Aqueous-phase catalytic hydrogenation of furfural to cyclopentanol over Cu-Mg-Al hydrotalcites derived catalysts: Model reaction for upgrading of bio-oil

A series of Cu-Mg-Al hydrotalcites derived oxides with a (Cu+Mg)/Al mole ratio of 3 and varied Cu/Mg mole ratio (from 0.07 to 0.30) were prepared by co-precipitation and calcination methods, then they were introduced to the hydrogenation of furfural in aqueous-phase. Effects of Cu/Mg mole ratio, reaction temperature, initial hydrogen pressure, reaction time and catalyst amount on the conversion rate of furfural as well as the selectivity toward desired product cyclopentanol were systematically investigated. The conversion of furfural over calcined hydrotalcite catalyst with a Cu/Mg mole ratio of 0.2 was up to 98.5% when the reaction was carried out under 140 °C and the initial hydrogen pressure of 4 MPa for 10 h, while the selectivity toward cyclopentanol was up to 94.8%. The catalysts were characterized by XRD and SEM. XRD diffraction of all the samples showed characteristic pattern of hydrotalcite with varied peak intensity as a result of different Cu content. The catalytic activity was improved gradually with the increase of Cu component in the hydrotalcite.     

Cr-free Co-Cu/SBA-15 catalysts for hydrogenation of biomass-derivedα-,β-unsaturated aldehyde to alcohol

Cr-free bi-metallic SBA-15-supported Co–Cu catalysts were examined in the conversion of bio-mass-derived α-, β-unsaturated aldehyde (furfural) to value-added chemical furfuryl alcohol (FOL). Co–Cu/SBA-15 catalysts with a fixed Cu loading of 10 wt% and varying Co loadings (2.5, 5, and 10 wt%) were prepared by the impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray dif-fraction, N2 sorption, H2 temperature-programmed reduction, scanning electron microscopy, ener-gy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, CO chemi-sorption, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The influence of different reaction parameters such as temperature, pressure, catalyst dosage, and furfural concentration on the cata-lyst performance was evaluated. Relative to catalysts supported on amorphous silica, the current SBA-15-supported Co–Cu catalysts displayed higher performance, attaining a furfural conversion of 99% and furfuryl alcohol selectivity of 80%. The catalytic reactions were conducted in a 100-mL autoclave at 170 °C and 2 MPa H2 pressure for 4 h.     

Cu/ZnO催化糠醛气相加氢制2-甲基呋喃的研究

通过共沉淀法制备一系列铜锌催化剂,用于固定床上糠醛气相加氢制2-甲基呋喃的研究。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、N_2吸附-脱附、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、H_2-程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)、NH_3-程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)表征,分析催化剂中Cu0和ZnO在催化反应中的作用。结果表明,Cu~0是糠醛加氢的活性中心,氧化锌的加入减小了催化剂晶粒粒径、增大了催化剂比表面积、利于催化剂还原和增加催化剂表面弱酸性位。当Cu/Zn物质的量比为1∶2时,Cu_1Zn_2催化剂具有适宜氧化还原活性中心及弱酸位数量,对2-甲基呋喃表现出较高的选择性。Cu_1Zn_2催化剂在常压、反应温度为200℃、氢醛物质的量比为4∶1、糠醛体积空速为0.3 h-1条件下,糠醛转化率100.0%,2-甲基呋喃选择性最高为93.6%。反应稳定运行200 h后,糠醛转化率仍为100.0%,2-甲基呋喃选择性为80.0%,糠醇选择性为11.4%。     

Versatile carbon supported mono and bimetallic nanocomposites: synthesis,characterization and their potential application for furfural reduction

Biomass conversion has been developed by testing various metal based carbon catalysts. Most of the reported catalysts either use very expensive metals or support that provides lower selectivity. In this context, we fabricated new carbon based nanocomposites and studied their catalytic application for furfural reduction – a promising biomass derived molecule. The mono (Cu, Co and Ni) and bimetallic (CuCo and CuNi) nanoparticle supported on commercial graphite (CG) were prepared and characterized by TEM, EDS, XRD and Raman spectroscopy. The analysis revealed that the nanocomposites are made up of metallic nanoparticles with average particle size of 5–13 nm on the graphite matrix. The obtained results indicated that the Cu+Ni@CG catalyst exhibited high catalytic activity for furfural reduction, thus leaving Cu+Ni as the finest and cost effective catalyst for this study.     

Highly stable and selective Ru/NiFe_2O_4 catalysts for transfer hydrogenation of biomass-derived furfural to 2-methylfuran

Spinel ferrites NiFe_2O_4 supported Ru catalysts have been prepared via a simple sol–gel route and applied for converting biomass-derived furfural to 2-methylfuran. The as-prepared catalysts were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis(TG), N_2 adsorption–desorption, X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electronic microscopy(SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). Results showed that the catalysts had well-dispersed Ru active sites and large surface area for calcination temperature ranging from 300 to 500 ℃. The conversion of biomass-derived furfural into 2-methylfuran was conducted over Ru/NiFe_2O_4 through catalytic transfer hydrogenation in liquid-phase with 2-propanol as the hydrogen source. A significantly enhanced activity and increased 2-methylfuran yield have been achieved in this study. Under mild conditions(180 ℃ and 2.1 MPa N_2), the conversion of furfural exceeds 97% and 2-methylfuran yield was up to 83% over the catalyst containing 8 wt% Ru. After five repeated uses, the catalytic activity and the corresponding product yield remained almost unchanged. The excellent catalytic activity and recycling performance provide a broad prospects for various practical applications.     

Furfural Hydrogenation on Nickel‐promoted Cu‐containing Catalysts Prepared from Hydrotalcite‐Like Precursors

The nickel‐promoted Cu‐containing catalysts (Cu_xNi_y‐MgAlO) for furfural (FFR) hydrogenation were prepared from the hydrotalcite‐like precursors, and characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction, inductively‐coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, N₂ adsorption‐desorption, UV‐Vis diffuse reflectance spectra and temperature‐programmed reduction with H₂ in the present work. The obtained catalysts were observed to exhibit a better catalytic property than the corresponding Cu‐MgAlO or Ni‐MgAlO samples in FFR hydrogenation, and the CuNi‐MgAlO catalyst with the actual Cu and Ni loadings of 12.5 wt% and 4.5 wt%, respectively, could give the highest FFR conversion (93.2%) and furfuryl alcohol selectivity (89.2%). At the same time, Cu⁰ species from the reduction of Cu²⁺ ions in spinel phases were deduced to be more active for FFR hydrogenation.     

不同硅源的Cu/SiO2催化糠醛加氢制2-甲基呋喃

以硅溶胶和气相二氧化硅为载体,采用氨蒸法制备了Cu/SiO₂-sol和Cu/SiO₂-aer两种催化剂,采用N₂吸附脱附、X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、N₂O-H₂滴定、氢气程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、氨程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）及X射线光电子能谱（XPS）对样品进行表征,在固定床反应器中考察两种催化剂对糠醛气相加氢制2-甲基呋喃的催化性能。结果表明,Cu/SiO₂-sol催化剂具有更好的催化活性,在150 h反应时间内,糠醛转化率为100%,2-MF选择性在91%以上。这主要归因于以硅溶胶为硅源可以生成更多页硅酸铜,还原后催化剂表面Cu的分散性更高、弱酸位更多,有利于提高糠醛的转化率与2-甲基呋喃的选择性。同时Cu/SiO₂-sol具有较大的孔容孔径,有利于降低反应过程中积炭,延长催化剂寿命。     

焙烧温度对CuMgAl催化剂催化糠醛气相加氢制糠醇性能的影响

采用分步沉淀过程制得质量比m(CuO)∶m(MgO)∶m(Al_2O_3)为25∶26∶49的CuMgAl类水滑石前驱体,经过不同温度焙烧制得CuMgAl-t催化剂。通过BET、热重、XRD、H_2-TPR和CO_2-TPD对催化剂进行表征,在固定床中考察CuMgAl-t催化剂催化糠醛气相加氢制糠醇的性能。结果表明,焙烧温度影响催化剂活性、稳定性及对产物的选择性,低温焙烧的催化剂经还原后可获得较多活性中心,高温焙烧的催化剂表面具有更多的碱性位,CuMgAl催化剂经450℃焙烧表面存在适宜的活性中心和碱性位。在常压、反应温度180℃、氢醛物质的量比5∶1、糠醛体积空速0.3h~(-1)的条件下,CuMgAl-450催化剂上糠醛的转化率和糠醇的选择性分别达到98.64%和97.66%。     

沉淀剂对CuZnAl催化剂糠醛气相加氢制糠醇选择性的影响

采用共沉淀法制得分别以NaOH、Na_2CO_3和Na_2CO_3/NaOH为沉淀剂的CuZnAl-1、CuZnAl-2和CuZnAl-3催化剂,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附-脱附、H_2-程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)、热重和NH_3-程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)等方法对催化剂进行了表征,并在固定床反应器上研究了沉淀剂对CuZnAl催化剂糠醛气相加氢制糠醇选择性的影响。结果表明,糠醛加氢在三种催化剂上均有较高转化率,而CuZnAl-3催化剂对糠醇有较高选择性。沉淀剂对CuZnAl催化剂的物相结构、比表面积、酸性和氧化还原性均有较大影响。以Na_2CO_3/NaOH为沉淀剂得到的CuZnAl-3催化剂具有适宜的比表面积、CuO晶相、较弱的酸性位,且表面CuO易于还原,这些因素有利于催化反应生成糠醇。CuZnAl-3催化剂上糠醛气相加氢制糠醇优化工艺参数为:常压、反应温度180℃、氢醛物质的量比为5∶1、糠醛体积空速0.3h~(-1);糠醛转化率为99.4%,糠醇选择性为98.3%。     

Effect of copper precursors on the catalytic activity of Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH<Subscript>3</Subscript>

The Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts prepared by different copper precursors were used for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO _x with NH₃. The Cu/ZSM-5 catalyst prepared by the copper nitrate (Cu/ZSM-5-N) presented the best performance among the Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts and showed above 90 % NO _x conversion at 225–405 °C. The average particle size of CuO was 5.82, 9.20, and 11.01 nm over Cu/ZSM-5-N, Cu/ZSM-5-S (prepared by copper sulfate), and Cu/ZSM-5-C (prepared by copper chloride), respectively. The Cu/ZSM-5-N catalyst showed the highly dispersed copper species, the strong surface acidity, and the excellent redox ability compared with the Cu/ZSM-5-C and Cu/ZSM-5-S catalysts. The Cu⁺ and Cu²⁺ existed in the Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts and the abundant Cu⁺ over Cu/ZSM-5-N might be responsible for the superior SCR activity.     

Silica-supported copper nanoparticles as efficient catalysts for the liquid-phase selective hydrogenation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-dinitrobenzene by molecular hydrogen

Monometallic and bimetallic copper-containing catalysts supported on silica gel KSKG were synthesized. The bimetallic Cu—Zn catalysts were most active and selective in the hydro-genation of p-dinitrobenzene (DNB) to p-phenylenediamine (PDA) (99% at 100% conversion of DNB). The highest activity and 99% selectivity to PDA at 100% DNB conversion were demonstrated by the monometallic catalysts with a Cu content of 9%. Unlike hydrogenation on the conventional catalysts, molecular H₂ is the hydrogenating agent in the presence of the copper-containing catalysts under relatively mild conditions (110–140 °C, 1.3 MPa).     

含氧预硫化掺杂Cu-LaCoO3催化剂上CO还原SO2催化反应研究

多年来人们对钙钛矿(ABO3)复合氧化物的结构、磁性及催化新材料进行了大量研究,尤其是近10年来有关它在烟气脱硫环境催化方面更成为研究热点领域之一[1￣3],但对其经掺杂过渡金属后受催化还原过程、预硫化中毒过程的机理研究却少见报道。为此,我们针对烟道气中存在的CO还原SO2反应,用柠檬酸配位法合成了LaCoO3和用Cu进行适当掺杂制备了LaCo1-xCuxO3系列催化剂,并分别进行了无氧条件的预还原和有氧条件下的预中毒硫化及耐氧反应催化活性实验,利用光电子能谱XPS对钙钛矿LaCoO3及掺杂铜后的复合氧化物预中毒硫化过程前后进行催化性能…     

Cu-LaCoO3催化剂选择氢解生物质基糠醇制备1,5-和1,2-戊二醇

高效转化可再生生物质资源制备人类社会必需的燃料和化学品是当前关注和研究的热点之一.生物质基糠醇来源于玉米芯、甘蔗渣、秸秆等农林副产物,价廉易得,是选择氢解合成高附加值1,2-和1,5-戊二醇的理想原料.目前生物质基呋喃衍生物氢解制备二元醇的研究主要集中在Pt,Ru,Rh和Ir等贵金属催化剂,对无Cr非贵金属催化剂的研究甚少.基于纳米Cu催化剂较高的C-O键氢解活性和较低的C-C键裂解活性,以及碱性载体对反应物和反应中间体的稳定作用,我们在前期Cu-Mg3AlO4.5和Cu-Al2O3催化剂催化糠醇氢解研究基础上,以具有一定碱性的ABO3结构的钙钛矿型化合物为载体负载活性Cu开展糠醇氢解研究,深入研究催化剂结构、组成和活性金属价态等对催化剂活性和选择性影响,并研究了催化剂循环使用稳定性.首先我们采用柠檬酸一步络合法制备了一系列具有一定钙钛矿结构的不同Cu负载量(0-20 wt％)的Cu-LaCoO3催化剂以及LaCoO3负载的5 wt％Pt,Ru,Rh和Pd催化剂并考察了它们的糠醇选择氢解制备戊二醇性能.研究发现,在相同活性金属负载量(5 wt％)时,Cu-LaCoO3催化剂具有较优异的呋喃环C-O键氢解活性,而贵金属催化剂倾向于催化呋喃环C=C键加氢饱和.考察不同Cu负载量的Cu-LaCoO3催化剂催化糠醇氢解性能发现,随着Cu负载量的增加,糠醇转化率先升高后降低,在10 wt％Cu负载量时达最高(94.6％),戊二醇总选择性也随Cu负载量的增加先升高后降低,在5 wt％Cu负载量时最高(52.2％),总体以10 wt％Cu负载量催化剂表现出最优异的性能.接着我们考察了反应动力学条件如温度、压力和反应时间以及还原处理条件对10 wt％Cu-LaCoO3催化性能的影响.研究发现适当的高温(～433 K)和高压(6 MPa H2)有利于Cu-LaCoO3催化糠醇氢解制戊二醇,而低浓度氢气(5 vol％)还原有利于1,5-戊二醇的生成,高氢气浓度(纯氢)还原有利于呋喃环加氢饱和的四氢糠醇生成.10 wt％Cu负载量的催化剂经5％H2-95％N2处理后,在413 K和6 MPa H2条件下可取得100％的糠醇转化率以及55.5％的戊二醇总选择性(其中1,5-戊二醇和1,2-戊二醇的选择性之比接近3:1).进一步考察了10 wt％Cu-LaCoO3催化剂的循环使用稳定性,研究发现无论是在高初始转化率(～93.7％)还是低初始转化率(～30.5％)条件下,经多次循环使用后糠醇转化率先升高后基本保持不变,而戊二醇总选择性呈下降趋势,四氢糠醇的选择性逐渐上升.结合XRD,XPS,BET,H2-TPR,CO2-TPD,NH3-TPD和HRTEM等多种表征技术对Cu-LaCoO3催化剂的结构及在糠醇氢解反应中的活性位进行了表征,发现高分散的活性物种、合适的碱性以及部分还原的活性组分均有利于提高催化剂的活性与1,5-戊二醇的化学选择性,高分散的Cu0与部分还原的Co3O4(很可能是CoO)之间的协同催化对于取得较优异的糠醇氢解性能,尤其是较高的1,5-/1,2-戊二醇比例至关重要.     

Role of preparation parameters of Cu–Zn mixed oxide catalyst in solvent free glycerol carbonylation with urea

Solvent-free carbonylation of glycerol with urea to glycerol carbonate (GC) was achieved over heterogeneous Cu–Zn mixed oxide catalyst. Cu–Zn catalysts with different ratios of Cu:Zn were prepared using co-precipitation (CP) and oxalate gel (OG) methods. As compared to CuO–ZnO(2:1) catalyst prepared by oxalate gel (OG) method, much higher conversion of glycerol and highest selectivity towards glycerol carbonate (GC) was achieved with CuO–ZnO_CP(2:1) catalyst. Physicochemical properties of prepared catalysts were investigated by using XRD, FT-IR, BET, TPD of CO₂ and NH₃ and TEM techniques. The effect of stoichiometric ratio of Cu/Zn, calcination temperature of CuO–ZnO catalysts and effect of reaction parameters such as molar ratio of substrates, time and temperature on glycerol conversion to GC were critically studied. Cu/Zn of 2:1 ratio, glycerol–urea 1:1 molar ratio, 145 ​°C reaction temperatures were found to be optimized reaction conditions to achieve highest glycerol conversion of 86% and complete selectivity towards GC. The continuous expel of NH₃ from reaction the mixture avoided formation of ammonia complex with CuO–ZnO catalyst. As a result of this, CuO–ZnO catalyst could be recycled up to three times without losing its initial activity.     

One‐step Preparation of Carbon‐based Solid Acid Catalyst from Water Hyacinth Leaves for Esterification of Oleic Acid and Dehydration of Xylose

Carbon‐based solid acid catalysts were successfully obtained via one‐step hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of water hyacinth (WH) in the presence of p ‐toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA). Increasing the HTC temperature from 180 to 240 °C resulted in carbonaceous materials with increased sulfur content and less adsorbed water. The material obtained at 220 °C (WH‐PTSA‐220) contains the highest amount of acid sites and promotes the highest initial rate of two transformations, that is, methanolysis of oleic acid and dehydration of xylose to furfural. While all PSTA‐treated WH catalysts gave comparable fatty acid conversions (≈97 %) and furfural yields (≈60 %) after prolonged reaction times, the WH‐PTSA‐240 system bearing a relatively low acid density maintains the most favorable reusability profile. Higher HTC temperatures (220–240 °C) improved the catalyst reusability profiles due to graphitization and hydrophobicity of the carbon surface. The catalyst systems derived herein from biomass may have potential applications in biorefining platforms, utilizing the conversion of waste biomass to chemicals.     

Reductive amination of cyclohexanol/cyclohexanone to cyclohexylamine using SBA-15 supported copper catalysts

Amination of cyclohexanol was investigated in vapour phase over copper catalysts supported on mesoporous SBA-15. The different products identified during reductive amination of cyclohexanol reaction were cyclohexanone, cyclohexylamine, along with small amounts of N-Cyclohexylidinecyclohexylamine and dicyclohexylamine. Among several catalysts tested for the reductive amination, 5% Cu supported on SBA-15 exhibited better catalytic performance than other catalysts with 36% selectivity towards cylclohexylamine at 80% cyclohexanol conversion. The optimum reaction conditions employed to achieve the best catalyst performance were at 250 °C, 0.1 MPa of H₂/NH₃, TOS-10h. The active Cu sites, acidity of the catalyst, and effect of reaction parameters play a pivotal role in the reductive amination reaction. The prepared catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, SEM, H₂-TPR and NH₃-TPD. The dispersion of Cu, particle size, and metal surface area (m²/g) calculated from pulse N₂O decomposition method. TPR findings reveal the presence of substantially dispersed copper oxide species at lower loadings which is easily reducible than the bulk copper oxide species found at higher Cu loadings. The acidity measurements by NH₃-TPD analysis suggest that the maximum acidic strength was obtained at 5 wt% copper on porous SBA-15, and decreased with Cu loadings. The catalytic properties are well in agreement with the findings of catalysts characterization.     

稀土掺杂改性对Cu/ZnAl水滑石衍生催化剂甲醇水蒸气重整制氢性能的影响

采用原位合成法在γ-Al₂O₃表面合成了锌铝水滑石,再通过顺次浸渍法制备了一系列掺杂稀土改性的M（M=Y、La、Ce、Sm、Gd）/Cu/ZnAl催化材料,并将其应用于甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应。探讨了稀土掺杂改性对Cu/ZnAl催化剂催化性能的影响,并采用XRD、SEM-EDS、BET、H₂-TPR、XPS和N₂O滴定等手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,催化剂的活性与Cu比表面积和催化剂的还原性质密切相关,Cu比表面积越大,还原温度越低,催化活性越高。稀土Ce、Sm、Gd的引入能改善活性组分Cu的分散度、Cu比表面积以及催化剂的还原性质,进而提高催化剂的催化活性。其中,Ce/Cu/ZnAl催化剂表现出最佳的催化活性,在反应温度为250 ℃时,甲醇转化率达到100%,CO含量为0.39%,相比Cu/ZnAl催化剂,甲醇转化率提高了近40%。     

水/二甲基亚砜体系中无机盐高效催化木糖脱水制备糠醛(英)

提出了一种高效的均相催化木糖制备糠醛的方法,探讨了水/二甲基亚砜（DMSO）均相体系中不同类型的无机盐对催化木糖制备糠醛的影响.结果表明,氯盐较硫酸盐和硝酸盐表现出较高的催化活性,其中以SnCl₄的催化效果最高.且它与LiCl复配时催化性能更高.当SnCl₄的摩尔分数为0.8时,催化效果最好,糠醛收率达56.9%.反应条件优化实验发现,当催化剂与木糖的摩尔比为0.5:1,固液比为1:20,水与DMSO体积比为5:5时,于130℃下反应6h,糠醛收率达63%.     

Cu-Mn-Si 催化剂在环己醇脱氢和糠醛加氢耦合反应中的研究: 沉淀pH值和焙烧温度的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了Cu-Mn-Si催化剂,并将其应用于常压气相环己醇脱氢和糠醛加氢耦合反应中,考察了沉淀pH值和焙烧温度对耦合反应的影响。沉淀pH值对糠醛加氢制2 甲基呋喃反应影响不大,但对环己酮的选择性影响较大。pH值在7.5~10.0制备的催化剂具有优良的反应性能。焙烧温度的提高,导致催化剂的比表面积减小,孔径变大,铜的比表面积下降,还原温度提高。在耦合一体化反应中,环己醇脱氢制备环己酮反应受焙烧温度影响不大,但糠醛转化率和2 甲基呋喃选择性随着焙烧温度的提高而减小。