Promotion of Ionic Liquid to Dimethyl Carbonate Synthesis from Methanol and Carbon Dioxide

Introduction Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is an important carbon-ylating and methylating agent substituting dimethyl sul-fate and toxic phosgene, and an intermediate for higher carbonates and carbamates.1 In addition, it is also a promising octane enhancer.2 The widely used method of its preparation is the oxidative carbonylation of metha-nol by carbon monoxide with copper(II) or palladium(II) catalysts.3 Recently, the utilization of carbon dioxide as the raw material for DMC synthesis has bee…     

从超临界二氧化碳和甲醇直接合成碳酸二甲酯

Dimethyl carbonate (DMC), an environmentally benign intermediate for organic synthesis, has been mainly synthesized through non-phosgene route of oxidative carbonylation[1]. Direct synthesis of DMC from carbon dioxide and methanol is of more significance due to atom economy. Organometallic compounds of formulae R2M(OR)2, M(OR)2 or M(OR)4[2,3] were employed as catalysts in direct synthesis of DMC, where an activation mechanism of CO2 insertion into metal-oxygen bond was supposed. Unfortunately, the yield of DMC was low even in the presence of chemical dehydrants because mainly of thermodynamic limit.     

Critical temperatures and pressures of reacting mixture in synthesis of dimethyl carbonate with methanol and carbon dioxide

Critical temperatures and pressures of nominal reacting mixture in synthesis of dimethyl carbonate （DMC） from methanol and carbon dioxide （quaternary mixture of carbon dioxide ＋ methanol ＋ water ＋ DMC） were measured using a high-pressure view cell. The results suggested that the critical properties of the reacting mixture depended on the reaction extent as well as its initial composition （initial ratio of carbon dioxide to methanol）. Such information is essential for determining the reaction conditions when one intends to carry out the synthesis of DMC with CO2 and methanol under supercritical conditions.     

Comparative study between gas phase and liquid phase for the production of DMC from methanol and CO2

Direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from methanol and carbon dioxide over Co1.5PW12O40 in liquid and in gas phase is investigated. The synthesized catalyst has been characterized by means of FTIR and XRD. Liquid phase experiment results showed that high pressures are favorable for the synthesis of DMC. However, DMC formation is limited by the reaction with co-produced water. DMC selectivity is more strongly dependent on the temperature than on the pressure of CO2. As for the reactions in gas phase, it has been found that both CH3OH conversion and DMC selectivity decreased with increasing temperature, owing to the decomposition of DMC at high temperatures. High temperatures and more amount of Co1.5PW12O40 catalyst favor the formation of dimethoxymethane (DMM) and methyl formate (MF).     

Dimethyl carbonate synthesis via transesterification catalyzed by quaternary ammonium salt functionalized chitosan

A quaternary ammonium salt covalently linked to chitosan was first used as a catalyst for dimethyl carbonate （DMC） synthesis by the transesterification of propylene carbonate （PC） with methanol. The effects of various reaction variables like reaction time, temperature and pressure on the catalytic performance were also investigated. 54% DMC yield and 71% PC conversion were obtained under the optimal reaction conditions. Notably, the catalyst was able to be reused with retention of high catalytic activity and selectivity. Consequently, the process presented here has great potential for industrial application due to its advantages such as stability, easy preparation from renewable biopolymer, and simple separation from products.     

STUDY OF CARBONYLATION OF METHANOL TO ACETIC ACID AND ACETIC ANHYDRIDE OVER A BIDENTATE POLYMER BOUND CIS-DICARBONYLRHODIUM COMPLEX AS CATALYST

Copolymer of 2-vinylpyridine and vinylacetate coordinated with dicarbonylrhodiumused as a catalyst for carbonylation of methanol to acetic acid and anhydride has beenstudied. The structural characteristics of the copolymer ligand and complex, and the in-fluences of the reaction conditions on the carbonylation catalyzed by this polymer complexhave been investigated. In comparison with small molecule catalyst of Rh complex, thebidentate copolymer coordinated complex has better thermal stability. The reactionmechanism of the carbonylation reaction is also illustrated.     

乙醇在新型Mo/C催化剂上的气相羰基化反应

The carbonylation of alcohol to acid or ester is an important process in the chemical industry. The Monsanto process for acetic acid via the homoge neous carbonylation of methanol is an example of the largest scale commercial application of this route[1].Recently, ethanol carbonylation for manufacturing propionic acid and ethyl propionate became an at tractive approach, and many research efforts were made for an appropriate catalyst to carry out the va por phase carbonylation under atmospheric pres sure[2～4]. Although an iodide-promoted Ni/C cata lyst is found to exhibit satisfactory activity and se lectivity for the vapor phase carbonylation of ethanol, it is affected by the disadvantages associat ed with a highly corrosive reaction medium and dif ficult product separation owing to the use of ethyl iodide as promoter. There has been little success in finding heterogeneous or homogeneous catalyst that can operate effectively without a halide promoter[5].     

InCl_3·4H_2O Catalyzed Aldol Condensation of Cycloalkanones with Aromatic Aldehydes

a, a-Bis (substituted) benzylidenecycloalkanones are widely used as precursors for synthesis of bioactive pyrimidine derivatives and their synthesis have attracted considerable attention1. Aldol condensation of cyclopentanone or cyclohexanone with aldehydes is employed, and the reactions were carried out in the presence of strong acids or bases2. Recently, the application of metal ions as catalyst in this type of reaction has been reported3. For example, RuCl3 has been reported to be an exc…     

A Novel Sul ded Mo/C Catalyst for Direct Vapor Phase Carbonylation of Methanol at Atmospheric Pressure

The direct carbonylation of methanol, without any halide in the feed as a promoter, is presented. A series of Mo catalysts supported on activated carbon, y-Al2O3 and SiO2 were prepared. The results show that the support greatly affects the Mo catalyst in the direct vapor-phase carbonylation of methanol, and activated carbon is the best supports of the investigated supports. In addition, the relationships between adsorptions of NH3 and CO and carbonylation of methanol were investigated. A novel sulfided Mo/C catalyst had high activity and selectivity for the vapor phase carbonylation of methanol to methyl acetate without the addition of a CH3I promoter to the feed. The reaction conditions were optimized at a reaction temperature of 573 K, a methanol concentration of 23 mol% and a carbon monoxide space velocity of 3,000 L/(kg-h). Under these optimal conditions a methanol conversion of 50%, carbonylation selectivity of 80 mol%, and space-time yield of 8.0 mol/(kg-h) were obtained. The active phase of this     

A Novel Synthesis of Dimethyl Malonate by Carbonylation of Methyl Chloroacetate Catalyzed by Cobalt Complex

Dimethyl malonate (DMM) is an important organic synthesis intermediate. Traditional synthetic method by reaction of mono-chloroacetic acid with sodium cyanide1 is poisonous and complicated. Therefore, an interest in green synthesis routes of DMM has risen greatly. The several processes for preparing DMM by carbonylation of methyl chloroacetate catalyzed by Co2(CO)8 have been reported2~5. However, Co2(CO)8 is unstable and must be prepared under high pressure (12 Mpa). Moreover, the yield…     

Investigation of the effect of carbon monoxide on the oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate over CuX and CuZSM-5 zeolites

Direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate offers prospects for a “green chemistry” replacement to eliminate use of phosgene for polymer production and other processes. The carbonylation of methanol to produce dimethyl carbonate over Cu⁺X and Cu⁺ZSM-5 zeolites prepared by solid-state ion exchange has been investigated, focusing on the interaction of carbon monoxide with the Cu⁺ zeolites. The methanol carbonylation mechanism reported previously has been extended to account for carbon monoxide adsorption at high pressure. The comparison of the results obtained from Cu⁺X and Cu⁺ZSM-5 show that strong CO adsorption on the catalyst is not related to increased rate of dimethyl carbonate production. The rate limiting step for DMC production is best described as the Eley-Rideal reaction of gas-phase CO with surface methoxide.     

Cuβ催化剂上氧化羰基合成碳酸二甲酯的原位漫反射红外光谱研究

采用原位漫反射红外光谱法研究了Cuβ催化剂上氧化羰基合成碳酸二甲酯(DMC)的反应机理,考察了甲醇、一氧化碳和DMC的单独吸附及混合气吸附。结果表明,Cuβ催化剂上只存在一种活性位,位于六元环中;氧气能够氧化吸附态的甲醇产生甲氧基和水;DMC吸附在Cuβ催化剂上时,以羰基中的氧原子吸附在活性位上更加稳定;反应存在生成单甲氧基物种和双甲氧基物种两条路径,单甲氧基物种与CO反应生成单甲基碳酸盐物种(MMC),MMC再与甲氧基反应生成DMC;CO插入双甲氧基物种也可以得到DMC。在Cuβ催化剂上更倾向于进行CO插入双甲氧基物种这一路径。     

Research Progress in the Direct Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate from CO2 and Methanol

The direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from CO₂ and methanol is one attractive way for the reduction of greenhouse gas emission and the utilization of carbon resources. Recent progress in the direct synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and methanol is reviewed with the focus on the catalyst systems, including organic metal compounds catalyst, base catalyst, acetate catalyst, metal oxide and supported metal oxide catalysts, heteropolyacid catalyst and photocatalyst. Moreover, the application of supercritical system, ionic liquid system, electrochemical system, membrane reactor and nitriles hydration in the direct synthesis of DMC are also introduced. Finally, future research direction in this area is proposed.     

CuO-La_2O_3/AC催化剂上气相合成碳酸二甲酯的研究(英文)

制备出了用于甲醇气相氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯反应的负载铜基催化剂ＣｕＯ－Ｌａ_2Ｏ_3／ＡＣ。考察了预处理的活性炭载体对反应性能的影响。采用ＸＰＳ技术表征了催化剂的表面性质。结果表明,ＣｕＯ－Ｌａ２Ｏ３／ＡＣ催化剂具有催化合成碳酸二甲酯的反应活性：反应性能依赖于催化剂表面的ＣｕＯ和Ｃｕ２Ｏ物种;用盐酸预处理的活性炭载体可明显提高催化剂的活性和稳定性。     

Active control of methanol carbonylation selectivity over Au/carbon anode by electrochemical potential

Electrochemical oxidative carbonylation of methanol was studied over Au supported carbon anode in CO. The major carbonylation products were dimethyl oxalate (DMO) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). The minor oxidation products were dimethoxy methane (DMM) and methyl formate (MF) from methanol and CO(2). Influences of various reaction conditions were studied on carbonylation activities and selectivities. The selectivities to DMO and DMC can be controlled by the electrochemical potential. Electrocatalysis of Au/carbon anode was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), stoichiometric reactions among Au(3+), methanol, and CO, and UV-vis spectra. The Au/carbon anode was characterized by XRD, SEM, and BE images before and after the carbonylation. These experimental facts strongly suggest that transition of oxidation states of Au affects changing of the carbonylation selectivities to DMO and DMC. Au(0) is the active species for the selective DMO formation by direct electrochemical carbonylation at low potentials (<+1.2 V (Ag/AgCl)). On the other hand, Au(3+) is the active spices for the selective DMC formation by indirect electrochemical carbonylation through Au(3+)/Au(+) redox at high potentials (>+1.3 V).     

EFFECT OF Cu CATALYST PREPARATION ON THE OXIDATIVE CARBONYLATION OF METHANOL TO DIMETHYL CARBONATE

In this paper, the effect of catalyst preparation on the activity of supported Cu catalyst for oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate was investigated. The results showed that after addING metal hydroxide, the supported Cu catalyst enhanced the conversion of methanol and the selectivity TO of DMC and the suitable mole ratio of OH/Cu is 1.0. The optimum Cu content lies in 6-10 wt.% and varies with reaction temperature. The suitable calcination temperature range is 200-300^oC considering both factors of methanol conversion and DMC selectivity. The effect of particle size of the catalysts on the activity is negligible.     

TBAB修饰的负载型Wacker催化剂催化甲醇羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯

自 1 95 9年 Smidt等 [1]发现均相 Pd Cl2 - Cu Cl2 体系可高效率直接选择性氧化乙烯制乙醛以来 ,Wacker催化过程已成为乙醛工业生产的主要方法 .为解决 Wacker催化体系腐蚀性强及催化体系与产物难以分离等弊端 ,将均相 Wacker(Pd Cl2 - Cu Cl2 )催化剂固载化成为备受关注的研究课题[2 ] .多相Wacker催化剂不仅成功地应用于选择性氧化低碳烯烃制醛和酮 [3 ,4 ] ,还用于 CO深度氧化 [5～ 7] .碳酸二甲酯 (DMC)的合成与应用研究是目前绿色化学前沿课题 .在众多的 DMC合成方法中 ,常压气相法因其工艺简单、对设备无腐蚀以及产品易分离…     

表面改性对Cu/活性炭催化剂表面Cu物种和催化活性的影响

通过对活性炭表面改性,研究了醋酸铜溶液浸渍后热分解制备的Cu/AC无氯催化剂对甲醇氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯催化性能的影响。通过低温氮吸附－脱附、FTIR等表征对改性前后活性炭的比表面积及表面官能团变化进行了分析,发现氨水改性的活性炭比表面积略有增大,表面不饱和还原性官能团(C≡N、C≡C)增加,而KMnO₄改性的活性炭比表面积减小7%,表面C=O、-COOH显著增加。进一步通过XRD、H₂-TPR、XPS等表征分析了催化剂表面铜物种(Cu⁰/Cu^I/Cu^Ⅱ)的形态,发现表面铜物种的价态和配比与活性炭表面性质密切相关,影响催化剂活性。活性炭改性后,表面微观结构和表面化学性质的变化对浸渍醋酸铜的表面分布和热分解过程产生明显影响,导致催化剂表面活性Cu物种发生变化。和其它表面改性方法相比,氨水改性的活性炭更有利于催化剂活性的提高,碳酸二甲酯的时空收率及甲醇转化率分别达到了152.8 mg·g^-1·h^-1和7.4%。