations took place.     

Selective Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Hydrochlorination of Alkynes: One‐Step Synthesis of Vinylchlorides

An unprecedented ruthenium‐catalyzed direct and selective alkyne hydrochlorination is reported and leads to vinylchlorides in excellent yields with atom economy. The reaction proceeds at room temperature from terminal alkynes and provides a variety of chloroalkenes. Only the regioisomer resulting from the formal Markovnikov addition is selectively formed. Mechanistic studies show the stereoselective syn addition of HCl to alkynes at room temperature and suggest a chloro hydrido Ru^IV species as a key intermediate of the reaction.     

Direct, facile aldehyde and ketone alpha-selenenylation reactions promoted by L-prolinamide and pyrrolidine sulfonamide organocatalysts

[reaction: see text] A new catalytic method for direct alpha-selenenylation reactions of aldehydes and ketones has been developed. The results of exploratory studies have demonstrated that L-prolinamide is an effective catalyst for alpha-selenenylation reactions of aldehydes, whereas pyrrolidine trifluoromethanesulfonamide efficiently promotes reactions of ketones. Under optimized reaction conditions, using N-(phenylseleno)phthalimide as the selenenylation reagent in CH2Cl2 in the presence of L-prolinamide (2 mol %) or pyrrolidine trifluoromethanesulfonamide (10 mol %), a variety of aldehydes and ketones undergo this process to generate alpha-selenenylation products in high yields. Mechanistic insight into the L-proline and L-prolinamide catalyzed alpha-selenenylation reactions of aldehydes with N-(phenylseleno)phthalimide has come from theoretical studies employing ab initio methods and density functional theory. The results reveal that (1) the rate-limiting step of the process involves attack of the enamine intermediate at selenium in N-(phenylseleno)phthalimide and (2) the energy of the transition state for the reaction catalyzed by prolinamide is lower than that promoted by proline. This result is consistent with experimental observations. The role of hydrogen bond interactions in stabilizing the transition states for this process is also discussed.     

Epoxidation and 1,2-dihydroxylation of alkenes by a nonheme iron model system - DFT supports the mechanism proposed by experiment

The FeII complexes of two isomeric pentadentate bispidine ligands in the presence of H2O2 are catalytically active for the epoxidation and 1,2-dihydroxylation of cyclooctene (bispidine = 3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane; the two isomeric pentadentate bispidine ligands discussed here have two tertiary amine and three pyridine donors). The published spectroscopic and mechanistic data, which include an extensive set of 18O labeling experiments, suggest that the FeIV=O complex is the catalytically active species, which produces epoxide as well as cis- and trans-1,2-dihydroxylated products. Several observations from the published experimental study are addressed with hybrid density functional methods and, in general, the calculations support the proposed, for nonheme iron model systems novel mechanism, where the formation of a radical intermediate emerges from the reaction of the FeIV=O oxidant and cyclooctene. The calculations suggest that the S = 1 ground state of the FeIV=O complex reacts with cyclooctene in a stepwise reaction, leading to the formation of a carbon-based radical intermediate. This radical is captured by O2 from air to produce the majority of the epoxide products in an aerobic atmosphere. Under anaerobic conditions, the produced epoxide product is due to the cyclization of the radical intermediate. Several possible spin states (ST = 3, 2, 1, 0) of the radical intermediate are close in energy. As a result of the substantial energy barrier, calculated for the ST = 3 spin ground state, a spin-crossover during the cyclization step is assumed, and a possible two-state scenario is found, where the S = 2 state of the FeIV=O complex participates in the catalytic mechanism. The 1,2-dihydroxylation proceeds, as suggested by experiment, via an unprecedented pathway, where the radical intermediate is captured by a hydroxyl radical, the source of which is FeIII-OOH, and this reaction is barrierless. The calculations suggest that dihydroxylation can also occur by a direct oxidation pathway from FeIII-OOH. The strikingly different reactivities observed with the two isomeric bispidine FeII complexes are rationalized on the basis of structural and electronic differences.     

动力学分析方法检测酶反应活性中间体的研究

提出了一种检测酶反应活性中间体的动力学新方法，利用中间体的反应活性，加入合适的竞争剂使中间体在转化产物的同时能与竞争剂反应，监测中间体与竞争剂反应的动力学过程的以获得中间体信息，该法既能研究自由基中间体，也能研究非自由基中间体，便于研究快反应和跟踪动态过程，用该法对辣根过氧化酶催经过氧化氢氧化去甲肾上腺素的中间过程进行了研究。     

Frustrated Lewis Pair Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Oxidation of Indolines and Other Heterocycles

An acceptorless dehydrogenation of heterocycles catalyzed by frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) was developed. Oxidation with concomitant liberation of molecular hydrogen proceeded in high to excellent yields for N‐protected indolines as well as four other substrate classes. The mechanism of this unprecedented FLP‐catalyzed reaction was investigated by mechanistic studies, characterization of reaction intermediates by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystal analysis, and by quantum‐mechanical calculations. Hydrogen liberation from the ammonium hydridoborate intermediate is the rate‐determining step of the oxidation. The addition of a weaker Lewis acid as a hydride shuttle increased the reaction rate by a factor of 2.28 through a second catalytic cycle.